The emulsion target of the CHORUS detector was exposed to the wide-band neutrino beam of the CERN SPS between the years 1994 and 1997. In total about 130.000 neutrino interactions were located in the nuclear emulsion target and fully reconstructed. Detailed DATA and Monte Carlo (MC) comparisons were done in order to test reliability of the detector simulation. There is reasonable agreement between DATA and MC. The ratio of deep inelastic neutral-current (NC) to the deep inelastic (DIS) charged-current(CC) $nu_{mu}$ interactions was measured to be frac{NC_{dis}}{CC_{dis}}=0.350pm0.003$. This measurement was compared with the previous measurements. Based on three double charm decays found in NC interactions we measured the ratio of double charm cross-section in NC $nu_{mu}$ interactions to be [ frac{sigma (cbar{c}nu_mu)}{sigma_{NC}}=(3.37^{+3.06}_{-2.51}(stat.)pm 0.51(syst.))times 10^{-3}. ] One double charm decay has been observed in CC $nu_{mu}$ interactions the upper limit on associated charm production in $nu_{mu}$ CC interaction has been found to be [ frac{sigma cbar{c}mu^{-})}{sigma_{CC}}&lt / 9.69 times 10^{-4}. ] at 90% C.L.

The SNO+ experiment is a kilo-tonne scale liquid scintillator detector located at SNOLAB in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. As the successor to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, SNO+ will use linear alkylbenzene (LAB) as the scintillator to study neutrinos. During the solar phase, ux measurements will be made of low energy neutrinos originating in the Sun. In another phase, 800 kg of tellurium will loaded into the scintillator to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. Measurements will also be made of neutrinos coming from nearby nuclear reactors and from inside Earth's mantle and crust. To enable these multiple physics goals, a sensitive calibration procedure must be carried out in order to fully understand the detector. The optical and energy responses of the detector will be measured with calibration sources deployed throughout the acrylic vessel. These sources must be connected to the observatory deck above the vessel by gas capillaries, optical bres, and signal wires housed in specially designed submersible umbilical cables. The design and fabrication of these umbilical cables is presented. Development work on a deployed radon calibration source will also be described. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2014-05-30 15:56:19.906

In this work an analysis of the CHORUS (anti-)neutrino-nucleon scattering data taken on lead--scintillator calorimeter during the 1998 run is presented. The differential cross-sections are measured in the range of $0.01le xle 0.7$, $0.05le y le 0.95$, $10le E_nu le 200 GeV$ for both anti-neutrino and neutrino beam modes. The anti-neutrino and neutrino--nucleon structure functions Fone, Ftwo and Fthree is extracted by making 2, 3 and 6-parameter fits to the measured differential cross-sections. The comparisons of these results with the earlier experiments, CDHSW and CCFR is given.

La réévaluation théorique du flux d'antineutrinos émis par les réacteurs nucléaires a révélé un déficit de 6% entre le flux observé et le flux attendu. Cette anomalie des antineutrinos de réacteur est significative à 2.7 σ, et une possible interprétation de ce résultat est l'existence d'un état stérile léger du neutrino vers lequel les neutrinos pourraient osciller à très courte distance. Le projet STEREO présenté dans ce manuscrit a pour objectif de prouver ou d'infirmer l'existence d'une telle oscillation.L'expérience est installée près (~10 m) du cœur compact du réacteur de recherche de l'Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) à Grenoble, France, qui produit un important flux d'antineutrinos électroniques avec une énergie comprise entre 1 et 10 MeV. Le volume utile du détecteur STEREO consiste en une structure de 2 m3 segmentée en six cellules identiques remplies de scintillateur liquide dopé au gadolinium et alignées dans la direction du cœur. La détection s'effectue à l'aide de la réaction beta-inverse.Cette configuration offre une excellente sensibilité à une éventuelle oscillation à courte distance en mesurant la distorsion relative du spectre des antineutrinos dans chaque cellule en fonction de l'énergie et de la distance.Les lignes expérimentales de faisceaux de neutrons de l'ILL produisent un fort bruit de fond qui a été caractérisé à l'occasion de plusieurs campagnes de mesure. Leur analyse a permis de valider le design des lourds blindages passifs installés autour du détecteur et de la zone d'installation pour modérer leurs effets sur l’expérience STEREO.De plus, un détecteur supplémentaire est installé au-dessus de STEREO pour signaler la présence d'un muon issu du rayonnement