Little information is available concerning the nematode parasites of salamanders in California. Lehmann (1954) reported the finding of Oxyuris dubia Leidy 1856, in the rectum of 33 Ensatine e. Eschscholtzii from Sonoma County, California, and in 3 of 10 Batrachoseps a. Attenuatus, from San Francisco County, California. He also reported Oxyuris magnivulvaris Rankin 1937 in the rectum of 1 to 2 Aneides flavipunctatus, from Marin County, California and Rhabdias sp., from lungs of 2 of 12 aquatic Triturus torosus from Contra Costa County, California. Lehmann (1960) reported O. dubia from the cloaca of 1 Aneides flavipunctatus and 3 Aneides lugubris taken in Marin and Sonoma Counties, California. Several similar studies have been made in other states citing the occurrence of nematodes in various species of salamanders. There is an even greater paucity of information concerning parasitism in those salamander species inhabiting the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. This investigation is concerned with the four most common salamanders of the central California clopes, Aneides lugubris Hallowell, Batrachoseps attenuatus attenuatus Eschscholtz, Ensatina eschscholtzii platensis Espada, and Taricha torosa sierrae Twitty. Individuals of these species were collected and examined for parasites over the fall, winter and spring months, commencing in the fall of 1960 and extending through the spring of 1962. Data were collected to determine what nematode species inhabit these hosts and to ascertain the incidence and sites of infection. An attempt was also made to determine whether time of year, environmental conditions, and geographic distribution are of particular significance in the host-parasite relationships studied. A second group of salamanders which included Aneides lugubris Hallowell and Taricha torosa Rathke was examined. Both of these species were taken in a coastal region and were used as a comparison group Special attention has been directed to the study of Oxyuris dubia Leidy, 1856, with the intent of clarifying Leidy’s description of this species. This nematode is a frequent parasite of the salamanders studied, and special consideration has been given to the culturing of their eggs in an attempt to better understand the pattern of development.

A dirofilariose canina é uma parasitose de distribuição mundial cujo agente etiológico é um verme nemátoda filarióide. Em sua fase adulta, os vermes produzem microfilárias por meio de reprodução sexuada. Sua transmissão ocorre por meio de mosquitos que atuam como hospedeiros intermediários. No Brasil, até o momento, a dirofilariose canina foi encontrada em 15 estados de todas as regiões. A maioria dos estudos está concentrada nas regiões sudeste e sul. A prevalência nacional é de 2%, embora alguns trabalhos tenham encontrado prevalências locais mais elevadas. Neste trabalho apresentamos o primeiro registro de dirofilariose canina para o estado de Rondônia com mapas de distribuição dos cães positivos e análise de mosquitos. Amostras de sangue de 727 cães foram coletadas aleatoriamente na cidade de Porto Velho. As amostras forma analisadas em busca de microfilárias e antígenos circulantes usando duas técnicas: microscopia ótica de gota espessa corada com Giemsa e imunocromatografia de fluxo lateral (ICT). As amostras positivas foram também testadas por PCR, as negativas forma testadas na mesma técnica em pools. Mosquitos foram coletados no domicilio e peridomicílio de todos os casos de cães positivos, estes mosquitos foram testado por PCR em busca de DNA de Dirofilaria immitis. Um mapa de distribuição dos casos de cães positivos foi elaborado. Noventa e três amostras de sangue foram positivas no ICT, representando 12,8% da amostra total, nenhuma amostra foi positiva na gota espessa. O PCR das amostras de sangue resultou em 10% para as positivas no ICT e 0% nas negativas no mesmo teste. Entre os 93 cães positivos, 89 (95,7%) nasceram em Porto Velho. Nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada entre cães que moram em quintais ou intradomicílio. O mapa de distribuição indica um hotspot na região norte da cidade. O PCR dos mosquitos resultou em apenas um pool positivo. A transmissão de dirofilariose canina ocorre na cidade de Porto velho e a frequência que ocorre nos cães é considerada moderada. A técnica de imunocromatografia e PCR são mais eficazes na detecção