Die Alzheimer-Krankheit ist eine gewaltige Bedrohung für eine alternde Gesellschaft. Millionen von Menschen leben weltweit mit der Alzheimer-Krankheit, für die es keine aktuelle Behandlung gibt. Die Amyloidkaskaden-Hypothese (AKH) ist die aktuell am meisten akzeptierte Hypothese zur Ursache der Alzheimer-Krankheit. Die AKH bietet eine mechanistische Sicht auf die pathologische Kaskade, ausgehend von der Amyloid-Aggregation über die chronische Entzündung bis hin zur TAU-Pathologie. Die Medikamente, die auf der Grundlage der AKH entwickelt wurden, konnten Amyloid-Plaques bei Alzheimer-Patienten entfernen, brachten aber keine Verbesserung der kognitiven Fähigkeiten. Diese Misserfolge legen nahe, dass die Alzheimer-Krankheit nicht nur theoretisch im Rahmen der AKH betrachtet werden kann. Neuere Hypothesen kulminieren die Auswirkungen verschiedener Zelltypen (z.B. neurale Stammzellen, Astrozyten, Oligodendrozyten) auf den Ausbruch der Alzheimer-Erkrankung. Komplexe Rückkopplungs- und Feed-Forward-Mechanismen sind in der Pathophysiologie der Alzheimer-Demenz wahrscheinlich. Das Zusammenspiel zwischen der Pathologie und der Beteiligung anderer Zelltypen macht diese Krankheit multifaktoriell und komplex. Kürzlich zeigten zwei Studien (Moreno-Jimenez et al., 2019; Tobin et al., 2019), dass die Produktion neuer Neuronen im menschlichen Gehirn bei der Alzheimer-Erkrankung dramatisch abnimmt. Eine interessante Hypothese wurde durch diese Studien gestützt: Die pathologisch induzierte Erzeugung neuer Neuronen (regenerative Neurogenese) bei Alzheimer-Patienten könnte helfen, die Pathologie der Alzheimer-Erkrankung rückgängig zu machen. Da die Regenerationsfähigkeit bei Säugetieren entwicklungsmäßig wenig ausgeprägt ist (Tanaka und Ferretti, 2009), kann uns die Untersuchung der Neurodegeneration in einem Modellorganismus mit Regenerationsfähigkeit daher lehren, wie man die Proliferation und Neurogenese neuraler Stammzellen unter pathologischen Bedingungen induzieren kann. Für diese spezielle Frage können uns Modellorganismen mit natürlicher Regenerationsfähigkeit zeigen, wie man Proliferation und Neurogenese unter den pathologischen Bedingungen der Alzheimer-Erkrankung induzieren kann. Der Zebrafisch bietet eine beispiellose Möglichkeit, die Neurodegeneration und Regeneration zu modellieren, um die molekularen Mechanismen zu untersuchen, wie anhand der Neurogenese in Wirbeltiergehirnen die Alzheimer-Krankheit verbessert werden kann. Dies wurde in unserem Labor bereits in mehreren Publikationen gezeigt. Aus diesem Grund habe ich in meiner Doktorarbeit Zebrafische verwendet, um die Plastizität neuraler Stammzellen (NSZ) zu untersuchen. Besonders interessierte mich die Heterogenität von NSZ-Populationen in Bezug auf ihre molekularen Programme und die molekulare Grundlage der regenerativen Neurogenese von NSZ auf das Amyloid-β-42 (Aβ42) und TAU-Pathologien.

No description available.

Description of the cell cycle features of neural progenitors during late stages of neurogenesis in a gyrencephalic mammal, the ferret.

This dissertation is divided into three chapters, each discussing the study of different regulatory molecules involved in sensory neurogenesis occurring in the trigeminal placode. Chapter one is a spatiotemporal description of Notch pathway genes in chick opV placode by stage-specific expression analysis, showing expression of many Notch pathway genes and effectors in the opV placode. Notch pathway gene expression is primarily confined to the ectoderm with highest expression of these genes at the beginning stages of peak neuronal differentiation. This information preceded studies of the functional roles that Notch signaling has in the opV placode and how it may affect the transcription factor, Pax3. Chapter two is a study of the transcription factor Pax3 and its role in opV placode development and sensory neuron differentiation. Pax3 is known to activate or repress gene transcription, and its activity may be dependent on the splice variant or isoform present. We show through RT-PCR that alternative splice forms of Pax3 are present at stages of chick development corresponding to cellular competence, cellular differentiation and ingression, and cellular aggregation. We have named these splice forms, Pax3V1 and Pax3V2. Using quantitative RT-PCR we show that Pax3V2 is consistently expressed at lower levels compared to Pax3 during cellular competence and differentiation. In order to determine the function of the three splice forms, we misexpressed them in the opV placode and analyzed the effect on neurogenesis. We looked at markers for neuronal differentiation of targeted cells after in ovo electroporation of Pax3, Pax3V1, and Pax3V2, which showed a significant difference between the control and each construct, but not between the groups of constructs. To enhance the process of neurogenesis we exposed the electroporated embryos to DAPT, a Notch signaling inhibitor that enhances sensory neurogenesis. Using this method we found that misexpression of Pax3 and Pax3V1 resulted in cells failing to differentiate, while Pax3V2 misexpression more closely resembles the neuronal differentiation seen in controls. These results show that the Pax3V2 isoform allows for neuronal differentiation of opV placodal cells after misexpression, while the Pax3 isoform and the Pax3V1 isoform block neuronal differentiation. Chapter three is a study of the necessity of Wnt signaling originating from the neural tube to induce Pax3 expression in the opV placode. A double knockout of Wnt1 and Wnt3a was produced to determine the necessity of these genes in opV placode development. Pax3 expression in the opV placode at E8.5 and E9.5 was markedly reduced in the double mutants when compared to wild type mice. This study shows that Wnt1 and Wnt3a genes are necessary for normal Pax3 expression, but that other signals may contribute to its induction.

