This dissertation focuses on the field of psychosocial counselling intended for the people involved in traffic accidents. Traffic accidents often result in considerable whole-society damages and significant reduction in the life quality of affected individuals or their relatives. Traffic accidents may often represent nerve-racking, traumatic events which significantly go beyond the scope of common human experience. People involved in traffic accidents may suffer from mental problems which might impair an area of their social functioning. As a result, traffic accidents have significant impact not only to the lives of persons directly involved, but also to their relatives. Victims´ self-help may fail and, without the expert intervention, may lead to the whole-life misery. One of possible ways of how to help the people involved in the traffic accident is the psychosocial counselling which is the subject of this dissertation. This thesis, among others, aims to analyse the offer of psychosocial consulting services intended for traffic accident participants in the town of České Budějovice. To this end, the combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, questionnaire survey of experts and organizations and semi-standardized interviews with experts operating in České Budějovice were carried out. Other goals of the thesis included mapping of public awareness concerning the possible utilization of psychosocial counselling for traffic accident participants in České Budějovice, as well as, mapping the interest in using such services on the public{\crq}s part in this town. A public questionnaire survey was performed to reach these objectives. The findings revealed that there is a public demand for services of an organization providing the people involved in traffic accidents with psychosocial counselling. The public awareness of the possibility of using psychosocial counselling in this area, however, proved to be low in České Budějovice. The survey has also shown that the offer of psychosocial counselling focused on traffic accident participants does exist in this town. The dissertation may contribute to higher awareness of not only the professional employees who provide the assistance (psychologists, social workers, non-profit organization employees, physicians, police officers, fire fighters), students of humanities and volunteers involved in giving psychosocial assistance to the victims of disasters, but also of those people involved in traffic accidents whom anyone of us may become.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to simulate a road accident of a vehicle carrying a chosen dangerous chemical substance in a chosen city. We chose a crash site based on statistical inquiry of the number of road accidents. We chose a chemical substance by analyzing substances used in the vicinity of the chosen city. Through the use of simulation, we described and created a proposition of solving the arose extraordinary event, for the components of Emergency Service units. After completing these objectives, it will be possible to answer the research question: What kind of jeopardy does the leakage of a chosen chemical substance represent, during transportation in a chosen town? The theoretical part firstly focuses on basic terms that we worked with in the thesis. Basic legislative fixing point of dangerous objects and substances is described. Also, European and interstate regulations about transportation of these things is described. European agreement ADR is separately described further away. In the next part, manipulation with dangerous substances and mixtures is described as it is shown in Enactment EP and Council No. 1272/2008/ES, or the enactment of CLP. The characteristics determining their hazardousness, the way of evaluation and classification of dangerous substances and mixtures into corresponding categories is also described. Separately described are ways of packaging and numbering these substances. In the last part, we described the making of a safety list about chemical substances and mixtures, with an emphasis on the information about their transportation. In the next part we described the transportation of dangerous objects and substances on the highway. Further away we described appropriateness and demands for transportation of dangerous substances, for example demands on choosing vehicle personnel, the transportation itself and the equipment that every vehicle must have. We described the risks related with transportation and planning routes for transporting dangerous substances and objects. The aim of the assessments and precautions above are to minimalize risks related to transportation of dangerous substances and thus make it relatively safe. Unfortunately, this is not absolutely possible. This was also found to be true in the empirical part of the thesis, in which we carried out an analysis of the statistics of road accidents of vehicles in the ADR mode, and we found that the human factor is indeed the cause of these accidents. It was proven that 94% of all the road accidents of vehicles in the ADR mode was caused by the driver of the vehicle.Further away, the number of Emergency Service units interferences in cases of dangerous substance leakage and procedures carried out during those interferences, are described. In the empirical part of the thesis, we described methods of choosing the crash site and the dangerous substance. As a crash site we chose highway I/49 in Zlín county, that is evaluated as a highway of medium risk of road accidents, on the road risk map of Czech Republic. More accurately, cross-road of Třída Tomáše Bati and Březnická street in Zlín. When choosing the right substance we conducted an analysis of chemical substance usage in Zlín county. Subsequently we chose aqueous solution of ammoniac, which is being transported on the highway I/49 by two companies. It is prepared in IBC containers with the volume of 1000 liters. Acquired data was used for simulation, evaluation of the extraordinary event and for choosing the number of individuals in jeopardy.The simulation was executed using the TerEx software. Subsequently, the proposal for dealing with the extraordinary event by the Emergency Service units was developed. Based on the executed simulation, it is possible to assess that transportation of dangerous substances and mixtures constitutes a great danger in the residential area with a high number of habitable and administrative buildings.