de dirofilariose comparadas a gota espessa. A confirmação de transmissão de dirofilariose canina em Porto Velho, coloca esta doença no ranking de diagnóstico diferencial de nódulos pulmonares em Porto Velho. / Heartworm is an infectious disease with worldwide distribution. Mosquitoes acts as intermediary host and vectors. In Brazil, until now, heatworm was found in 15 states with an national average of 2%. This present work aims to report for the first time canine heartworm in the state of Rondônia and confirms the transmission of the disease in the state. Blood samples were randomly collected from 727 dogs in the municipality of Porto Velho. The samples were analyzed for the presence of microfilariae and circulating antigens using two different techniques: thick blood microscopy stained with Giemsa and immunochormatography for the detection of filarial antigens. Aiming to test the efficacy of the immunoassay test, all the positive cases were examined by PCR and pools of negative samples were also examined. Mosquitoes were collected at the domiciles presenting positive cases and analyzed by PCR. A distribution map was made with positive cases. Ninety three blood samples out of 727 (12.8%) were positive by the immunoassay technique and none by the thick smear method. All the positive cases by the immunoassay technique were examined by PCR and pools of all negatives samples were also examined resulting in 10% and 0% positivity frequency, respectively. Among the 93 positive dogs, 89 (95.7%) were born in Porto Velho. No differences in the frequency of infection were observed between dogs raised indoor or in the yards. The distribution map indicates a hotspot in the north area of the city. Mosquitoes were analyzed by PCR, resulting in only one positive pool. This result shows that the transmission of canine heartworm is occurring in the municipality of Porto Velho and has moderate prevalence among dogs. The immunoassay technique and the PCR method are more efficient in detecting D. immitis infections in dogs when compared to the blood smear technique. The confirmation of heartworm transmission in Porto Velho also includes this disease among the ranks of differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules in humans in Rondônia.

<p>Analizirana je helmintofauna 127 primeraka slepih mi&scaron;eva na teritoriji Srbije.<br />Sakupljene jedinke su pripadnici 12 vrsta slepih mi&scaron;eva: veliki potkovičar (<em>Rhinolophusferrumequinum </em>Schreber, 1774); tamnoliki brkati večernjak <em>(Myotis mystacinus </em>Kuhl, 1817); mali brkati večernjak (<em>M. alcathoe </em>Helversen &amp; Heller, 2001); &scaron;umski brkati večernjak (<em>M. brandtii&nbsp; </em>Eversmann, 1845); južni veliki večernjak <em>(M</em>. <em>oxygnathus </em>Monticelli, 1885); evropski veliki večernjak (<em>M. myotis </em>Borkhausen, 1797); dugodlaki slepi mi&scaron;ić(<em>Hypsugo savii </em>Bonaparte, 1837); obični slepi mi&scaron;ić(<em>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</em> Schreber, 1774); &scaron;umski slepi mi&scaron;ić (<em>P. nathusii </em>Keyserling &amp; Blasius, 1839); evropski smeđi dugou&scaron;an (<em>Plecotus auritus </em>Linnaeus, 1758); evropski sivi dugou&scaron;an <em>(P.</em> <em>austriacus </em>Fischer, 1829) i obični noćnik (<em>Nyctalus noctula</em> Schreber, 1774). Jedinke slepih mi&scaron;eva su sakupljane sa 15 lokaliteta na teritoriji Srbije: Deliblatska pe&scaron;čara, Zasavica, Valjevo, Beograd, Paraćin, Đerdap, Bor, Beljanica, Kučevo, Boljevac, Zaječar, Zlot, Medveđa, planina Tara i Ivanjica u periodu od 2001. do 2009 godine.Izolovano je ukupno 1642 jedinki parazita (787 jedinki metilja, 4 pantljičara i 851 nematoda), razvrstanih u 2 razdela, 1 podrazdel, 3 klase, 3 podklase, 1 nadred, 6 reda, 1 podred, 7 nadfamilija, 11 familija, 9 podfamilija, 12 rodova i 14 vrsta. Identifikovane vrste parazita su:&nbsp;<em> Plagiorchis koreanus</em>(Ogata, 1937),&nbsp;<em>Mesotretes peregrinus </em>(Braun, 1900),&nbsp;<em>Lecithodendrium linstowi </em>(Dollfus, 1931),&nbsp;<em>Prosthodendrium longiforme</em> (Bhalerao, 1926),&nbsp;<em>P. chilostomum </em>(Mehlis, 1831),&nbsp;<em> P. parvouterus </em>(Bhalerao, 1926), <em>Milina grisea</em>(van Beneden, 1873),&nbsp;<em>Capillaria neopulchra </em>(Babos, 1954), <em>Molinostrongylus alatus</em>(Ortlepp, 1932),&nbsp;<em>Strongylacantha glycirrhiza&nbsp; </em>(van Beneden, 