Background: Neuronal plasticity and regeneration in cancer are understudied aspects of cancer research. Studies have shown that neurogenesis and axonogenesis are associated with cancer progression and metastatic potential. Purpose: The purpose of this project was to optimize an immunofluorescence stain to observe nerve development and regeneration in cancer tissue, with the use of antibodies against neurofilament light chain (Nf-L), growth associated protein 43 (gap-43), and doublecortin X (DCX). Material and method: Staining optimization included evaluations of antigen retrieval, tissue permeabilization, antibody dilution, and duration of primary antibody incubation. The analyses were tested on colorectal- and lung cancer tissues. Results: The detection of Nf-L was not successful in any combination of the analyses or on ether tissue. The staining Gap-43 showed the best results using antigen retrieval with pepsin in HCl and primary antibody dilution 1:500 combined with incubation overnight at 4 °C. Staining for DCX needs more evaluation due to non-specific binding in lung cancer tissue. The stain showed the best results with antigen retrieval performed with pepsin in HCl, primary antibody dilution 1:250 combined with 1 hour incubation at room temperature of the primary antibody. Permeabilization has to some degree shown good results in combination with antigen retrieval with pepsin in HCl. Conclusion: A good protocol was established for Gap-43 detection, but the procedures for Nf-L and DCX detections need to be optimized.

No description available.

Mammals are born on a precocial–altricial continuum. Altricial species produce helpless neonates with closed distant organs incapable of locomotion, whereas precocial species give birth to well-developed young that possess sophisticated sensory and locomotor capabilities. Previous studies suggest that distinct patterns of cortex development differ between precocial and altricial species. This study compares patterns of neocortex neurogenesis and maturation in the precocial guinea pig and altricial dwarf rabbit, both belonging to the taxon of Glires. We show that the principal order of neurodevelopmental events is preserved in the neocortex of both species. Moreover, we show that neurogenesis starts at a later postconceptional day and takes longer in absolute gestational days in the precocial than the altricial neocortex. Intriguingly, our data indicate that the dwarf rabbit neocortex contains a higher abundance of highly proliferative basal progenitors than the guinea pig, which might underlie its higher encephalization quotient, demonstrating that the amount of neuron production is determined by complex regulation of multiple factors. Furthermore, we show that the guinea pig neocortex exhibits a higher maturation status at birth, thus providing evidence for the notions that precocial species might have acquired the morphological machinery required to attain their high functional state at birth and that brain expansion in the precocial newborn is mainly due to prenatally initiating processes of gliogenesis and neuron differentiation instead of increased neurogenesis. Together, this study reveals important insights into the timing and cellular differences that regulate mammalian brain growth and maturation and provides a better understanding of the evolution of mammalian altriciality and presocialit

Alpha-synuclein pathology driven impairment in adult neurogenesis was proposed as a potential cause of, or at least contributor to, memory impairment observed in both patients and animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). Mice overexpressing wild-type alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn, line 61) uniquely replicate early cognitive deficits together with multiple other characteristic motor and non-motor symptoms, alpha-synuclein pathology and dopamine loss. Here we report overt intracellular accumulation of phosphorylated alphasynuclein in the hippocampus of these transgenic mice. To test whether this alters adult neurogenesis and total number of mature neurons, we employed immunohistochemistry and an unbiased stereology approach to quantify the distinct neural progenitor cells and neurons in the hippocampal granule cell layer and subgranular zone of 6 (prodromal stage) and 16-month (dopamine loss) old Thy1-aSyn mice. Surprisingly, we observed an increase in the number of early stage, i.e., Pax6 expressing, progenitors whereas the numbers of late stage, i.e., Tbr2 expressing, progenitors and neurons were not altered. Astroglia marker was increased in the hippocampus of transgenic mice, but this was not specific to the regions where adult neurogenesis takes place, arguing against a commitment of additional early stage progenitors to the astroglia lineage. Together, this uncovers a novel aspect of alpha-synuclein pathology in adult neurogenesis. Studying its mechanisms in Thy1-aSyn mice could lead to discovery of effective therapeutic interventions for cognitive dysfunction in PD and DLB.

Mammals are born on a precocial–altricial continuum. Altricial species produce helpless neonates with closed distant organs incapable of locomotion, whereas precocial species give birth to well-developed young that possess sophisticated sensory and locomotor capabilities. Previous studies suggest that distinct patterns of cortex development differ between precocial and altricial species. This study compares patterns of neocortex neurogenesis and maturation in the precocial guinea pig and altricial dwarf rabbit, both belonging to the taxon of Glires. We show that the principal order of neurodevelopmental events is preserved in the neocortex of both species. Moreover, we show that neurogenesis starts at a later postconceptional day and takes longer in absolute gestational days in the precocial than the altricial neocortex. Intriguingly, our data indicate that the dwarf rabbit neocortex contains a higher abundance of highly proliferative basal progenitors than the guinea pig, which might underlie its higher encephalization quotient, demonstrating that the amount of neuron production is determined by complex regulation of multiple factors. Furthermore, we show that the guinea pig neocortex exhibits a higher maturation status at birth, thus providing evidence for the notions that precocial species might have acquired the morphological machinery required to attain their high functional state at birth and that brain expansion in the precocial newborn is mainly due to prenatally initiating processes of gliogenesis and neuron differentiation instead of increased neurogenesis. Together, this study reveals important insights into the timing and cellular differences that regulate mammalian brain growth and maturation and provides a better understanding of the evolution of mammalian altriciality and presociality.

No description available.