京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23096号 / 医博第4723号 / 新制||医||1050(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 小川 修, 教授 藤田 恭之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Résumé : La néphropathie diabétique (ND) est la principale cause d’insuffisance rénale de stade terminal en Amérique du Nord. Les podocytes, cellules épithéliales hautement spécialisées du glomérule, supportent et maintiennent les mécanismes de filtration glomérulaire. Des biopsies de reins de patients diabétiques ont montré que le nombre de podocytes est significativement réduit chez les patients avec un diabète récent. Néphrine est une protéine transmembranaire qui a été démontrée comme ayant un rôle majeur dans le maintien de l’intégrité de ces cellules. Une diminution de l’expression de néphrine est observée chez les personnes atteintes de la ND. Des études ont démontré que la phosphorylation en tyrosine de néphrine était impliquée dans la régulation de l’inhibition des voies de l’apoptose et le remodelage du cytosquelette d’actine. Notre laboratoire a publié que l’expression de la tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 était augmentée dans les podocytes exposés à des concentrations élevées de glucose (HG). Les résidus tyrosines de néphrine sont contenus dans des séquences pouvant être reconnues par SHP-1. Notre hypothèse est que SHP-1 interagit avec néphrine, et que l’augmentation de l’expression de SHP-1 en condition d’hyperglycémie et de diabète viendrait déréguler les voies de signalisation de néphrine, contribuant aux dommages des podocytes dans la maladie. Des coimmunoprécipitations dans des podocytes montrent une interaction entre SHP-1 et néphrine, qui est augmentée en condition HG. Cette augmentation en HG était associée à une baisse des niveaux de phosphorylation de néphrine. La surexpression de la forme inactive de SHP-1 dans les podocyte rétablie les niveaux de phosphorylation de néphrine en condition HG. Dans un modèle de surexpression avec des cellules HEK, la surexpression de SHP-1 diminue les niveaux de phosphorylation des tyrosines 1176/1193 et 1217, qui sont associées au remodelage de l’actine. Des coimmunoprécipitations avec des mutants de néphrine montrent que les tyrosines 1114 et 1138 sont essentielles pour l’interaction de SHP-1 avec néphrine. Dans un modèle murin de diabète de type 1, une diminution de l’expression et de la phosphorylation de néphrine sont observée comparativement aux souris de type sauvage. Ces diminutions sont associées avec une augmentation de l’expression de SHP-1. En conclusion, l’augmentation de l’expression de SHP-1 en condition d’hyperglycémie réduit les niveaux de phosphorylation en tyrosine de néphrine et vient potentiellement inhiber ses voies de signalisation dans le diabète, contribuant à la dysfonction podocytaire et à la néphropathie diabétique. / Abstract : Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in North America. Podocytes are highly specialized epithelial cells involved in the glomerular filtration process. Morphometric observation from kidney biopsies of diabetic patients showed a significant reduction in the number of podocytes in patients with short duration of diabetes before the apparition of microalbuminuria. Nephrin, a transmembrane protein found in the slit diaphragm, has been found to play a key role in the integrity of the podocytes. Clinical observations indicated that nephrin expression was reduced in kidney biopsy of diabetes patients. Recent studies have shown that phosphorylation of tyrosine residues of nephrin participate in intracellular pathways regulating actin dynamics and podocyte survival. Our laboratory has recently published that the expression of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 is elevated in podocytes exposed to high glucose concentrations (HG). Nephrin contains sequences that are known to be potential target for SHP-1. Our hypothesis is that SHP-1 can interact with nephrin, and the increase of SHP-1 expression in diabetic nephropathy deregulates nephrin-mediated pathways, contributing to podocyte’s damage in the disease. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments show an interaction between SHP-1 and nephrin which is increased in podocytes exposed to HG. Overexpression of the inactive form of SHP-1 in podocytes exposed to HG restores nephrin phosphorylation. In HEK cells, overexpression of SHP-1 reduces nephrin phosphorylation specifically on tyrosine 1176/1193 and 1217, which regulates actin dynamics. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments with nephrin mutants show that tyrosine 1114 and 1138 are essentials to the interaction between SHP-1 and nephrin. In a type 1 diabetic murine model, a reduction of the expression and phosphorylation levels of nephrin are observed. Both reductions are associated with an increase in SHP-1 expression. In conclusion, diabetes triggered SHP-1 expression in podocytes which reduces nephrin tyrosine phosphorylation and potentially inhibits nephrin signaling in diabetes, contributing to podocytes dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy.