1873),&nbsp;<em>Physalopterasp</em>.,&nbsp;<em>Litomosa ottavianii&nbsp;</em>(Lagrange &amp; Bettini, 1948),&nbsp;<em>Rictularia bovieri&nbsp;</em>(Blanchard, 1886) i&nbsp;<em>Seuratum mucronatum </em>(Rudolphi, 1809). Kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza helmintofaune slepih mi&scaron;eva je prvi put rađena na području Srbije, te se date vrste domaćina mogu smatrati novim za sve konstatovane vrste parazita na teritoriji na&scaron;e zemlje. U ukupnom uzorku 93 (73.23%) jedinki domaćina bilo je invadirano parazitima. Najbrojnije u ukupnom uzorkusu bile vrste&nbsp; P. koreanus,<em>&nbsp;L. linstowii&nbsp; M. alatus</em>, sa dominacijom poslednje. Konstatovano je da pol&nbsp; ne utiče na sastav helmintofaune domaćina. Međutim, konstatovane su promene u kvalitetu i kvantitetu helmintocenoze u pojedinim sezonama.</p> / <p>The helminth fauna of 127 individuals of bats on the territory of Serbia was analyzed. The host samples consisted of 12 bat species: Greater Horseshoe Bat(Rhinolophus &nbsp; ferrumequinumSchreber, 1774); Whiskered Bat (Myotis&nbsp; mystacinusKuhl, 1817); Alcathoe Whiskered Bat (M. alcathoeHelversen &amp; Heller, 2001); Brandt &rsquo;s Bat (M. brandtiiEversmann, 1845); Lesser Mouse-eared Bat (M. oxygnathusMonticelli, 1885); Greater Mouse-eared Bat (M. myotisBorkhausen, 1797); Savi &rsquo; s Pipistrelle Bat (Hypsugo saviiBonaparte, 1837); Common Pipistrelle Bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus Schreber, 1774); Nathusius &rsquo; Pipistrelle Bat (P.&nbsp; BathusiiKeyserling &amp; Blasius, 1839); Brown Long-eared Bat (Plecotus auritusLinnaeus, 1758); Grey Long-eared Bat (P. austriacusFischer, 1829) and Noctule Bat (Nyctalus noctulaSchreber, 1774). Host semples were collected from fifteen localities throughout Serbia: Deliblato sands, Zasavica, Valjevo, Belgrade, Paraćin,&nbsp; Đerdap, Bor, Beljanica, Kučevo, Boljevac, Zaječar, Zlot, Medveđa, Tara mountain and Ivanjica in the period between2001 and 2009. A total of 1642 helminth individuals (787 individuals of digeneans, 4 cestodes and 851 nematodes) were collected from the hosts, classified into 2 phylas, 1 subphyla, 3 classes, 3 subclasses, 1 superorder, 6 orders, 1 suborder, 7 superfamilies, 11 families, 9 subfamilies, 12 generas and 14 species. Fourteen parasite species were identified: Plagiorchis koreanus(Ogata, 1937),&nbsp; Mesotretes peregrinus(Braun, 1900), Lecithodendrium linstowi(Dollfus, 1931),&nbsp; Prosthodendrium&nbsp; longiforme(Bhalerao, 1926), P. chilostomum(Mehlis, 1831),&nbsp; P. parvouterus(Bhalerao, 1926),&nbsp; Milina grisea (van Beneden, 1873),&nbsp; Capillaria neopulchra(Babos, 1954),&nbsp; Molinostrongylus alatus (Ortlepp, 1932),&nbsp; Strongylacantha glycirrhiza(van Beneden, 1873),&nbsp; Physalopterasp., Litomosa ottavianii(Lagrange &amp; Bettini, 1948),&nbsp; Rictularia bovieri(Blanchard, 1886)&nbsp; and&nbsp; Seuratum mucronatum(Rudolphi, 1809). The qualitative and&nbsp; quantitativeanalysis of the helminth fauna of bats were conducted in Serbia for the first time. Therefore all bat species can be considered new hosts for all recorded helminth species on the area of the country. Ninety-three (73.23%)&nbsp; individuals werefound to be infected with helminth parasites. The most numerous helminth species in total sample were&nbsp; P. koreanus,&nbsp; L. linstowiand&nbsp; M. alatus, which is also the most dominant. There is no evidence that the composition of helminth&nbsp; fauna depends on the sex ofthe host. However, some seasonal changes in quality and quantity of helminth community of the host are obvious.&nbsp;</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:37:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 238175 bytes, checksum: a9d67e9f3b8d66a6cab9291a15bd82d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The root knot nematodes, belonging to the genus Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887, are economically most important group of plant nematodes in the agriculture, producing knobs or galls on the roots of host plants. The losses are greater when infection occurs at the seedling stage. In the botanical family there are species like that of wild mustard (Brassica rapa), that contain glucosinolates, which after enzymatic hydrolyses can generate toxic volatile compounds such as isothiocyanates. It is believed that the incorporation of mustard tissues controls