No description available.

O chá ayahuasca é uma bebida psicotrópica que tem provocado polêmica devido ao uso indiscriminado por alguns grupos de pessoas e pela facilidade de compra pela internet. A bebida é feita por meio da decocção conjunta das plantas Banisteriopsis Caapi e Psychotria Viridis. Contém alcaloides beta-carbolínicos (?-carbolínicos) como harmina (HRM), harmalina (HRL) e harmalol, que possuem efeitos inibidores da monoaminooxidase A (MAO-A), sendo considerados protetores contra o dano oxidativo neuronal, além de ter ações anticonvulsivantes e efeitos ansiolíticos. Por outro lado, esses alcaloides, conjuntamente com a N,N-dimetiltriptamina, principal componente alucinógeno da P. Viridis, também têm sido descritos como neurotoxinas endógenas que podem participar no início de doenças neurodegenerativas. No presente estudo, a neurotoxicidade do chá ayahuasca foi estudada por meio da determinação da ocorrência de apoptose neuronal pelo método de fluorescência da Caspase-3 e pelo ensaio do TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay). Foram administrados, diariamente, durante vinte e um dias, por meio de gavagem gástrica, 2 ml de água a um grupo de ratos Wistar machos, controle (n=12) e 2 ml do chá ayahuasca 50% a outro grupo similar (n=12). Foram realizadas análises de glutationa (GSH), malonaldeído (MDA) e vitamina E séricas e hepáticas para avaliar a peroxidação lipídica (LPO), assim como análises urinárias de creatinina e ureia para avaliar o funcionamento renal dos animais. Os resultados nas análises do TUNEL mostraram significância estatística no grupo ayahuasca em relação ao grupo controle. A análise de Caspase-3 não mostrou diferenças entre os dois grupos. Os valores de MDA e GSH sérica, assim como da vitamina E hepática, apresentaram redução estatisticamente significativa no grupo tratado com o chá ayahuasca. Os resultados desta investigação apontam para a presença de um processo de estresse oxidativo nos ratos tratados com este chá, com achados estatisticamente significativos de apoptose neuronal com o ensaio do TUNEL. É recomendável a realização de outros estudos para elucidar os mecanismos neurotóxicos do chá ayahuasca. / Ayahuasca tea is a psychotropic beverage that has caused controversy due to the fact of being used indiscriminately by some group of people and the ease of purchase in the worldweb. The tea is derived by boiling the bark of the liana Banisteriopsis Caapi (B. Caapi) together with the leaves of Psychotria Viridis (P.Viridis). B. Caapi contains alkaloids as harmine, harmaline and harmalol, highly active reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A and MAO-B. These compounds have been described as protecting neuronal mitochondria against oxidative damage, besides having anticonvulsivant and anxiolytic actions. On the other hand, these alkaloids, together with dimethyltryptamine (DMT), the main hallucinogenic component of P. Viridis, also had been described as endogenous neurotoxins that could participate in neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, the neurotoxicity of ayahuasca was studied by the method of fluorescence of Caspase-3 and the TUNEL assay. By gastric gavage, was administered in a daily regime during twenty-one days, 2 ml of water to a group of rats (control n=12) and 2 ml of 50% ayahuasca tea to another similar group (n=12). Analysis of reduced glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA) and vitamin E was made, to assess lipid peroxidation and also analysis of urinary urea and creatinine, to assess kidney function of animals. The results of the TUNEL assay, showed statistical significant values in the ayahuasca group. No differences were found in Caspase-3 analysis. The values of serum MDA and GSH as well as hepatic vitamin E, showed a statistically significant reduction in the group treated with ayahuasca. The results of this investigation indicate the presence of oxidative stress in rats treated with ayahuasca tea, with statistical significant values of neuronal apoptosis measured by TUNEL assay. It is advisable to conduct further studies to elucidate the neurotoxic effects of ayahuasca tea.

No description available.

