The purpose of this study was to determine the major causes of German revival as well as reasons for their radical changes from Postwar Socialism to the acceptance of a basically free market economy, and also to determine the effects of neo-liberalism on the rapid recovery.

屈啓秋. / 手稿本. / 論文(碩士) - 香港中文大學 / 附參考文獻. / Qu Qiqiu. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 貞元元和時期之政治變化 --- p.6 / Chapter 第一節 --- 奉天定難與宦官掌兵 --- p.6 / Chapter 第二節 --- 建中貞元時期之翰林學士 --- p.37 / Chapter 第三節 --- 小結 --- p.87 / Chapter 第三章 --- 早期之古文運動 --- p.92 / Chapter 第一節 --- 古文運動之省祭 --- p.92 / Chapter 第二節 --- 李華蕭穎與古文運動之初起 --- p.99 / Chapter 第四章 --- 春秋學派與早期古文運動 --- p.215 / Chapter 第五章 --- 貞元元和時期之古文運動與新儒學 --- p.252 / Chapter 第一節 --- 韓愈柳宗元對早期古文運動之承建 --- p.252 / Chapter 第二節 --- 韓愈柳宗元與儒家思想之重建 --- p.260 / Chapter 第三節 --- 韓柳之異与儒家思想之分化 --- p.284 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.330 / 引用書目

This PhD thesis asks how ‘neo-liberal’ was the Thatcher government? Existing accounts tend to characterise neo-liberalism as a homogeneous, and often ill-defined, group of thinkers that exerted a broad influence over the Thatcher government. This thesis - through a combination of archival research, interviews and examination of ideological texts - defines the dominant strains of neo-liberalism more clearly and explores their relationship with Thatcherism. In particular, the schools of liberal economic thought founded in Vienna and Chicago are examined and juxtaposed with the initial neo-liberals originating from Freiburg in 1930s and 1940s Germany. Economic policy and deregulation were the areas that most clearly linked neo-liberal thinking with Thatcherism, but this thesis looks at a broad cross section of the wider programme of the Thatcher government. This includes other domestic policies such as education and housing, as well as the Thatcher government’s success in reducing or altering the pressures exerted by vested interests such as the trade unions and monopolies. Lastly, while less associated with neo-liberal theory, foreign policy, in the area of overseas aid, is examined to show how ideas filtered into the international arena during the 1980s. Although clearly a political project, the policies of Thatcherism, in so far as they were ideological, resonate most with the more expedient, or practical, Friedmanite strain of neo-liberalism. This encapsulated a willingness to utilize the state, often in contradictory ways, to pursue more marketorientated policies. As such, it sat somewhere between the more rules-based ordoliberalism and the often utopian Austrian School.

Abstract       The actions of Sweden during the second world war has been richly discussed over the years. Sweden declared itself neutral in the war between the great powers but did not manage to maintain its neutrality. The nature of neutrality has often been discussed; whether it is of a idealistic or more pragmatic nature. Realism, a theory of international relations, would argue that it is of a more pragmatic nature, hence these two are in opposition. Realism also takes credit in claiming to explain how and why a state chooses to act in a situation.   The aim of this essay was to, by examining specific decisions made by the swedish government during the Second World War, come to a conclusion whether or not Sweden’s proclaimed neutrality was of idealistic or pragmatic nature, and thereby possibly coming to a conclusion about neutrality in large. It was also to examine the worth of realism as an explanatory theory by applying it to this specific case; to examine its validity. The study was conducted using a qualitative method; presenting empiric facts and then by using a decision model interpreting the actions and results from a realist perspective.   The study concludes that realism has explanatory power, although not a complete one. The evidence, concerning the neutrality matter, points to that neutrality should be considered as being of a more pragmatic nature.   Keywords: Second world war, international relations, realism, neutrality

Restorative justice emerged in the western world as an alternative to the existing retributive penal system. An alternative that no longer relied on lawyers and judges to resolve criminal matters and community disputes, but rather empowered victims, offenders, and community members to do justice themselves. Throughout the past thirty years restorative justice has distanced itself from the traditional criminal justice system by focusing on repairing the harm caused by an offence rather than charging an offender for committing a crime against the state. This study focuses on the institutionalization of restorative justice. Specifically, this thesis conducts a content analysis of five Canada institutionalized restorative justice programs with the purpose of answering one primary research question. This question asks: are institutionalized restorative justice programs within Canada structured to reflect the core values of restorative justice? In order to answer this question, this thesis analyzes all the available textual documents pertaining to the five selected restorative justice programs for evidence of core restorative justice values and values associated with the co-opting institution, the retributive criminal justice system. This thesis concludes that yes, the five analyzed restorative programs are structured to reflect the core values of restorative justice. Although, the programs are also structured to reflect the core values of the current political ideology of neo-liberalism.