plant nematodes present in the planting substrates used in nursery and seedling production and in the small areas destined for vegetable crops. Thus this can be a viable alternative to the synthetic soil fumigants such as methyl bromide that are harmful to the environment. To evaluate the biofumigant potential of mustard in the management of plant nematodes, dried leaves, seed meal and defatted seed meal were studied to find the efficient tissue and the dose to be incorporated to the substrate to control Meloidogyne incognita. After determining the ideal tissue and the dose they were also used to study the in vitro effect on the mortality of Heterodera glycines, M. javanica, M. exigua, M. mayaguensis and M. incognita. The biofumigant effect was evaluated on the general microbial population of soil. The amount of allyl isothiocyanate liberated in the soil was also determined. The leaves, seed meal and defatted seed meal efficiently controlled M. incognita, but the defatted seed meal proved to be most efficient. The nematicidal effect of mustered was attributed to the volatile compounds. The defatted seed meal efficient in causing the mortality of juveniles of all the nematode species tested. The dehydrated mustard leaves when incorporated into the soil increased the population of bacteria and actinomycetes. The maximum of allyl isothiocyanate was liberated by the defatted seed meal during the biofumigation process. It was concluded that the use of mustard as biofumigant is a viable alternative to control plant nematodes and has the potential to substitute the methyl bromide for seedling substrates treatment. / Os nematóides das galhas, pertencentes ao gênero Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887, constituem o grupo de fitonematóides com maior importância econômica na agricultura, causando a formação de galhas em raízes hospedeiras. Os prejuízos são maiores quando a infecção ocorre ainda na fase de mudas. A família Brassicaceae tem representantes como a mostarda (Brassica rapa), que produzem glucosinolatos, que ao sofrerem hidrólise enzimática vão gerar produtos tóxicos como os isotiocianatos. Acredita-se que sua incorporação permitirá o controle de fitonematóides presentes em substratos para viveiros e em pequenas áreas destinadas ao cultivo de olerícolas. Assim, esta pode ser uma alternativa viável ao uso de fumigantes sintéticos, como o brometo de metila, prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Para avaliar o potencial biofumigante da mostarda no manejo de fitonematóides, folha desidratada, farinha de sementes e farinha de sementes desengordurada foram estudados para determinar a melhor dose destes produtos a ser incorporada ao solo visando o controle de Meloidogyne incognita. Conhecidas as doses, estas foram utilizadas para avaliar o efeito in vitro sobre a mortalidade de Heterodera glycines, M. javanica, M. exigua, M. mayaguensis e M. incognita. A ação biofumigante da mostarda foi avaliada sobre populações microbianas do solo, assim como a quantificação de isotiocianato de alila liberado no solo durante o processo de biofumigação. Folha, farinha de sementes e farinha de sementes desengordurada foram eficientes no controle de M. incognita, sendo que a farinha de sementes desengordurada foi a que apresentou melhores resultados. Foi possível comprovar que o efeito nematicida da mostarda se deve aos seus subprodutos voláteis, e foi verificada a sua eficiência em causar a morte dos juvenis de todas as espécies de nematóides testadas. A folha de mostarda ao ser incorporada ao solo aumentou o número de ufc s de bactérias e actinomicetos. A farinha de sementes desengordurada apresentou as maiores quantidades de isotiocianato de alila liberadas durante a fumigação. Conclui-se que o uso da mostarda como biofumigante de solo é uma alternativa para o controle de fitonematóides e apresenta potencial para a substituição do brometo de metila no tratamento de solo e substratos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:46:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 289107 bytes, checksum: 35ee72e2a4506163a5f402f0961d85fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-05-19 / The viability of a formulation of the fungus Monacrosporium thaumasium (Drechsler, 1937) was evaluated for the biological control of bovine gastrointestinal nematode parasites. Two groups of seven female calves