An increasing body of evidence points to a key role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chronic and acute neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, markers of ER stress are common features of neurons destined to die in these conditions. In the present study we demonstrate that PUMA, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family is essential for ER stress-induced cell death. PUMA is known to be a key transcriptional target of p53, however we have found that ER stress triggers PUMA induction and cell death through a p53-independent mechanism involving instead the ER stress inducible transcription factor ATF4. Specifically, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of ATF4 sensitizes neurons to ER stress induced apoptosis, and that ATF4-deficient neurons exhibit markedly reduced levels of PUMA expression and cell death. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that ATF4 does not directly regulate the PUMA promoter. Rather, we found that ATF4 induces expression of the transcription factor CHOP, and that CHOP in turn directly activates PUMA induction. Specifically, we demonstrate that CHOP binds to the PUMA promoter during ER stress and that CHOP knockdown attenuates PUMA induction and neuronal apoptosis. In summary, we have identified a key signaling pathway in ER stress induced neuronal death involving ATF4-CHOP mediated transactivation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member PUMA. Protein aggregates and markers of ER stress response have also been observed in dying neurons in several animal models of cerebral ischemia. Therefore, to decipher the significance of the ER stress apoptotic response, we investigate the role of ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway in ischemic neuronal injury. Ischemic stroke results from a transient or permanent reduction in cerebral blood flow in the brain. In spite of much research in trying to develop therapeutic strategies, most clinical trials have failed. These failures demonstrate that effective treatments require a more complete understanding of molecular signals that lead to neuronal death. However, stroke is a complex scenario since distinct mechanisms may involve in rapid and/or delayed neuronal death. The signaling pathways regulating these mechanisms however are not fully defined. Previous studies had suggested that ER stress playing a pivotal role in post-ischemic neuronal death. Yet, the relevance of ER stress signals was not fully known in ischemic neuronal injury. Accordingly, this thesis research attempts to explore the functional role of ER stress -inducible pathway, ATF4-CHOP axis, in different models of neuronal death (delayed and excitotoxic cell death) evoked by ischemia. The data indicates that ATF4 is essential in delayed type of death in vitro. In focal ischemia model (tMCAO) ATF4 also plays a role as a mediator of death signal in vivo. However, CHOP function looks more complex, and our data did not support the role of CHOP in ischemic neuronal death.

