Bakgrund: Studien undersökte hur deltagarna affektivt och kognitivt upplever en fallbeskrivning som simulerar en oförutsedd situation i en kontorsmiljö. Det beskrivna fallet handlar om en personalfråga och kräver ett omedelbart beslut eftersom en försening kanske inte bara påverkar arbetsprestationen och klimatet i organisationen, men också kan leda till att organisationen förlorar ett kontrakt med en långsiktig inkomst.Method/DesignStudien är en explorativ och oberoende design som genomfördes vid Karlstads universitet. Deltagarna var 72 studenter i två olika kurser, personal- och arbetsliv och psykologi. Data för denna undersökning samlades in genom en enkät som mätte deltagarnas kognitiva (Situationsuppfattning efter Kleins RPD-modellen, 1993) och affektiva reaktioner (PANAS, Watson, Clark, & Tellegen 1985) på fallbeskrivningen. Den affektiva och kognitiva reaktionen backades upp av två tester som mäter en persons priorierade sätt att bearbeta information (PMPI, Burns och D'Zurilla, 1999) och att hantera situationer (Personal Temperament efter MBTI-skala). Ytterligare ingick deltagarnas demografiska data såsom ålder, kön och utbildningsnivå samt frågor om deltagarnas erfarenheter med oförutsedda situationer.ResultatResultatet visar en signifikant skillnad mellan deltagarna i personal- och arbetsvetenskap och psykologi i sin kognitiva reaktion för den oförutsedda situationen. Deltagare med en högre positiv och negativ affekiv respons visade ett signifikant högre värde i sin rationell-analytisk informationsbearbetning. Det personliga temperament-testet visade sig att vara inte valide.SlutsatsMänniskor bearbetar och bedömar situationer genom två olika sätt: med sitt hjärta och sitt huvud. Inget sätt är överläget de andra, eftersom varje sätt har viktiga fördelar och nackdelar. Endast genom att kombinera båda sätten framgångsrikt kan vi fatta beslut som kommer att leda till positiva utfall.

This work aims to contribute to existing knowledge concerning the command and management of fire service operations on the incident ground in Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service during the years 1993 to 2000.

abstract: Allocating tasks for a day's or week's schedule is known to be a challenging and difficult problem. The problem intensifies by many folds in multi-agent settings. A planner or group of planners who decide such kind of task association schedule must have a comprehensive perspective on (1) the entire array of tasks to be scheduled (2) idea on constraints like importance cum order of tasks and (3) the individual abilities of the operators. One example of such kind of scheduling is the crew scheduling done for astronauts who will spend time at International Space Station (ISS). The schedule for the crew of ISS is decided before the mission starts. Human planners take part in the decision-making process to determine the timing of activities for multiple days for multiple crew members at ISS. Given the unpredictability of individual assignments and limitations identified with the various operators, deciding upon a satisfactory timetable is a challenging task. The objective of the current work is to develop an automated decision assistant that would assist human planners in coming up with an acceptable task schedule for the crew. At the same time, the decision assistant will also ensure that human planners are always in the driver's seat throughout this process of decision-making. The decision assistant will make use of automated planning technology to assist human planners. The guidelines of Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) and the Human-In-The -Loop decision making were followed to make sure that the human is always in the driver's seat. The use cases considered are standard situations which come up during decision-making in crew-scheduling. The effectiveness of automated decision assistance was evaluated by setting it up for domain experts on a comparable domain of scheduling courses for master students. The results of the user study evaluating the effectiveness of automated decision support were subsequently published. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Science 2019