each, holstein x zebu crossbred, four to six months of age, were placed in Cynodon dactylon pastures. In group A, each animal received 20g of pellets of M. thaumasium orally twice a week during a four-month period that began with the onset of the rainy season (October, 2001). In group B (control), the calves did not receive any fungal treatment. The counts of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) for anima1s of the group B were significantly greater (P< 0.05) than those for animaIs of the group A and the difference of the EPG between the animals of group A and B at the end of the study period was 88,8%. The nematodes of the Cooperia genus were the most prevalent in the both pastures. It is concluded that use of this dose and periodicity of application of M. thaumasium pellets were efficient in the control of bovine gastrointestinal nematode parasites. / A viabilidade de uma formulação do fungo Monacrosporium thaumasium (Drechsler, 1937) foi avaliada no controle biológico de nematóides parasitos gastrintestinais de bovinos. Dois grupos de sete bezerras cada, mestiças holandês x zebu, de quatro a seis meses de idade, foram colocados em pastagens de Cynodon dactylon. No grupo A, cada animal recebeu 20 g de péletes (formulação granulada) de M. thaumasium via oral, duas vezes por semana, durante quatro meses, com início na estação chuvosa (outubro de 2001). No grupo B (controle), os bezerros não receberam nenhum tratamento fúngico. As contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG) dos animais e das larvas infectantes encontradas na pastagem do grupo B foram significativamente maiores (P< 0,05) do que as dos animais do grupo A, e a diferença entre o OPG dos animais do grupo A e o do grupo B, no final do experimento, foi de 88,8%. Os nematóides do gênero Cooperia foram os mais prevalentes em ambas as pastagens. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de péletes de M. thaumasium na dosagem e periodicidade de aplicação usadas foi eficiente no controle de nematóides parasitos gastrintestinais de bovinos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:31:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_luciano_avancini.pdf: 1128794 bytes, checksum: 84f53c68ac05e202ba01bcdff9c6d5cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-23 / Vanellus chilensis is a bird species of the family Charadriidae distributed across Central and South America. Despite its high abundance and broad distribution, there are few records of parasites on this species. Aiming to identify the helminths and arthropods that parasitize V. chilensis in southern Brazil, twenty eight birds were necropsied. For collection of ectoparasites, the birds were individually washed in water containing detergent. After that, they were necropsied and their organs were examined for helminths under a stereomicroscope. The helminths found and its respective prevalence, mean abundance and mean intensity were: Brevithominx asperodorsus (Enoplida, Capilariidae) 53.6%, 4.5 and 8.4; Heterakis psophiae (Oxyurida, Heterakidae) 39.3%, 1.0 and 2.55; Dispharynx nasuta (Spirurida, Acuariidae) 28.6%, 4.11 and 14.38; Echinostoma aphylactum (Echinostomida, Echinostomatidae) 17.9%, 0.64 and 3.6; Stomylotrema vicarium (Plagiorchiida, Stomylotrematidae) 10.7%, 0.25 and 2.33; Neivaia cymbium (Cyclocoeloidea, Cyclocoelidae) 7.1%, 0.14 and 2.0; Gyrocoelia perversa (Cyclophyllidea, Dioecocestidae) 60.7%. The Phthiraptera found were Actornithopilus sp. (Amblycera, Menoponidae) and Quadraceps guimaraesi (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Another arthropod collected was the nasal mite Rhinonyssus sp. (Acarina, Rhinonyssidae). H. psophiae is cited for the first time parasitizing the order Charadriiformes in RS. B. asperodorsus, E. aphylactum, N. cymbium represent new records for Charadiidae in the State. This is the first report of natural infection in Charadriidae by the parasite S. vicarium in the region of study. The cestode G. perversa and the nematode D. nasuta are cited for the first time parasitizing V. chilensis in RS. The lice Actornithopilus sp. and Quadraceps guimaraesi are new records in RS as parasites of V. chilensis, which is also reported as a new host for the nasal mite Rhinonyssus sp / Vanellus chilensis, quero-quero, tem distribuição na América do Sul e América Central, é uma ave muito comum na região sul do RS. Há