O chá ayahuasca é uma bebida psicotrópica que tem provocado polêmica devido ao uso indiscriminado por alguns grupos de pessoas e pela facilidade de compra pela internet. A bebida é feita por meio da decocção conjunta das plantas Banisteriopsis Caapi e Psychotria Viridis. Contém alcaloides beta-carbolínicos (?-carbolínicos) como harmina (HRM), harmalina (HRL) e harmalol, que possuem efeitos inibidores da monoaminooxidase A (MAO-A), sendo considerados protetores contra o dano oxidativo neuronal, além de ter ações anticonvulsivantes e efeitos ansiolíticos. Por outro lado, esses alcaloides, conjuntamente com a N,N-dimetiltriptamina, principal componente alucinógeno da P. Viridis, também têm sido descritos como neurotoxinas endógenas que podem participar no início de doenças neurodegenerativas. No presente estudo, a neurotoxicidade do chá ayahuasca foi estudada por meio da determinação da ocorrência de apoptose neuronal pelo método de fluorescência da Caspase-3 e pelo ensaio do TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay). Foram administrados, diariamente, durante vinte e um dias, por meio de gavagem gástrica, 2 ml de água a um grupo de ratos Wistar machos, controle (n=12) e 2 ml do chá ayahuasca 50% a outro grupo similar (n=12). Foram realizadas análises de glutationa (GSH), malonaldeído (MDA) e vitamina E séricas e hepáticas para avaliar a peroxidação lipídica (LPO), assim como análises urinárias de creatinina e ureia para avaliar o funcionamento renal dos animais. Os resultados nas análises do TUNEL mostraram significância estatística no grupo ayahuasca em relação ao grupo controle. A análise de Caspase-3 não mostrou diferenças entre os dois grupos. Os valores de MDA e GSH sérica, assim como da vitamina E hepática, apresentaram redução estatisticamente significativa no grupo tratado com o chá ayahuasca. Os resultados desta investigação apontam para a presença de um processo de estresse oxidativo nos ratos tratados com este chá, com achados estatisticamente significativos de apoptose neuronal com o ensaio do TUNEL. É recomendável a realização de outros estudos para elucidar os mecanismos neurotóxicos do chá ayahuasca. / Ayahuasca tea is a psychotropic beverage that has caused controversy due to the fact of being used indiscriminately by some group of people and the ease of purchase in the worldweb. The tea is derived by boiling the bark of the liana Banisteriopsis Caapi (B. Caapi) together with the leaves of Psychotria Viridis (P.Viridis). B. Caapi contains alkaloids as harmine, harmaline and harmalol, highly active reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A and MAO-B. These compounds have been described as protecting neuronal mitochondria against oxidative damage, besides having anticonvulsivant and anxiolytic actions. On the other hand, these alkaloids, together with dimethyltryptamine (DMT), the main hallucinogenic component of P. Viridis, also had been described as endogenous neurotoxins that could participate in neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, the neurotoxicity of ayahuasca was studied by the method of fluorescence of Caspase-3 and the TUNEL assay. By gastric gavage, was administered in a daily regime during twenty-one days, 2 ml of water to a group of rats (control n=12) and 2 ml of 50% ayahuasca tea to another similar group (n=12). Analysis of reduced glutathione (GSH), malonaldehyde (MDA) and vitamin E was made, to assess lipid peroxidation and also analysis of urinary urea and creatinine, to assess kidney function of animals. The results of the TUNEL assay, showed statistical significant values in the ayahuasca group. No differences were found in Caspase-3 analysis. The values of serum MDA and GSH as well as hepatic vitamin E, showed a statistically significant reduction in the group treated with ayahuasca. The results of this investigation indicate the presence of oxidative stress in rats treated with ayahuasca tea, with statistical significant values of neuronal apoptosis measured by TUNEL assay. It is advisable to conduct further studies to elucidate the neurotoxic effects of ayahuasca tea.

An increasing body of evidence points to a key role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in chronic and acute neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, markers of ER stress are common features of neurons destined to die in these conditions. In the present study we demonstrate that PUMA, a BH3-only member of the Bcl-2 family is essential for ER stress-induced cell death. PUMA is known to be a key transcriptional target of p53, however we have found that ER stress triggers PUMA induction and cell death through a p53-independent mechanism involving instead the ER stress inducible transcription factor ATF4. Specifically, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of ATF4 sensitizes neurons to ER stress induced apoptosis, and that ATF4-deficient neurons exhibit markedly reduced levels of PUMA expression and cell death. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that ATF4 does not directly regulate the PUMA promoter. Rather, we found that ATF4 induces expression of the transcription factor CHOP, and that CHOP in turn directly activates PUMA induction. Specifically, we demonstrate that CHOP binds to the PUMA promoter during ER stress and that CHOP knockdown attenuates PUMA induction and neuronal apoptosis. In summary, we have identified a key signaling pathway in ER stress induced neuronal death involving ATF4-CHOP mediated transactivation of the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member PUMA. Protein aggregates and markers of ER stress response have also been observed in dying neurons in several animal models of cerebral ischemia. Therefore, to decipher the significance of the ER stress apoptotic response, we investigate the role of ATF4-CHOP signaling pathway in ischemic neuronal injury. Ischemic stroke results from a transient or permanent reduction in cerebral blood flow in the brain. In spite of much research in trying to develop therapeutic strategies, most clinical trials have failed. These failures demonstrate that effective treatments require a more complete understanding of molecular signals that lead to neuronal death. However, stroke is a complex scenario since distinct mechanisms may involve in rapid and/or delayed neuronal death. The signaling pathways regulating these mechanisms however are not fully defined. Previous studies had suggested that ER stress playing a pivotal role in post-ischemic neuronal death. Yet, the relevance of ER stress signals was not fully known in ischemic neuronal injury. Accordingly, this thesis research attempts to explore the functional role of ER stress -inducible pathway, ATF4-CHOP axis, in different models of neuronal death (delayed and excitotoxic cell death) evoked by ischemia. The data indicates that ATF4 is essential in delayed type of death in vitro. In focal ischemia model (tMCAO) ATF4 also plays a role as a mediator of death signal in vivo. However, CHOP function looks more complex, and our data did not support the role of CHOP in ischemic neuronal death.