The actin cytoskeleton is critical to the proper function of cells and its misregulation can lead to human disease states. As a consequence, actin dynamics is tightly controlled. To gain further insight into the mechanisms controlling actin dynamics, my studies have focused on two families of proteins implicated in actin regulation. The Nck proteins act as molecular adaptors in signal propagation by linking upstream mediators, which they recognize through the Nck SH2 domain, to downstream effectors, which bind the Nck SH3 domains. I have found that Nck is required in podocyte cells for proper foot process formation, a process involving actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and therefore for proper kidney function. Furthermore, I show that Nck links the podocyte adhesion protein nephrin to actin polymerization. In cell-based assays, nephrin-induced actin polymerization is dependent on an interaction with functional Nck, which occurs through binding of three phosphorylated tyrosine sites within the cytoplasmic tail of nephrin to the Nck SH2 domain. Finally, I demonstrate that the enteropathogenic E.coli protein Tir reorganizes the cytoskeleton by molecular-mimicry of nephrin-like signaling. The srGAP proteins are GTPase activating proteins that attenuate the activity Rho GTPases, proteins directly involved in actin cytoskeletal control. The regulatory mechanisms that control srGAP activity are unclear. I have found that the srGAP family members srGAP1, srGAP2, and srGAP3 interact, through their carboxy-terminal region with 14-3-3 proteins, and that this interaction is dependent on protein kinase C-induced phosphorylation of srGAP. 14-3-3 binding does not affect the activity of srGAP2, as determined using cell-based GAP assays. Further studies are required to clarify the biological significance of this interaction to srGAP regulation. The data presented in this thesis furthers our understanding of signaling networks that control the actin cytoskeleton, and brings us closer to the goal of fully understanding actin dynamics and cellular signaling.

The actin cytoskeleton is critical to the proper function of cells and its misregulation can lead to human disease states. As a consequence, actin dynamics is tightly controlled. To gain further insight into the mechanisms controlling actin dynamics, my studies have focused on two families of proteins implicated in actin regulation. The Nck proteins act as molecular adaptors in signal propagation by linking upstream mediators, which they recognize through the Nck SH2 domain, to downstream effectors, which bind the Nck SH3 domains. I have found that Nck is required in podocyte cells for proper foot process formation, a process involving actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and therefore for proper kidney function. Furthermore, I show that Nck links the podocyte adhesion protein nephrin to actin polymerization. In cell-based assays, nephrin-induced actin polymerization is dependent on an interaction with functional Nck, which occurs through binding of three phosphorylated tyrosine sites within the cytoplasmic tail of nephrin to the Nck SH2 domain. Finally, I demonstrate that the enteropathogenic E.coli protein Tir reorganizes the cytoskeleton by molecular-mimicry of nephrin-like signaling. The srGAP proteins are GTPase activating proteins that attenuate the activity Rho GTPases, proteins directly involved in actin cytoskeletal control. The regulatory mechanisms that control srGAP activity are unclear. I have found that the srGAP family members srGAP1, srGAP2, and srGAP3 interact, through their carboxy-terminal region with 14-3-3 proteins, and that this interaction is dependent on protein kinase C-induced phosphorylation of srGAP. 14-3-3 binding does not affect the activity of srGAP2, as determined using cell-based GAP assays. Further studies are required to clarify the biological significance of this interaction to srGAP regulation. The data presented in this thesis furthers our understanding of signaling networks that control the actin cytoskeleton, and brings us closer to the goal of fully understanding actin dynamics and cellular signaling.