poucos relatos a respeito de parasitos nesta espécie, o que incentivou o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Com o objetivo de conhecer os helmintos e artrópodes que ocorrem em V. chilensis foram examinadas 28 aves, as quais foram lavadas, individualmente, em água com detergente para obtenção dos ectoparasitos e após necropsiadas para a coleta de helmintos. Os helmintos encontrados e respectivas prevalências, abundância média e intensidade média foram Brevithominx asperodorsus (Enoplida, Capilariidae) 53,6%, 4,5 e 8,4; Heterakis psophiae (Oxyurida, Heterakidae) 39,3%, 1,0 e 2,55; Dispharynx nasuta (Spirurida, Acuariidae) 28,6%, 4,11 e 14,38; Echinostoma aphylactum (Echinostomida, Echinostomatidae) 17,9%, 0,64 e 3.6; Stomylotrema vicarium (Plagiorchiida, Stomylotrematidae) 10,7%, 0,25 e 2,33; Neivaia cymbium (Cyclocoeloidea, Cyclocoelidae) 7,1%, 0,14 e 2,0; Gyrocoelia perversa (Cyclophyllidea, Dioecocestidae) 60,7%. Os Phthiraptera encontrados foram Actornithopilus sp. (Amblycera: Menoponidae) e Quadraceps guimaraesi (Ischnocera, Philopteridae), e o ácaro nasal Rhinonyssus sp. (Acarina: Rhinonyssidae). B. asperodorsus, E. aphylactum, N. cymbium, tem seu primeiro registro na família Charadriidae para o RS, H. psophiae tem seu primeiro registro na ordem Charadriiformes para o RS. Este é o primeiro registro de infecção natural por S. vicarium em Charadriidae para o RS. G. perversa e D. nasuta tem seu primeiro registro em V. chilensis no RS.

A dirofilariose canina é uma parasitose de distribuição mundial cujo agente etiológico é um verme nemátoda filarióide. Em sua fase adulta, os vermes produzem microfilárias por meio de reprodução sexuada. Sua transmissão ocorre por meio de mosquitos que atuam como hospedeiros intermediários. No Brasil, até o momento, a dirofilariose canina foi encontrada em 15 estados de todas as regiões. A maioria dos estudos está concentrada nas regiões sudeste e sul. A prevalência nacional é de 2%, embora alguns trabalhos tenham encontrado prevalências locais mais elevadas. Neste trabalho apresentamos o primeiro registro de dirofilariose canina para o estado de Rondônia com mapas de distribuição dos cães positivos e análise de mosquitos. Amostras de sangue de 727 cães foram coletadas aleatoriamente na cidade de Porto Velho. As amostras forma analisadas em busca de microfilárias e antígenos circulantes usando duas técnicas: microscopia ótica de gota espessa corada com Giemsa e imunocromatografia de fluxo lateral (ICT). As amostras positivas foram também testadas por PCR, as negativas forma testadas na mesma técnica em pools. Mosquitos foram coletados no domicilio e peridomicílio de todos os casos de cães positivos, estes mosquitos foram testado por PCR em busca de DNA de Dirofilaria immitis. Um mapa de distribuição dos casos de cães positivos foi elaborado. Noventa e três amostras de sangue foram positivas no ICT, representando 12,8% da amostra total, nenhuma amostra foi positiva na gota espessa. O PCR das amostras de sangue resultou em 10% para as positivas no ICT e 0% nas negativas no mesmo teste. Entre os 93 cães positivos, 89 (95,7%) nasceram em Porto Velho. Nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada entre cães que moram em quintais ou intradomicílio. O mapa de distribuição indica um hotspot na região norte da cidade. O PCR dos mosquitos resultou em apenas um pool positivo. A transmissão de dirofilariose canina ocorre na cidade de Porto velho e a frequência que ocorre nos cães é considerada moderada. A técnica de imunocromatografia e PCR são mais eficazes na detecção de dirofilariose comparadas a gota espessa. A confirmação de transmissão de dirofilariose canina em Porto Velho, coloca esta doença no ranking de diagnóstico diferencial de nódulos pulmonares em Porto Velho. / Heartworm is an infectious disease with worldwide distribution. Mosquitoes acts as intermediary host and vectors. In Brazil, until now, heatworm was found in 15 states with an national average of 2%. This present work aims to report for the first time canine heartworm in the state of Rondônia and confirms the transmission of the disease in the state. Blood samples were randomly collected from 727 dogs in the municipality of Porto Velho. The samples were analyzed for the presence of microfilariae and circulating antigens using two different techniques: thick blood microscopy stained with Giemsa and