cosmique et définir un veto aux mesures physiques. Ces muons, lors de leur passage à travers les blindages du détecteur, peuvent produire des neutrons rapides capables d’imiter le signal attendu par les antineutrinos. Il est donc essentiel de définir un veto qui soit le plus efficace et homogène possible.Il prend la forme d'une cuve de 2.5 m3 remplie d'eau dont la détection est basée sur l’effet Tcherenkov. Cette lumière émise par le passage des muons est récoltée sur 20 tubes photomultiplicateurs répartis au-dessus de la cuve et un additif est rajouté dans l'eau pour améliorer la collection de lumière sur les photomultiplicateurs.Ce veto à muons couvre complètement le détecteur STEREO ainsi que ces blindagesL'étude de plusieurs configurations de ce veto à muons sous la forme de prototypes avant la construction de l'instrument final a permis de définir une méthode de déclenchement du signal pour les muons extrêmement efficace tout en conservant une sensibilité réduite aux autres particules. Ces nombreux tests ont par ailleurs permis la validation et l'optimisation de l'électronique développée pour l'expérience au LPSC qui est la même pour le détecteur STEREO et pour le veto à muons.Après avoir caractérisé le flux de muons sur place et l'efficacité du veto à muons, une simulation a été développée et a permis d'évaluer le nombre de faux événements dus à ces neutrons. Ainsi, ce résultat a confirmé les prérequis scientifiques de l'expérience, à savoir la capacité à sonder l'anomalie des antineutrinos de réacteur en 300 jours de données réacteur.Le détecteur est actuellement en place sur site et prévoit de livrer ses premiers résultats fin 2016. / The re-evaluation of the theoretical antineutrino flux emitted by nuclear reactors revealed a deficit of about 6% between the observed flux and the expected one. This so-called reactor antineutrino anomaly has a statistical significance of 2.7σ, and one possible explanation to this deficit could be the existence of a light sterile neutrino state into which reactor antineutrino oscillate at very short distances. The STEREO project, which will be presented in this thesis, aims to find an evidence of such oscillation.The measurement will take place at only few meters (~10 m) from the compact core of the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) research reactor in Grenoble, France, which provides a large flux of electron antineutrinos with an energy range from 1 to 10 MeV. The sensitive volume of the STEREO detector is 2m3 of organic liquid scintillator doped with Gadolinium, consisting of 6 cells stacked along the direction of the core and detecting anti-neutrinos via inverse beta decay.This setup will provide excellent sensitivity to short-baseline oscillations effects by precisely measuring any relative distortion of the antineutrino spectrum as a function of both energy and baseline.Close proximity to the reactor yield a high background environment from nearby experiments that is managed through heavy shielding surrounding the detector. Many measurements campaign has been performed to characterized this background and had allowed the improvement of the passive shielding design installed on-site.Moreover, an additional detector is settled above STEREO to tag the presence of an incoming cosmic muon and define a muon veto. These muons will produce fast neutrons during their interaction through the shieldings of STEREO and these neutrons can mimick the expected antineutrino signal. Therefore it is crucial to define the most efficient and homogenous veto to these muons.It consists of a tank of 2.5m3 of water detecting muons by their Cerenkov radiation. The light emitted is collected thanks to 20 photomultipliers positionned at the top of the tank and a chemical compound is added into the water to improve the light collection on the photomultipliers.This muon veto fully covers the STEREO detector along with its shieldings.Several configurations of the muon veto system using prototypes before the final instrumental has allowed to define a trigger system which allows an excellent efficiency to cosmic muons regarding a little sensitivity to others particles. These numerous tests were also used to check and optimize the dedicated electronics builded at LPSC, which is the same for both the STEREO detector and muon veto.After characterization of the muon flux on site and with respect to the muon veto efficiency, a simulation has been developped to evaluate the rate of fake antineutrino event expected from the muon-induced fast neutrons. Thus, this result has confirmed the scientific requirements of the experience, which is the ability to probe the reactor antineutrino anomaly in 300 days of reactor data.STEREO is at the moment being comissionned and will deliver his first results at the end of 2016.