Introdução: A injúria ao podócito glomerular tem um papel crítico para o surgimento de proteinúria em diferentes glomerulopatias. Neste estudo avaliamos a expressão gênica das proteínas associadas ao podócito em biópsias renais e na urina simultaneamente em pacientes com glomerulopatias proliferativas (GPP) e não proliferativas (GPNP) proteinúricas, assim como a efeito do tratamento imunossupressor sobre a expressão destas moléculas. Material e Métodos: Setenta e cinco pacientes adultos foram incluídos, 35 com diagnóstico de GPNP e 41 casos de GPP. Vinte e um indivíduos sem doença renal foram incluídos como controles. O RNAm foi quantificado no tecido renal (basal) e em células do sedimento urinário (na biópsia, aos 6 e 12 meses) dos genes nefrina, podocina, podocalixina, sinaptopodina e alfa actinina-4 por PCR em tempo real. A expressão gênica foi correlacionada com a proteinúria e a função renal, e a variação do RNAm ao longo do tempo foi comparada entre os grupos pela Equação de Estimativas Generalizadas. Resultados: O RNAm dos genes (exceto da sinaptopodina) no tecido estava significativamente reduzido no grupo GPNP. No grupo GPP, a expressão também foi menor, mas apenas o gene da podocina teve diferença estatística comparado aos controles. Em paralelo, o RNAm dos mesmos genes na urina basal foi mais elevado nos pacientes, e mais marcadamente no grupo GPP. Após seis meses de tratamento imunossupressor associado ou não a inibidores da angiotensina, no grupo GPP houve uma redução significativa da expressão de podocina, podocalixina e alfa actinina-4 aos 6 e 12 meses quando comparando ao nível basal (p<0,001). No grupo GPNP, apenas a alfa actinina-4 diminuiu (p=0,008) com uma tendência de redução da podocalixina (p=0,08). Verificou-se uma forte correlação entre os genes na biópsia (exceto com sinaptopodina), mas na urina esta correlação foi fraca. Houve correlação moderada mas significativa dos genes na urina com a proteinúria basal e dos 6 meses, mas nenhum gene correlacionou-se com a taxa de filtração glomerular. Conclusão: Nestes pacientes com glomerulopatias proteinúricas em fase aguda de doença, a expressão gênica de proteínas associadas ao podócito estava reduzida na biópsia renal concomitante com aumento da excreção urinária, sugerindo a presença de podocitopenia intra-renal e podocitúria, respectivamente. O RNAm destes genes reduziu em paralelo com a proteinúria com o uso de imunossupressores, sugerindo reorganização estrutural dos podócitos. Os resultados deste estudo não são conclusivos sobre diferenças qualitativas da podocitopatia com base em tipos histológicos específicos. / Introduction: Injury to the glomerular podocyte has a critical role in the development of proteinuria in different glomerulopathies. In this study, gene expression of podocyte-associated proteins was evaluated in kidney biopsies and urine simultaneously in patients with proliferative (PGP) and non proliferative (NPGP) glomerulopathies. The effect of immunosuppressive treatment on the expression of these molecules was also studied. Material and Methods: Seventy-five adult patients were included, 35 with NPGP and 41 cases of PGP. Twenty-one individuals without renal disease were included as controls. The mRNA was quantified by real time PCR in renal tissue (baseline) and in urinary sediment cells (at biopsy, at 6 and 12 months) for the following genes: nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin, synaptopodin and alpha actinin-4. Gene expression was correlated with proteinuria and renal function, and variation in mRNA levels over time was compared between groups by Generalized Estimating Equation. Results: The mRNA of all genes (except synaptopodin) in renal tissue was significantly decreased in NPGP group. In the PGP, this expression was also lower, but only podocin had statistical difference as compared to controls in parallel, mRNA of the same genes was increased in baseline urine of the patients, but more markedly in PGP group. After six months of immunosuppressive treatment, with or without angiotensin inhibitors, there was a significative reduction in urinary expression of podocin, podocalyxin and alpha actinin-4 at 6 and 12 months as compared to baseline levels. In the NPGP group, only alpha actinin-4 decreased in the urine (p=0,008) and there was also a trend to reduction of podocalyxin (p=0,08). There was a strong correlation between all genes (except for synaptopodin) in biopsy, but in the urine this correlation was weak. There was also a moderate but significative correlation between urinary genes and baseline and six-month proteinuria, but no gene correlated with glomerular filtration rate. Conclusion: In these patients with proteinuric glomerulopathies in the acute phase of disease, gene expression of podocyte-associated proteins was decreased in kidney biopsy concurrent with increased levels in the urine, suggesting the presence of intra-renal podocytopenia and podocyturia respectively. The mRNA of these genes decreased in parallel with proteinuria along with immunosuppressive treatment, suggesting structural reorganization of podocytes. The findings of this study cannot be conclusive about qualitative differences of the podocytopathy based on specific histologic types.