immunochormatography for the detection of filarial antigens. Aiming to test the efficacy of the immunoassay test, all the positive cases were examined by PCR and pools of negative samples were also examined. Mosquitoes were collected at the domiciles presenting positive cases and analyzed by PCR. A distribution map was made with positive cases. Ninety three blood samples out of 727 (12.8%) were positive by the immunoassay technique and none by the thick smear method. All the positive cases by the immunoassay technique were examined by PCR and pools of all negatives samples were also examined resulting in 10% and 0% positivity frequency, respectively. Among the 93 positive dogs, 89 (95.7%) were born in Porto Velho. No differences in the frequency of infection were observed between dogs raised indoor or in the yards. The distribution map indicates a hotspot in the north area of the city. Mosquitoes were analyzed by PCR, resulting in only one positive pool. This result shows that the transmission of canine heartworm is occurring in the municipality of Porto Velho and has moderate prevalence among dogs. The immunoassay technique and the PCR method are more efficient in detecting D. immitis infections in dogs when compared to the blood smear technique. The confirmation of heartworm transmission in Porto Velho also includes this disease among the ranks of differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules in humans in Rondônia.

Orientador: Reinaldo José da Silva / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, os parasitas foram reconhecidos como importantes componentes dabiodiversidade global, dado os importantes papéis desempenhados por esses organismosem ecossistemas naturais. Embora o conhecimento sobre a diversidade de parasitas tenhaaumentado nas últimas décadas, o número de espécies de parasitas de peixes no Brasil érelativamente baixo quando comparado com a biodiversidade das espécies hospedeiras.Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento dabiodiversidade dos parasitas de peixes procedentes de quatro locais em uma área sob ainfluência de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs) no rio Sapucaí-Mirim, Estado de SãoPaulo, Brasil, bem como avaliar a estrutura das comunidades de metazoários parasitas depeixes Characiformes e de quatro espécies do gênero Leporinus. Durante o período demarço de 2012 a julho de 2013, foram coletados 462 espécimes pertencentes a 16 espéciesde peixes das ordens Characiformes, Siluriformes, Gymnotiformes e Perciformes.Observou-se que 86,58% dos espécimes estavam parasitados por pelo menos um taxon demetazoário parasita. Os parasitas encontrados pertenciam a oito diferentes grupos(Myxozoa, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acantocephala, Arthopoda eAnnelida), sendo coletado um total de 6.830 parasitas. Noventa e sete taxa de parasitasforam encontrados, sendo que a classe Monogenea foi o grupo que apresentou o maiornúmero de espécies, seguido do filo Nematoda e da s... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Recently, parasites have been recognized as important components of global biodiversitybecause the important roles played by these organisms in natural ecosystems. Althoughknowledge about the diversity of parasites has increased in recent decades, the number ofparasite species of fishes in Brazil is relatively low compared to the biodiversity of hostspecies. Thus, this study aimed to survey the biodiversity of fish parasites from foursampling sites in an area under the influence of Small Hydroelectric Power Plants in theSapucaí-Mirim River, São Paulo State, Brazil, as well as to evaluate the structure ofmetazoan parasite communities of Characiformes and four species of Leporinus sp. FromMarch 2012 to July 2013, 462 fish specimens of 16 species of Characiformes,Siluriformes, Perciformes, and Gymnotiformes were collected. It was observed that86.58% of fish specimens were parasitized by at least one metazoan parasite taxon. Theparasites found belonged to eight different groups (Myxozoa, Monogenea, Digenea,Cestoda, Nematoda, Acantocephala, Arthopoda and Annelida) and a total of 6,830parasites were collected and analyzed. Ninety-seven parasite taxa were found, andMonogenea was the group that had the highest number of species, followed by Nematodaand Digenea. The parasite communities of Characiformes showed mainly differencesamong the