Quick and professional action by the units of the Integrated Rescue System at the scenes of road traffic accidents is essential primarily for saving people´s lives and health, of secondary importance is the protection of property and the environment. If there is a road traffic accident which by its scope and nature requires units of the Integrated Rescue System to be called out, the individual intervening entities do what they can to reduce or eliminate the consequences of these exceptional events not only for the individuals concerned but also for the wider vicinity. The goal of this thesis is to analyse the tasks of the units of the Integrated Rescue System, and the Police Force of the Czech Republic within their framework, at the scenes of road traffic accidents and to summarise theoretical approaches to this question with references to valid legal standards. The theoretical part addresses acccident rate trends in the Czech Republic, it defines the term traffic accident and the term Integrated Rescue System. It maps the activities of the units of the Integrated Rescue System at the scenes of road traffic accidents and specifies procedures of the individual units at the scene of intervention with emphasis on the role and tasks of the Police Force of the Czech Republic. It provides a complex overview of the issue with an account of the related legal standards and documents. The empirical section contains an analysis and comparison of the call outs of the units of the Integrated Rescue System, using as its base theoretical approaches, joint tactical exercises and the interventions themselves at the scenes of accidents. The results and the conclusion provide information about the importance and essential nature of coordinated cooperation between the individual units of the Integrated Rescue System, they evalute the current level of interaction and the need for joint exercises in order constantly to perfect interventions, in the interest of the goal of saving the lives and health of people and protecting property and the environment.

The goal of this diploma thesis is to introduce urgent and follow-up precautions in case of leakage of chlorine - simulated accident of vehicle transporting chlorine. The major objective of this study is to analyse the risk of chlorine-transport for people with the aid of available simulation programme and to specify urgent and follow-up precautions. The next part of this study is to investigate the knowledgeability of people. The theoretical part of this study is systematical structured into a number of chapters and worked out on the basis of available legislative regulations, literature and internet sources. At first basic legislation of transport of dangerous substances is described, from the european, as well as national perspective. The next chapter deals with transport of dangerous substances, danger classes of these substances, their labeling in transport, as well as labeling of transport units. The following chapter is devoted to aspects of an accident in case of transporting of dangerous substances. This chapter demonstrates an accident with leakage of dangerous substance, its impact, escape of this substance and its spread. Further the sources and risks of transportation of dangerous substances and accident rate in this transport are described. The next chapter deals with the specific dangerous substance - chlorine. It is aimed at physico-chemical characters of chlorine, its history and its current utilisation, its effect on human health, on environment and first aid in case of contact. At the end urgent and follow-up precautions in case of an accident inkl. leakage of chlorine. The empirical part of this study is devoted to two basic research questions. Qualitative, as well as quantitative methods of research were used to answers these questions. The empirical part is devided into two major chapters. The primary purpose of this study is to simulate an accident of vehicle transporting chlorine with the aid of the programme TerEx and to determine its impact on people and surrounding. The first question was to analyse the potential dangerous for people and surroundings in case of an accident with chlorine. For this purpose the town České Budějovice was used. First the transport of liquid chlorine in small containers in the Czech Republic was analysed focusing on the southbohemian region and especially the regional city. Thereafter input data were entered. On the basis of obtained outputs were determined threats, that arise from the transport of dangerous chlorine and on the basis of simulation were characterized activities carried out by Integrated Rescue System using appropriate urgent and follow-up precautions. Part of this work was also the second research question - the level of knowledge of people located close to the simulated accident about this problem. This survey was aimed at the risk of chlorine, its transport and characteristics and impact on human health as well as protection against its adverse effects. For this purpose a group of second-year students of the local gymnasium located close to the place of simulated accident was chosen. The data were collected through a questionnaire, which contained a group of questions relating to this problem. The obtained data were evaluated using basic methods of elemental statistical analysis and graphic processing. Findings resulting from the analysis of transporting of chlorine and from the simulation using the programme TerEx show, that the danger to the population of České Budějovice in case of an accident with chlorine is significant. The issue of chlorine-transport and its risks is additionally complicated by insufficient regulation. Another negative factor of transporting of these substances is the complicated traffic situation in the country town. Based on the results of the questionary can be stated, that these students have average knowledge in this issue.