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Célio Adrega de Moura Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, 2017. / Atualmente esta sendo desenvolvendo um experimento de oscilacao de neutrinos de longa linha de base, o Deep Undergound Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). O DUNE tem como objetivos mensurar fase de violacao CP, descrita pelo parametro CP e determinar a hierarquia de massa e o octante do angulo de mistura 23. Alem disso, o DUNE tambem investigara os neutrinos de supernovas, o decaimento do proton (que pode ser um indicio da unificacao das forcas) e fisica alem do modelo padrao. Neste trabalho, explora-se o potencial e a sensitividade do DUNE para determinar os valores dos parametros que mensuram interacoes de neutrinos nao descritas pelo Modelo Padrao das Particulas Elementares (MP), chamadas de interacoes nao-padrao (NSI). Investiga-se tambem como a distribuicao de materia ao longo da linha de propagacao de neutrinos influencia na determinacao dos parametros de NSI. Para tanto, descreve-se como sao as interacoes de neutrinos com a materia terrestre por interacoes padrao e nao-padrao. Apresentam-se as caracteristicas do DUNE e os dois modelos de densidade de materia para a linha do feixe que foram testados: a gReferencia Preliminar do Modelo da Terrah (PREM) e o modelo descrito por Shen e Ritzwoller (SR). Simula-se o espectro de energia no detector utilizando-se o software General Long Baseline Experiment Simulator (GLoBES). Obtem-se a sensitividade dos parametros de interesse utilizando um metodo de 2 e compara-se a sensitividade para os diferentes modelos de densidade de materia utilizando-se as areas das curvas de sensitividade do espaco de parametros e tambem as amplitudes dos parametros. Os resultados corroboram com a proposta do DUNE em medir os valores de CP e 23 com uma precisao maior que os experimentos atuais, assim como determinar a hierarquia das massas. Como uma nova contribuicao para a colaboracao DUNE, mostrou-se que a mudanca na distribuicao da densidade de materia da linha do feixe causa um desvio de no maximo 1,4 relativo na determinacao do intervalo de valores de CP . Para a determinacao dos intervalos de valores dos parametros de NSI, ha um desvio minimo de 1,4 relativo para a determinacao de "ee e um desvio maximo de 4 relativo na determinacao de |"e¿Ê|. Mostra-se ainda que o DUNE podera restringir os valores dos parametros de NSI para valores menores que 1 para os parametros "ee e " e valores menores que 0,1 para os demais parametros de NSI. / Currently it is being developed an experiment of long baseline neutrino oscillation, the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). DUNE aims to measure the CP violation phase, described by the parameter CP , determine the mass hierarchy, and the octant of the mixing angle 23. In addition, DUNE will also investigate supernova neutrinos, proton decay (which may be a signal of the unification of forces), and physics beyond the standard model. In this work, we explore the sensitivity of DUNE to determine the values of the parameters that measure neutrino interactions not described by the Standard Model of Elementary Particles (MP), the so called nonstandard interactions (NSI). We also investigate how the distribution of matter along the baseline of neutrino propagation influences the determination of NSI parameters. Therefore, standard and nonstandard neutrino interactions with Earth¿s matter is described. We present the features of DUNE and test two models of matter density along the beam line. These models are the "Preliminary Reference Earth Model" (PREM) and the model described by Shen and Ritzwoller (SR). The energy spectrum is simulated in the detector using the General Long Baseline Experiment Simulator (GLoBES) software. The sensitivity of the parameters of interest are obtained using a method of 2 and the sensitivities for the different matter density models are compared using the allowed regions in the parameter space. The results corroborate with DUNE proposal to measure the values of CP and 23 with greater accuracy than current experiments and determine the mass hierarchy. As a new contribution to the DUNE collaboration, we show that the change in the density distribution of the beam line causes a deviation of at most 1.4 relative in determining the range of values of CP . For determination of the ranges of values of the NSI parameters, there is a minimum deviation of 1.4 relative for the determination of "ee and a maximum deviation of 4 relative in determining |"eì|. We also show that DUNE may restrict the values of the NSI parameters to values less than 1 for the parameters "ee and " , and values less than 0.1 for the other NSI parameters.