Introdução: A injúria ao podócito glomerular tem um papel crítico para o surgimento de proteinúria em diferentes glomerulopatias. Neste estudo avaliamos a expressão gênica das proteínas associadas ao podócito em biópsias renais e na urina simultaneamente em pacientes com glomerulopatias proliferativas (GPP) e não proliferativas (GPNP) proteinúricas, assim como a efeito do tratamento imunossupressor sobre a expressão destas moléculas. Material e Métodos: Setenta e cinco pacientes adultos foram incluídos, 35 com diagnóstico de GPNP e 41 casos de GPP. Vinte e um indivíduos sem doença renal foram incluídos como controles. O RNAm foi quantificado no tecido renal (basal) e em células do sedimento urinário (na biópsia, aos 6 e 12 meses) dos genes nefrina, podocina, podocalixina, sinaptopodina e alfa actinina-4 por PCR em tempo real. A expressão gênica foi correlacionada com a proteinúria e a função renal, e a variação do RNAm ao longo do tempo foi comparada entre os grupos pela Equação de Estimativas Generalizadas. Resultados: O RNAm dos genes (exceto da sinaptopodina) no tecido estava significativamente reduzido no grupo GPNP. No grupo GPP, a expressão também foi menor, mas apenas o gene da podocina teve diferença estatística comparado aos controles. Em paralelo, o RNAm dos mesmos genes na urina basal foi mais elevado nos pacientes, e mais marcadamente no grupo GPP. Após seis meses de tratamento imunossupressor associado ou não a inibidores da angiotensina, no grupo GPP houve uma redução significativa da expressão de podocina, podocalixina e alfa actinina-4 aos 6 e 12 meses quando comparando ao nível basal (p<0,001). No grupo GPNP, apenas a alfa actinina-4 diminuiu (p=0,008) com uma tendência de redução da podocalixina (p=0,08). Verificou-se uma forte correlação entre os genes na biópsia (exceto com sinaptopodina), mas na urina esta correlação foi fraca. Houve correlação moderada mas significativa dos genes na urina com a proteinúria basal e dos 6 meses, mas nenhum gene correlacionou-se com a taxa de filtração glomerular. Conclusão: Nestes pacientes com glomerulopatias proteinúricas em fase aguda de doença, a expressão gênica de proteínas associadas ao podócito estava reduzida na biópsia renal concomitante com aumento da excreção urinária, sugerindo a presença de podocitopenia intra-renal e podocitúria, respectivamente. O RNAm destes genes reduziu em paralelo com a proteinúria com o uso de imunossupressores, sugerindo reorganização estrutural dos podócitos. Os resultados deste estudo não são conclusivos sobre diferenças qualitativas da podocitopatia com base em tipos histológicos específicos. / Introduction: Injury to the glomerular podocyte has a critical role in the development of proteinuria in different glomerulopathies. In this study, gene expression of podocyte-associated proteins was evaluated in kidney biopsies and urine simultaneously in patients with proliferative (PGP) and non proliferative (NPGP) glomerulopathies. The effect of immunosuppressive treatment on the expression of these molecules was also studied. Material and Methods: Seventy-five adult patients were included, 35 with NPGP and 41 cases of PGP. Twenty-one individuals without renal disease were included as controls. The mRNA was quantified by real time PCR in renal tissue (baseline) and in urinary sediment cells (at biopsy, at 6 and 12 months) for the following genes: nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin, synaptopodin and alpha actinin-4. Gene expression was correlated with proteinuria and renal function, and variation in mRNA levels over time was compared between groups by Generalized Estimating Equation. Results: The mRNA of all genes (except synaptopodin) in renal tissue was significantly decreased in NPGP group. In the PGP, this expression was also lower, but only podocin had statistical difference as compared to controls in parallel, mRNA of the same genes was increased in baseline urine of the patients, but more markedly in PGP group. After six months of immunosuppressive treatment, with or without angiotensin inhibitors, there was a significative reduction in urinary expression of podocin, podocalyxin and alpha actinin-4 at 6 and 12 months as compared to baseline levels. In the NPGP group, only alpha actinin-4 decreased in the urine (p=0,008) and there was also a trend to reduction of podocalyxin (p=0,08). There was a strong correlation between all genes (except for synaptopodin) in biopsy, but in the urine this correlation was weak. There was also a moderate but significative correlation between urinary genes and baseline and six-month proteinuria, but no gene correlated with glomerular filtration rate. Conclusion: In these patients with proteinuric glomerulopathies in the acute phase of disease, gene expression of podocyte-associated proteins was decreased in kidney biopsy concurrent with increased levels in the urine, suggesting the presence of intra-renal podocytopenia and podocyturia respectively. The mRNA of these genes decreased in parallel with proteinuria along with immunosuppressive treatment, suggesting structural reorganization of podocytes. The findings of this study cannot be conclusive about qualitative differences of the podocytopathy based on specific histologic types.