This diploma thesis deals with problematic of emergency medical service preparedness in the Czech Republic, in the place of disaster and during this situation especially in bus accident with large number of injuries and casualties. Bus accident can create high risk of forming mass disaster due to many people transported in small area with low safety components. High risk of many injuries and casualties with chaotic first call make hard decision to activate plans to solve this situation for emergency services. Theoretical part of diploma thesis maps transformation of Czech paramedic system organization from districts to regions and new legislations for emergency medical service that solve preparedness, organization and duties during large incidents. Due to this new legislations were formed offices for emergency preparedness which ensure this preparedness. Practical part of diploma thesis is analysis of Czech paramedic preparedness that solve bus accidents as disaster. For this analysis were used data from regional emergency medical service headquarters (EMS HQ) - bus accident reports, drills for staff and special material equipments. But only 3 EMS HQ provided acceptable data and 1 EMS HQ partly acceptable data. Aim of this study is assessment in preparedness change for disaster during examined time (2000 - 2011) and comparison of real event to training drills. This part of thesis is supplied by statistic data (transformed into graphs) of bus accidents with injuries and casualties from department of Transportation Police of the Czech republic and Fire Rescue Service Directorate. Whole practical part is made by analysis of primary (documents, EMS HQ personal visits) and secondary information (information servers, journals). Within this analysis was made evaluation of Czech emergency medical preparedness for bus accidents with large number of injuries and casualties. This analysis shows that in area of the Czech Republic is missing central directorate for Czech paramedic system. Which is shown in varying material, drill and whole preparedness for disaster situation. This problem is also made by new legislation that were not here before (law for emergency medical system and law notices). High variation of equipments and procedures in solving disasters can cause difficulties during accident intervention on the borders of paramedic regions. For comparison to other countries preparedness is in this thesis mentioned Poland - special training course for specialist in disaster management, USA - Medical Alert Center (MAC) and Israel - control system for disaster drills.

The creation of the safe traffic zone is a long term issue requiring often significant investments, which municipalities or regional governments are not able to cover within their own budget. Despite complex programs to initiate measures on increasing of the road safety have not been launched yet. One of significant parameters of the safe traffic zone is occurrence of solid obstacles in the immediate vicinity of a road (such as tall trees, billboards placed without a permit etc.), which afterwards influence the seriousness of consequences of the accident. The content and the aim of this diploma written assignment is to find out the actual impact of the transport and technical conditions of the first-class road No. 3 in the Český Krumlov District on the occurrence of incidents in the road traffic which can be found out by analysis of the causes and the effects of the incidents in the specific accidents sites and mapping of the current transport and technical conditions of this relatively loaded road due to heavy traffic. To fulfill the aim of the written assignment, the method of critical analysis, which studies the problem in more complex way and is not satisfied with the simple explanation, was used. With its application I tried to find an answer to the question whether the mentioned road fulfills the forgiving and the self-explanatory road function in all aspects and at those to propose an optimal solution to prevent eventually to mitigate of incidents. In case that the achieved goals of this diploma written assignment will be by the owner of the mentioned road respectively the property administrator and the competent road administration office used to make certain measures leading to lowering of the amount of accidents then the elaboration has fulfilled its purpose. By my opinion every driver has a right to move in the safe traffic zone. Duration and development of the state that we live in will not do without a functioning road system and that is why the current system should be first of all maintained by the state, renewed, expanded and made to perfection because feeling safe on roads is a right and a responsibility of each and one of us.

Learning programs using simulation technologies are not just a suitable form of replacement for classical textbooks. They are a brand new teaching aid using Jan Amos Komenský's old motto "Schola Ludus" is a school game. The combination of a virtual and realistic environment with simulation models enables students to visually explore the possibilities of dealing with an emergency situation. One of the projects implemented by the non-governmental nonprofit organization Center for Safe State Project Software Applications 3D simulator. The motivation for choosing the topic of my thesis is that I have been working as the head of a laboratory in a chemical plant for several years. One of the main activities is the transport of dangerous chemicals by road and rail, or operations related to packaging, loading, filling and unloading of such chemicals. My daily activity is responsible for preventing the occurrence of undesirable risks with regard to the protection of persons, property and the environment. To create a textbook for 3D simulator and consequently to use it in the framework of teaching was the main aim of this work. It is important to realize that dangerous substances can escape almost at any moment, so it is necessary to create conditions for the prevention of these events. The success of this area is mainly a good, systematic and coordinated preparation of decisive activities. The diploma thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part briefly summarizes the basic knowledge and information about the given issue. There are described the most commonly used software tools and their use for teaching. I deal with the model solution of the accident in the transport of dangerous substances in the practical part, the scenario being created includes a description of the activities that are involved in the management and solution of an emergency. This knowledge was subsequently used to create learning text.