La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est une démence progressive caractérisée dans ses stades précoces par une perte synaptique et une dégénérescence neuronale. Aucun traitement efficace n’est disponible à ce jour et les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués sont encore mal connus. Des études récentes, menées notamment par notre équipe, indiquent que les oligomères de peptide amyloïde-ß (Aß) interagissent avec la membrane plasmique et y induisent un stress cellulaire impliquant des cascades apoptotiques. Ce travail a été consacré à l’étude de l’influence du statut lipidique sur la sensibilité des neurones au peptide Aß soluble et sur la signalisation pro-apoptotique. Nous avons montré que ce peptide induit un remodelage membranaire conduisant à la mort neuronale en activant des voies pro-apoptotiques et en inhibant des voies de survie. Par contre, la supplémentation du milieu en acide docosahexaénoïque (DHA), acide gras polyinsaturé de type ?3, protège les neurones de la mort induite par le peptide Aß. Cet effet préventif semble dépendre d’une incorporation du DHA pouvant localement induire un remodelage membranaire discret capable de préserver des voies de croissance et de survie cellulaire. Le DHA n’agit toutefois pas en inhibant l’activation de la phospholipase A2 cytosolique (cPLA2) et le stress oxydant induits par le peptide Aß, mécanismes que nous avons observés être impliqués dans la voie pro-apoptotique menant à la production de céramides suite à l’activation des sphingomyélinases. Ces enzymes occupent une position essentielle dans la toxicité du peptide Aß, puisqu’un prétraitement par le DHA ou par la sphingosine-1-phosphate, connue pour son potentiel antiapoptotique, protège les neurones en inhibant la sphingomyélinase acide. Les travaux de cette thèse ont donc montré que les lipides, molécules structurales mais aussi médiateurs de signalisation, sont des acteurs essentiels à considérer pour le développement de stratégies préventives ou thérapeutiques contre la MA / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive dementia characterised in the early stages by synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Currently, no effective treatments are available and the molecular mechanisms implicated are still unknown. Recent studies, including ours, indicate that the direct interaction between soluble amyloid-ß (Aß) oligomers and the plasma membrane initiates a cellular stress involving apoptotic cascades. The present work focuses on the impact of lipid status on neuronal susceptibility to the toxicity of soluble Aß peptide and on the pro-apoptotic signalling pathways. We showed that this peptide induces membrane remodelling, thereby activating pro-apoptotic pathways and inhibiting survival signalling, which leads to neuronal cell death. This was however prevented in neurons cultured in a medium supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an ?3 polyunsaturated fatty acid. This protective effect seems to rely on subtle local membrane remodelling due to DHA incorporation, which maintains active survival and growth pathways. DHA did not prevent either cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) or oxidative stress upon soluble Aß peptide exposure. These two events have already been reported by our team to be implicated in a pro-apoptotic cascade leading to ceramide production due to the activation of sphingomyelinases. These enzymes very likely play a central role in Aß peptide toxicity, as pretreatments with DHA or sphingosine-1-phosphate, a well-known anti-apoptotic compound, lead to neuronal protection through the inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase. This PhD thesis demonstrates that lipids, as structural molecules as well as signalling mediators, are essential players that could be used to develop strategies for the prevention or treatment of AD

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2006. / Embargoed. Vita. Bibliography: 121-142.

No description available.

No description available.