Introdução: A injúria ao podócito glomerular tem um papel crítico para o surgimento de proteinúria em diferentes glomerulopatias. Neste estudo avaliamos a expressão gênica das proteínas associadas ao podócito em biópsias renais e na urina simultaneamente em pacientes com glomerulopatias proliferativas (GPP) e não proliferativas (GPNP) proteinúricas, assim como a efeito do tratamento imunossupressor sobre a expressão destas moléculas. Material e Métodos: Setenta e cinco pacientes adultos foram incluídos, 35 com diagnóstico de GPNP e 41 casos de GPP. Vinte e um indivíduos sem doença renal foram incluídos como controles. O RNAm foi quantificado no tecido renal (basal) e em células do sedimento urinário (na biópsia, aos 6 e 12 meses) dos genes nefrina, podocina, podocalixina, sinaptopodina e alfa actinina-4 por PCR em tempo real. A expressão gênica foi correlacionada com a proteinúria e a função renal, e a variação do RNAm ao longo do tempo foi comparada entre os grupos pela Equação de Estimativas Generalizadas. Resultados: O RNAm dos genes (exceto da sinaptopodina) no tecido estava significativamente reduzido no grupo GPNP. No grupo GPP, a expressão também foi menor, mas apenas o gene da podocina teve diferença estatística comparado aos controles. Em paralelo, o RNAm dos mesmos genes na urina basal foi mais elevado nos pacientes, e mais marcadamente no grupo GPP. Após seis meses de tratamento imunossupressor associado ou não a inibidores da angiotensina, no grupo GPP houve uma redução significativa da expressão de podocina, podocalixina e alfa actinina-4 aos 6 e 12 meses quando comparando ao nível basal (p<0,001). No grupo GPNP, apenas a alfa actinina-4 diminuiu (p=0,008) com uma tendência de redução da podocalixina (p=0,08). Verificou-se uma forte correlação entre os genes na biópsia (exceto com sinaptopodina), mas na urina esta correlação foi fraca. Houve correlação moderada mas significativa dos genes na urina com a proteinúria basal e dos 6 meses, mas nenhum gene correlacionou-se com a taxa de filtração glomerular. Conclusão: Nestes pacientes com glomerulopatias proteinúricas em fase aguda de doença, a expressão gênica de proteínas associadas ao podócito estava reduzida na biópsia renal concomitante com aumento da excreção urinária, sugerindo a presença de podocitopenia intra-renal e podocitúria, respectivamente. O RNAm destes genes reduziu em paralelo com a proteinúria com o uso de imunossupressores, sugerindo reorganização estrutural dos podócitos. Os resultados deste estudo não são conclusivos sobre diferenças qualitativas da podocitopatia com base em tipos histológicos específicos. / Introduction: Injury to the glomerular podocyte has a critical role in the development of proteinuria in different glomerulopathies. In this study, gene expression of podocyte-associated proteins was evaluated in kidney biopsies and urine simultaneously in patients with proliferative (PGP) and non proliferative (NPGP) glomerulopathies. The effect of immunosuppressive treatment on the expression of these molecules was also studied. Material and Methods: Seventy-five adult patients were included, 35 with NPGP and 41 cases of PGP. Twenty-one individuals without renal disease were included as controls. The mRNA was quantified by real time PCR in renal tissue (baseline) and in urinary sediment cells (at biopsy, at 6 and 12 months) for the following genes: nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin, synaptopodin and alpha actinin-4. Gene expression was correlated with proteinuria and renal function, and variation in mRNA levels over time was compared between groups by Generalized Estimating Equation. Results: The mRNA of all genes (except synaptopodin) in renal tissue was significantly decreased in NPGP group. In the PGP, this expression was also lower, but only podocin had statistical difference as compared to controls in parallel, mRNA of the same genes was increased in baseline urine of the patients, but more markedly in PGP group. After six months of immunosuppressive treatment, with or without angiotensin inhibitors, there was a significative reduction in urinary expression of podocin, podocalyxin and alpha actinin-4 at 6 and 12 months as compared to baseline levels. In the NPGP group, only alpha actinin-4 decreased in the urine (p=0,008) and there was also a trend to reduction of podocalyxin (p=0,08). There was a strong correlation between all genes (except for synaptopodin) in biopsy, but in the urine this correlation was weak. There was also a moderate but significative correlation between urinary genes and baseline and six-month proteinuria, but no gene correlated with glomerular filtration rate. Conclusion: In these patients with proteinuric glomerulopathies in the acute phase of disease, gene expression of podocyte-associated proteins was decreased in kidney biopsy concurrent with increased levels in the urine, suggesting the presence of intra-renal podocytopenia and podocyturia respectively. The mRNA of these genes decreased in parallel with proteinuria along with immunosuppressive treatment, suggesting structural reorganization of podocytes. The findings of this study cannot be conclusive about qualitative differences of the podocytopathy based on specific histologic types.