The poetry of Eduardo Espina and Nestor Perlongher is one of the most transcendental of Hispanic neo-baroque, emerging in the eighties and persisting in the new millennium as one of the most influential literary tendencies in the latest Latin- American generations. This dissertation explores neo-baroque as defined by Omar Calabrese: aesthetics of repetition; aesthetic of monstrosity; the importance of imprecision; predominance of labyrinth within a preference for enigma, occult, or the weight of nonlinearly reading of artistic fragmented texts and eroticism as defined by Georges Bataille in the poetry of Espina and Nestor Perlongher. Both poets emphasize the problematic figure of the transvestite and the homosexual transgressive subject and propose a new perspective of linguistic artifice as an artistic and discursive technique and employ eroticism as a mask that unveils the conventionality of the categories, which govern the patriarchal, masculine-heterosexual Western civilization.

Thesis--Copenhagen. / Errata: p. [316]. Includes bibliographical references (p. [305]-311).

This dissertation studies the discussions on ghosts by the Neo-Confucians of the Song Dynasty, in particular Zhu Xi and Chen Chun. According to these thinkers, Gui (the ghost) refers to the deceased and represents the fading away of Qi (materials), and it is also part of the ancestor worship. Based on the typically Neo-Confucian interpretation of Li (principles) and Qi (materials), this dissertation demonstrates how Zhu and Chen explicated the idea of “Li persist on even though Qi fade away” by an articulation of their understanding of the ghost. The thesis consists of five chapters. The introduction summarizes previous works concerning Neo-Confucians’ discussion on Gui. It also briefly explains why the idea of Li and Qi is significant to the distinction between living people and ghosts as seen by Neo-Confucian thinkers. The definition of “Neo-Confucians” is briefly explained at the beginning of the introduction. Chapter one presents how Neo-Confucians apply the Qi theory to Gui, and their idea of an appropriate worship as intimately related to Qi, yet with its rationality lying with Li of human relations. Chapter two analyzes the Neo-Confucian idea of li gui (haunting ghosts) which is differentiated from the ghost in the ancestry worship system. For Neo-Confucians, li gui fail to understand the appropriate relation between Qi and Li and try to reject the fading away of Qi after death. In Chapter three, it is examined that Zhu Xi and Chen Chun’s opinion that living people play a role in the ghosts’ haunting because of their lack of knowledge of either Qi or Li, and suggest that they become the human form of “haunting ghosts” because of such a failure in understanding. In conclusion, the thesis suggests that the right way to live out the true potentiality of human beings is to accept the limitation of Qi but try to grasp the eternal Li through the observation of the movements of Qi. / published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

Drawing on both post-colonial literature and critical gang studies research, this study situates the advent and growth of Indigenous street gangs in the context of settler colonialism, global economic restructuring, and the turn to a New Right political rationality. While the current street gang problem is rooted in structural barriers created in the past, the turn to a New Right rationality has meant that solutions must now be individually focused, economically efficient, and created within an “at risk” framework. Interviews with workers at inner-city organizations in Winnipeg determined that youth gang prevention programs are able to act as sites of resistance to the New Right rationality by redefining what it means for youth to be considered “at risk.” In addition, short-term, program-based funding results in the inefficient use of resources, reduces the ability to create long-term, positive changes, and often does not provide the resources to effect larger structural changes.

Michel Foucault is often is taken to represent human beings as products of insidious structures of power that lie beyond control and perception. This is an unfair characterisation since a deeper reading into his work reveals reflections and even insistences on creativity, resistance and freedom as fundamental components of human experience. My aim is to unify these two aspects of Foucault's thought so as to provide a positive account of political resistance to power relations in contemporary neo-liberal society.