The thesis ``Accident frequency and its social effects{\crqq} focuses on traffic accidents caused by trespassing the law of speed limit and on social effects induced by accident frequency. Every year approximately one thousand people die on the Czech roads, other thousands of traffic accident victims face lifelong injury consequences. Apart from direct loss of lives, health and property, the traffic accidents carry a lot of other hardly denumerable costs starting at financing trip of ambulance, continuing with health care service expenses followed by convalescence, eventually social benefits for disabled and impacts on relatives of traffic accident victims. The aim of this work is to map the situation of serious traffic accidents where participants are seriously injured, or die and to infer the most serious social effects of these traffic accidents. To gather information in order to meet the objective of this hypothesis and to prove it a quantity research has been carried out. Secondary analysis of data from the records of Police of Czech Republic and the Ministry of the Interior has been chosen as a method to help verify the correctness of presumed hypothesis. In order to map the most serious social impacts, dialogs with randomly selected traffic accident participants who suffered lifelong consequences of their injuries were performed. The primary file contains participants of traffic accidents that happened in the Czech Republic and are registered in the registry of Police of Czech Republic in the period 2003-2006 and where the participants died, were seriously or lightly injured. Our hypothesis proven, that the most serious consequences of traffic accidents happen due to exceeding the speed limits . Also the most serious social impacts of traffic accidents were mapped.

The objective of this thesis is to summarize the effects of drugs, especially of the cannabinoids and amphetamine type stimulants, and to analyse which of these substances leads to high-risk activities, that could endanger life, health or result in damage to property. One of these activities, an important one, is driving under the influence of drugs. Driving itself is a complex demand, involving perception, decision making, psychomotor skills, knowledge, as well as attitudes and personality characteristics. Substance use and abuse has an impact on the functioning of the brain and mental processes and therefore on the performance of the driving task. Driving under the influence of drugs is a high risk activity which endangers not only the driver but also their surroundings. In the last few years, the Czech Republic registered a rapid increase in the number of impaired drivers, namely at police check points and in car accidents. The young drivers are mostly under influence of marijuana, respectively tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Its negative effect on driving results from impaired co-ordination, slowed complex reaction time and in space and time distortion. The second group of drugs which can impair drivers is amphetamine type stimulants. Amphetamines are frequently sought by truck drivers, especially long-haul drivers, in Western Europe for its stimulative effects. In the Czech Republic the methamphetamine, Pervitin, is much more common. Intoxication is characterized by increased wakefulness, increased physical activity, increased respiration, rapid heart rate and an irregular heartbeat. The risk factors for driving are a lack of concentration and an overestimation of one{\crq}s own capabilities. After the acute phase of intoxication subsides, fatigue or states of narcolepsy may occur. Another amphetamine-based drug is methylenedioxymethamphetamine, MDMA or Ecstasy. This synthetic substance, chemically related to mescaline, is dangerous due to its ability to regulate body temperature. On rare but unpredictable occasions, this can lead to sharp hyperthermia, resulting in liver, kidney and cardiovascular system failure, and death. It can also cause hallucinations. All common drugs are easily detectable with ``drug test-cards{\crqq}, which are used during police checks around the the world. The Czech Republic is currently testing their utilization and is preparing legislation accordingly. Utilization of these tests during random checks could help to decrease the number of fatal road accidents and could help to decrease the number of impaired drivers on the roads.

This thesis analyzes the human as an element of accident system in the sphere of motor-vehicle traffic. Then interprets the risks, damages and injuries in this sphere which are caused by the driver. On this basis, the measures to reduce the number of injuries in the Czech Republic are drawn up. In this thesis is taken account of existing measures that were proceeded in this area. It focuses particularly on the subject "driver" and its role in traffic accidents.