Introdução: A lesão do podócito exerce um papel crítico na nefropatia diabética (ND) e é um fator preditivo de albuminúria patológica e progressão da doença. Neste estudo foi avaliada a expressão gênica de proteínas associadas ao podócito na urina de pacientes diabéticos em diferentes estágios da ND e em indivíduos com pré diabetes. Material e Métodos: Foram estudados 67 pacientes diabéticos com normo (n=34), micro (n=14) ou macroalbuminúria (n=19), dezenove indivíduos pré diabéticos e 15 controles saudáveis. O RNAm de nefrina, podocina, podocalixina, sinaptopodina, Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel 6 (TRPC6), alfa actinina-4 e TGF1 foi quantificado por PCR em tempo real (2-ΔΔCt) em células do sedimento urinário. A expressão dos genes alvo do podócito foi correlacionada com albuminúria, controle glicêmico e função renal. O desempenho diagnóstico dos genes para albuminúria patológica foi determinado por curva ROC, e o seu efeito independente sobre esse desfecho foi avaliado por análise de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: O RNAm na urina dos genes alvo foi significativamente maior nos pacientes diabéticos em comparação aos não diabéticos, exceto de sinaptopodina e TGFβ1. A expressão de nefrina foi mais elevada nos indivíduos diabéticos micro e macroalbuminúricos comparado aos controles (p=0,04 e p<0,001 respectivamente), pré diabéticos (p<0,05) e normoalbuminúricos (p<0,05). Embora sua expressão tenha sido maior do que nos não diabéticos, os genes TRPC6, podocalixina e alfa actinina-4 não discriminaram os estágios da ND. A correlação da expressão dos genes com albuminúria e hemoglobina glicada foi estatisticamente significativa. Pacientes pré diabéticos tiveram expressão gênica semelhante aos controles. Na análise multivariada, apenas o gene da nefrina foi preditivo de albuminúria patológica. 6 Conclusões: A expressão das proteínas associadas ao podócito na urina foi maior nos pacientes diabéticos, mas não houve correlação direta do RNAm dos genes com níveis crescentes de albuminúria, exceto de nefrina. O gene da nefrina foi o único que discriminou os diferentes estágios da ND e foi preditivo de albuminúria patológica, mas a podocalixina e o TRPC6 também se correlacionaram com albuminúria e controle glicêmico. Neste estudo preliminar não se identificou aumento da expressão gênica das proteínas do podócito na urina em indivíduos com pré diabetes. / Introduction: Podocyte damage plays a critical role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The present study evaluated gene expression of podocyte-associated proteins in urine of pre-diabetic and diabetic patients at different stages of DN. Material and Methods: We studied 19 pre-diabetic patients, 67 diabetic patients with normo (n = 34), micro (n = 15), or macroalbuminuria (n = 19), and 15 healthy controls. Levels of mRNA of nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin, synaptopodin, transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6), alpha-actinin-4, and TGF-1 were quantitatively measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in urinary sediment. Gene expression was correlated with albuminuria, glycemic control, and renal function. The diagnostic performance of the genes for detecting pathological albuminuria was assessed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Poisson regression. Results: The mRNA expression of target genes in urinary sediment was significantly higher in diabetic compared to pre-diabetic patients and controls. Levels of nephrin were higher in diabetic patients with micro or macroalbuminuria than controls (p= 0.04 and p<0.001, respectively), pre-diabetic (p<0.05), and diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (p<0.05), and increased with increasing rates of albuminuria. Gene expression was similar in pre-diabetic patients and controls. There was a significant positive correlation of gene expression with albuminuria and glycated hemoglobin. In the multivariate analysis, only nephrinuria predicted pathological albuminuria. Conclusions: The expression of podocyte-associated proteins in urine was higher in diabetic patients, but only nephrin correlated with increasing albuminuria and predicted 8 pathological albuminuria. This preliminary study did not find increased gene transcription in pre-diabetic patients.