host species, although belonging to the same order or family. The sampling site,condition factor and the host body ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science under the school of Molecular and Cell Biology in fulfilment for requirements for Doctor of Philosophy Degree. February 2016 / The use of synthetic chemical pesticides has several negative implications for the Agricultural industry, which include the development of resistance to the insecticides, crop contamination and the killing of non-target insects. This has brought many scientists in the field of nematology and entomology to investigate biological control agents which can help solve identified challenges and these biocontrol agents have also included entomopathogenic nematodes. The majority of entomopathogenic nematodes species that have been isolated belong to Heterorhabditids and Steinernematids which act as vectors for insect pathogenic bacteria species belonging to the genera, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively. However, other species of nematodes, one of which includes a strain of Caenorhabditis briggsae, have also been shown to act as a vector for an insect pathogenic strain of Serratia marcescens. Oscheius sp. TEL-2014 EPNs have been observed to act as vectors for insect pathogenic bacteria belonging to the genus Serratia. In this study a novel insect pathogenic Serratia sp. strain TEL was isolated from the gut of infective juveniles belonging to a species of Oscheius sp. TEL-2014. Next generation sequencing of the bacteria was conducted by generating genomic DNA paired-end libraries with the Nextera DNA sample preparation kit (Illumina) and indexed using the Nextera index kit (Illumina). Paired-end (2 × 300 bp) sequencing was performed on a MiSeq Illumina using the MiSeq reagent kit v3 at the Agricultural Research Council Biotechnology Platform. Quality control and adapter trimming was performed and the genome was assembled using SPADES. 19 contigs were generated with an average length of 301767 bp and N50 of 200,110 bp. The genome of the Serratia sp. TEL was found to be 5,000,541 bp in size, with a G+C content of 59.1%, which was similar to that of other Serratia species previously identified. Furthermore, the contigs were annotated using NCBI Prokaryotic Genome Automatic Annotation Pipeline. Features of the annotated genome included protein encoding sequence or genes, rRNA encoding genes, tRNA encoding genes, ncRNA sequences and repeat regions. 4,647 genes were found and 4,495 were protein-coding sequences (CDS). The genome contains 36 pseudo genes, 2 CRISPR arrays, 13 rRNA genes with five operons (5S, 16S, 23S), 88 tRNAs genes, 15 ncRNA sequences and 9 frameshifted genes. Several genes involved in virulence, disease, defense, stress response, cell division, motility and chemotaxis were identified. This genome sequence will allow for the investigation of identified genes and that will be critical in furthering the understanding of the insect pathogenicity of Serratia sp. strain TEL. Furthermore, it will provide additional genomic insights about the insect-nematode interactions and thus help us improve their ability to be used as biological control agents in agricultural industries. Oscheius sp. TEL-2014 was tested for its entomopathogenicity and it was found that this species was able to infect and kill two model insects Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor. This new nematode species brought 100% mortality within 72 h post-exposure in G. mellonella and whereas, within 96 hours in T. molitor. Following morphometrics analysis of Oscheius sp. TEL-2014 it was concluded that this nematode is described as a novel entomopathogenic nematode species based on its morphometrics and 18S rRNA gene sequence originality. Whole genome sequencing of Oscheius sp. TEL-2014 inbred lines (7 and 13) was performed using Illumina Hiseq sequencing system and paired ends library preparation protocol. Sequencing reads assembled on Velvet resulted in generation of 75965 contigs (line 7) and 53190 contigs (line 13). Gene prediction tools showed that proteins involved in gene expression and DNA replication are present in Oscheius sp. TEL-2014. The draft genome of Oscheius nematodes will support the improvement and initiation of further studies intended to help us understand the molecular and metabolic processes in this genus.