Ce travail, adossé au paradigme de la prise de décision en situation (Klein, Orasanu, Calderwood, & Zsambok, 1993) porte sur le processus de prise de décisions d‘entraîneurs de handball au cours du match. La situation de match, caractérisée par ses aspects dynamiques, coopératifs et compétitifs, donne une conception chaotique de ce processus (Bowes & Jones, 2006). C‘est pourquoi, son étude nécessite de mobiliser plusieurs approches et modèles théoriques (e.g., cognition collective, théorie du focus régulateur [Higgins, 1997], théorie du contrôle [Carver & Scheier, 1982], modèles de persuasion [Chaiken, 1980 ; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986], communication dialogique [Goffman, 1961], modèle de l‘activité coopérative [Hoc, 2001]). Les données, issues de situations réelles de matchs (protocoles verbaux, choix de système défensif) ou d‘entretiens (e.g., auto-confrontations avec technique de rappel stimulé) font l‘objet d‘analyses quantitatives ou qualitatives. Les résultats révèlent les connaissances procédurales des entraîneurs concernant : la gestion de l‘équipe, les informations permettant aux joueurs d‘acquérir ou de mettre à jour des structures de connaissances adaptées à la situation, et les tentatives d‘influence des arbitres. Ces connaissances procédurales sont fonction des conditions du match (notamment le rapport d‘opposition entre les deux équipes) et influencées par des connaissances sur le jeu et les caractéristiques des joueurs. Différents modes de contrôle cognitif et styles de coaching sont aussi mis en évidence. Ainsi, le processus de prise de décisions d‘entraîneurs experts possède des régularités et suit des règles génériques, des heuristiques ou patterns. / This work, based on naturalistic decision-making paradigm (Klein, Orasanu, Calderwood, & Zsambok, 1993) is focused on team sport (handball) coaches decision-making during match. The coaching activity is dynamic and chaotic (Bowes & Jones, 2006) and generated by on-going events, especially during match. Therefore, coaches decision-making studies require to use many theoretical approaches and models (e.g., team cognition, regulatory focus theory [Higgins, 1997], control theory [Carver & Scheier, 1982], persuasive models [Chaiken, 1980 ; Petty & Cacioppo, 1986], dialogic communication [Goffman, 1961], cooperative activity model [Hoc, 2001]). Data have been collected from official games (verbal protocols, defense system choices) or interviews (self-confrontation with stimulated technique recall) and analysed with quantitative and qualitative approach. Results highlight procedural knowledge concerning team management, information allowing players to acquire or update knowledge structures, and influence referee. This procedural knowledge varied depending on the game conditions and is influenced by the coach‘s deep knowledge of the game and player profiles. Results highlight also different cognitive control modes, and different coaching styles. There exist contextual factors effects on procedural knowledge and cognitive control modes. Among these factors, ratio of strength between the two teams appears especially salient. Therefore, our empirical studies show that expert coaches‘ decision-making process have some regularity and follow generic rules, heuristics or patterns

Visualising uncertainty information has been a research area for the past decade or so, and this thesis contains the results of an experiment that examines whether prior research on icon degradation for showing uncertainty can be used in a simulated aircraft cockpit environment. Using icon degradation has been suggested as being effective to combat overconfidence bias, as well as to accurately convey information about uncertainty. Two icon sets using icon degradation were taken from prior research, and one new icon set using shape change and colour change was created for comparison. Subjects flew a flight simulator while reading icons to evaluate the uncertainty displayed, and also evaluating their own confidence in their reading. The results show that shape change leads to much higher accuracy in reading icons, and slightly higher levels of confidence. Furthermore, icon degradation results in a higher variance in reading icons and an increase in errors when no time-pressure or distraction is present. This suggests that the suitability of icon degradation for showing uncertainty is questionable in all situations, and that other design approaches such as shape change should be considered. Furthermore, problems were uncovered in the prior research that the old icons were taken from, and these problems call into question the general approach used in that research. Keywords: Uncertainty visualisation, Naturalistic decision-making, NDM, Aviation, Aircraft cockpit, Decision support, Situation assessment, Threat assessment.

abstract: Intuitive decision making refers to decision making based on situational pattern recognition, which happens without deliberation. It is a fast and effortless process that occurs without complete awareness. Moreover, it is believed that implicit learning is one means by which a foundation for intuitive decision making is developed. Accordingly, the present study investigated several factors that affect implicit learning and the development of intuitive decision making in a simulated real-world environment: (1) simple versus complex situational patterns; (2) the diversity of the patterns to which an individual is exposed; (3) the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that simple patterns led to higher levels of implicit learning and intuitive decision-making accuracy than complex patterns; increased diversity enhanced implicit learning and intuitive decision-making accuracy; and an embodied mechanism, labeling, contributes to the development of intuitive decision making in a simulated real-world environment. The results suggest that simulated real-world environments can provide the basis for training intuitive decision making, that diversity is influential in the process of training intuitive decision making, and that labeling contributes to the development of intuitive decision making. These results are interpreted in the context of applied situations such as military applications involving remotely piloted aircraft. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Psychology 2011

Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse à comprendre comment un individu expert se comporte dans une situation de crise sur-Médiatisée. Pour ce faire, nous inscrirons notre recherche dans l’approche naturaliste de la décision dans laquelle, le contexte joue un rôle essentiel. Dans notre cas, nous avons choisi celui des crises sur-Médiatisées. En effet, depuis quelques années, la sur-Médiatisation nous apparaît être un facteur inédit qu’il convient d’analyser de manière rigoureuse. L’intérêt sera double. Du point de vue théorique, il s’agira d’observer les effets de la sur-Médiatisation sur le comportement des experts, et ainsi d’enrichir l’approche naturaliste. Du point de vue managérial, nous proposons une méthode de formation pour les experts confrontés à ce contexte d’actualité. Notre thèse se fonde sur une méthodologie qualitative visant à analyser deux situations extrêmes. La première porte sur le cas de pilotes de l’aviation légère de l'armée de terre et la seconde sur celui de restaurateurs de l’hôtellerie-Restauration. Dans tout contexte de crise, les individus experts peuvent être initiateurs ou suivre les décisions prises par d’autres experts confrontés au même problème. Dans le cas de situation de crise sur-Médiatisée, nos résultats révèlent un taux très élevé de suiveurs de décision. Il y a donc là un comportement paradoxal : les experts se focalisent sur les décisions de leurs homologues plutôt que sur le contenu intrinsèque du problème et n’utilisent que peu leur expérience. Nous estimons alors que les experts se comportent comme des novices, c’est-À-Dire, des décideurs sans expérience. Finalement, nous soulignons l’intérêt de former les experts aux situations de crise sur-Médiatisée pour les aider à surmonter ce nouveau défi. / This thesis is interested in understanding on how an expert behaves in a mass communication situation crisis. To attain this objective, we use the naturalistic decision making approach in which the context plays an essential role. In our case, we used the mass communication situation crisis. In fact, since couple of years ago, mass communication in an unusual important factor that is convenient to analyze in a rigorous way. The benefit will be double. From a theoretical point of view, the aim is to observe the effects of the mass communication on the expert’s behaviors and in this way to reinforce the naturalistic approach. From a managerial point of view, we propose a learning method for the experts that face this context of actuality. This thesis is based on a qualitative methodology is order to analyze two extreme situations. The first one is the case of the hotel’s restaurant. In any crisis situation, experts can be leaders or followers: they follow the decision taken by other experts confronted to the same problem. In the case of a mass communication crisis situation, results reveal a higher percentage of followers. This shows a paradoxical behavior. Experts focus on the decision of their peers rather than on the content of the problem and use very low percentage of their own experience. Therefore, we estimate that an expert’s behavior is similar to a novice. Finally, we underline the importance of forming experts to mass communication crisis situations to help them overcome this challenge.

Den här studien handlar om hur svenska officerare fattar sina beslut i dynamiska situationer, det vill säga situationer som bland annat präglas av stress, oklarheter och tidspress. Även frågor kring vad som bygger förmågan till att fatta dylika beslut och hur till exempel gruppen och ledarskapet påverkar beslutsfattandet studeras. Det tycks finnas motsättningar gällande frågan om beslut fattas på ett rationellt och analytiskt sätt eller om det sker på ett intuitivt vis. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera hur svenska officerare fattar beslut i dynamiska situationer och vad det kan innebära för deras utbildning och utveckling. Frågan studeras genom sammanlagt femton intervjuer med erfarna svenska officerare och officerskadetter och i studien har en tematisk analys med en induktiv ansats använts. Studiens resultat tyder på att det militära beslutsfattandet i dynamiska situationer kan förklaras med två teman: a) individuella och b) strukturella faktorer. Individuella faktorer handlar bland annat om intuitivt beslutsfattande, ledarskap och gruppdynamik medan strukturella faktorer avser erfarenhet och utbildning. Resultaten bekräftar teorier om att det intuitiva beslutsfattandet förutsätter att officeren är erfaren och har en hög nivå av expertis. En expertis och erfarenhet som genom år av träning har skapat en minnesbank som medger igenkänning eller mönsterförståelse i många militära dynamiska situationer. Med resultaten i åtanke diskuteras slutligen huruvida den inslagna vägen för att forma morgondagens officerare och högre officerare är den mest produktiva.

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