Base teórica: O efeito da vitamina D e análogos sobre a redução da albuminúria na doença renal crônica tem sido demonstrado em estudos clínicos, mas os seus efeitos sobre o podócito glomerular ainda não são claros. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da reposição de vitamina D3 sobre a expressão das proteínas associadas ao podócito em pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica (DRC). Métodos: Foram incluídos 27 pacientes portadores de DRC e níveis séricos reduzidos de 25-hidrovitamina D [25(OH)D], com taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (TFGe) entre 15 e 89 ml/min/1,73 m2 e índice proteinúria/creatininúria (IPC) acima de 0,5. Os pacientes receberam reposição de vitamina D3 (colecalciferol) por 6 meses de acordo com o nível sérico de 25(OH)D, sendo mensurados pré e pós tratamento 25(OH)D, TFGe, IPC e outros parâmetros do metabolismo mineral e ósseo. O RNAm de nefrina, podocina, podocalixina, transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC-6) e dos fatores de crescimento vascular endotelial A (VEGF-A) e transformador beta (TGF-β1) foram quantificados em células do sedimento urinário através da reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real, pré e pós reposição de vitamina D3. Os RNAm dos marcadores do podócito foram correlacionados com a 25(OH)D, proteinúria e função renal no período basal e após a intervenção. Resultados: Após 6 meses de suplementação com colecalciferol, a concentração plasmática média da 25(OH)D aumentou de 19  7 ng/mL para 28  11 ng/mL (P = 0.003). A TFGe reduziu -4,71 ml/min/1,73 m2 (p=0,010 vs. basal) e não houve alteração na proteinúria após reposição de vitamina D3, bem como dos parâmetros do metabolismo mineral e ósseo. A 25(OH)D sérica correlacionou-se com a proteinúria, tanto no período basal (r=0,517, p=0,008) quanto após o tratamento (r=0,539, p=0,005). Globalmente, a variação na excreção urinária dos RNAm associados ao podócito após o tratamento não foi estatisticamente significante. Pacientes que atingiram níveis de 25(OH)D ≥20 ng/ml aos seis meses tiveram uma tendência de redução da nefrina [4,48(3,03-5,93) vs. 2,79(1,46-4,12), p=0,085] e da podocina [3,43(2,54-4,32) vs. 2,50(1,21-3,15), p=0,079]; em contrário, no grupo que permaneceu com deficiência de 25(OH)D a podocalixina aumentou significativamente [2,71(2,10- 3,42) vs. 3,63(2,64-4,52), p=0,009] e houve tendência de aumento da nefrina [3,12(2,41-3,10) vs. 4,61(2,83-6,40), p=0,072] e da podocina [3,24(2,37-4,38) vs. 3,83(2,78-4,88), p=0,091)]. Ao final de seis meses, pacientes com melhor nível de função renal (TFGe ≥30 ml/min/1,73 m2) tiveram redução do RNAm de TGF-β1 (p=0,039). Conclusão: A reposição de vitamina D3 (colecalciferol) por seis meses não reduziu a podocitúria ou a proteinúria nestes pacientes com DRC, embora tenha-se observado uma redução marginal no RNAm urinário de nefrina e podocina quando níveis suficientes de 25(OH)D foram atingidos. O uso mais precoce e mais prolongado da vitamina D3 deveria ser investigado como potencial medida de nefroproteção adicional em pacientes renais crônicos. / Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that vitamin D or analog decreases albuminuria in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, the precise mechanism underlying the potential protective effects of vitamin D on glomerular podocytes is unclear. Objective: In this study we investigated the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on urinary podocytes protein expression. Methods: Twenty-seven CKD patients who had low baseline vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 15 and 89 ml/min/1,73 m2, and proteinuria/creatininuria index (PCI) higher than 0,5 were studied. During 6 months, all of the patients received cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) supplementation according to 25(OH)D level. Estimated GFR, PCI, 25(OH)D levels, and bone and mineral metabolism parameters were measured at the baseline and after 6 months. In addition, messenger RNA (mRNA) of nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin, transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC-6), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and transformig growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) were quantified in urinary sediment cells using real time polymerase chain reaction before and after intervention. The podocyte markers were correlated with 25(OH)D levels, proteinuria and renal function after vitamin D3 supplementation. Results: During cholecalciferol supplementation, the mean 25(OH)D concentration increased from 19  7 ng/mL at baseline to 28  11 ng/mL at month 6 (P = 0.003). Urinary proteinuria did not change after cholecalciferol supplementation. However, eGFR decreased -4.71 ml/min/1.73 m2 (p=0.010 vs. baseline. The serum levels of 25(OH)D were correlated with proteinuria in both periods: baseline (r=0.517, p=0.008) and posttreatment (r=0.539, p=0.005). Patients who reached 25(OH)D levels ≥20 mg/ml at 6 months showed a trend of lower nephrin [4.48(3.03-5.93) vs. 2.79(1.46-4.12), p=0.085] and podocin [3.43(2.54-4.32) vs. 2,50(1.21-3.15), p=0.079]. On the other side, podocalyxin levels increased significantly [2.71(2.10-3.42) vs. 3.63(2.64-4.52), p=0.009] and both nephrin and podocin also increased but these not significant statistically [nephrin: 3.12 (2.41-3.10) vs. 4.61 (2.83-6.40), p=0,072; podocin: 3.24 (2.37-4.38) vs. 3.83 (2.78-4.88), p=0.091)]. After 6 months supplementation, patients with higher levels of renal function (eGFR ≥30 ml/min/1.73 m2) showed reduction of TGF-β1 RNAm (p=0.039). Conclusion: Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) supplementation during 6 months did not changed proteinuria level. However, we observed a reduction of urinary nephrin and podocin mRNA in patients who reached sufficient 25(OH)D levels. Larger studies are needed to clarify whether vitamin D3 supplementation, mainly on early stages of CKD, may have beneficial effects on lowering proteinuria and on delaying progression of CKD.

Introdução: A lesão do podócito exerce um papel crítico na nefropatia diabética (ND) e é um fator preditivo de albuminúria patológica e progressão da doença. Neste estudo foi avaliada a expressão gênica de proteínas associadas ao podócito na urina de pacientes diabéticos em diferentes estágios da ND e em indivíduos com pré diabetes. Material e Métodos: Foram estudados 67 pacientes diabéticos com normo (n=34), micro (n=14) ou macroalbuminúria (n=19), dezenove indivíduos pré diabéticos e 15 controles saudáveis. O RNAm de nefrina, podocina, podocalixina, sinaptopodina, Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel 6 (TRPC6), alfa actinina-4 e TGF1 foi quantificado por PCR em tempo real (2-ΔΔCt) em células do sedimento urinário. A expressão dos genes alvo do podócito foi correlacionada com albuminúria, controle glicêmico e função renal. O desempenho diagnóstico dos genes para albuminúria patológica foi determinado por curva ROC, e o seu efeito independente sobre esse desfecho foi avaliado por análise de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: O RNAm na urina dos genes alvo foi significativamente maior nos pacientes diabéticos em comparação aos não diabéticos, exceto de sinaptopodina e TGFβ1. A expressão de nefrina foi mais elevada nos indivíduos diabéticos micro e macroalbuminúricos comparado aos controles (p=0,04 e p<0,001 respectivamente), pré diabéticos (p<0,05) e normoalbuminúricos (p<0,05). Embora sua expressão tenha sido maior do que nos não diabéticos, os genes TRPC6, podocalixina e alfa actinina-4 não discriminaram os estágios da ND. A correlação da expressão dos genes com albuminúria e hemoglobina glicada foi estatisticamente significativa. Pacientes pré diabéticos tiveram expressão gênica semelhante aos controles. Na análise multivariada, apenas o gene da nefrina foi preditivo de albuminúria patológica. 6 Conclusões: A expressão das proteínas associadas ao podócito na urina foi maior nos pacientes diabéticos, mas não houve correlação direta do RNAm dos genes com níveis crescentes de albuminúria, exceto de nefrina. O gene da nefrina foi o único que discriminou os diferentes estágios da ND e foi preditivo de albuminúria patológica, mas a podocalixina e o TRPC6 também se correlacionaram com albuminúria e controle glicêmico. Neste estudo preliminar não se identificou aumento da expressão gênica das proteínas do podócito na urina em indivíduos com pré diabetes. / Introduction: Podocyte damage plays a critical role in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). The present study evaluated gene expression of podocyte-associated proteins in urine of pre-diabetic and diabetic patients at different stages of DN. Material and Methods: We studied 19 pre-diabetic patients, 67 diabetic patients with normo (n = 34), micro (n = 15), or macroalbuminuria (n = 19), and 15 healthy controls. Levels of mRNA of nephrin, podocin, podocalyxin, synaptopodin, transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6), alpha-actinin-4, and TGF-1 were quantitatively measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in urinary sediment. Gene expression was correlated with albuminuria, glycemic control, and renal function. The diagnostic performance of the genes for detecting pathological albuminuria was assessed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Poisson regression. Results: The mRNA expression of target genes in urinary sediment was significantly higher in diabetic compared to pre-diabetic patients and controls. Levels of nephrin were higher in diabetic patients with micro or macroalbuminuria than controls (p= 0.04 and p<0.001, respectively), pre-diabetic (p<0.05), and diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (p<0.05), and increased with increasing rates of albuminuria. Gene expression was similar in pre-diabetic patients and controls. There was a significant positive correlation of gene expression with albuminuria and glycated hemoglobin. In the multivariate analysis, only nephrinuria predicted pathological albuminuria. Conclusions: The expression of podocyte-associated proteins in urine was higher in diabetic patients, but only nephrin correlated with increasing albuminuria and predicted 8 pathological albuminuria. This preliminary study did not find increased gene transcription in pre-diabetic patients.