Un vaste programme international est en cours pour déterminer les paramètres du phénomène d'oscillation des neutrinos et approfondir la connaissance de la matrice de mélange des neutrinos (MNSP). Le détecteur OPERA, qui est installé dans le laboratoire souterrain du Gran Sasso en Italie, a pour but principal de mettre en évidence l'apparition de neutrinos de type tau dans un faisceau de neutrinos initialement de type muon, produit au CERN (CNGS) 730 km en amont. Il est aussi en mesure de détecter les oscillations des neutrinos muon en neutrinos électron, donnant accès au paramètre de mélange sin(2θ13)2, où θ13 est le dernier angle de la matrice MNSP finalement déterminé en 2012 conjointement par Daya Bay, RENO et Double Chooz. Pour déterminer la présence des ντ dans le faisceau, le détecteur OPERA est composé de cibles calorimétriques utilisant une alternance de plaques de plomb et de films d'émulsion. Ceux-ci permettront de reconstruire les traces des particules chargées résultant des interactions neutrino avec une précision inégalable (de l'ordre du micron). La recherche des événements de signal d'oscillation νµ → νe sera basée sur l'aptitude à identifier les électrons, à rejeter les événements de fond où un π0 est produit et à soustraire le fond dominant intrinsèque provenant du faisceau. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif l'élaboration de méthodes d'analyse pour améliorer les performances du détecteur OPERA dans la recherche d'oscillations νµ → νe . / An international program is ongoing to measure the neutrino oscillation phenomenon and to determine the neutrino mixing matrix (MNSP) parameters. OPERA is a long-baseline neutrino experiment located at the Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy, 730~km from CERN, downstream in the CNGS neutrino beam. The OPERA experiment is designed and optimised for a direct appearance search of νµ → ντ oscillations. It can also detect the νµ → νe oscillation driven by sin(2θ13)2 , where θ13 is the last mixing angle finally measured by the Daya Bay, RENO, and Double Chooz experiments in 2012. To observe the presence of ντ interactions in the beam, the OPERA detector is composed of calorimetric targets made of a modular structure called the "brick": a sandwich of lead plates interspaced with emulsion layers. The latter allows reconstructing tracks of charged particles produced in the neutrino interactions with a micrometric resolution. The search for the νµ → νe oscillation signal is based on the capability of identifying the electrons, rejecting background events where neutral pions are produced and keeping under control the intrinsic and dominant background source from the beam contamination. This work aims to elaborate analysis methods to improve the OPERA detector performance in the νµ → νe oscillation search.

Geo-neutrinos are electronic anti-neutrinos originated from the beta decay process of some few elements in the decay chains of $^Th$ and $^U$ present in Earth\'s interior. Recent experimental measurements of these particles have been generating great expectations towards a new way for investigating directly the interior of the planet. It is a new multidisciplinary area, which might in the near future bring considerable clues about Earth\'s thermal dynamics and formation processes. In this work, we construct an inferential model based on the multigrid priors method to deal, in a generic way, with the geo-neutrino source reconstruction problem. It is an inverse problem; given a region in space V and a finite and small number of measurements of the potential generated on the surface of V by some charge distribution $ho$, we try to infer $ho$. We present examples of applications and analysis of models in two and three dimensions and we also comment how other a priori information may be included. Furthermore, we indicate the steps for inferring the best locations for future detectors. The objective is to maximize the amount of information liable to be obtained from experimental measurements. We resort to an entropic method of inference which may be applied right after the results of the multigrid method are obtained. / Geo-neutrinos são neutrinos provindos do decaimento beta de alguns poucos elementos nas cadeias de $^$Th e $^$U presentes no interior da Terra. Recentes medidas experimentais dessas partículas têm proporcionado grandes expectativas como uma nova maneira de se investigar o interior do planeta diretamente. Trata-se de uma área multidisciplinar nova, que poderá no futuro próximo nos trazer grandes esclarecimentos sobre a dinâmica térmica e o processo de formação da Terra. Neste trabalho, construímos um modelo de inferência baseado no método de multigrid de priors para tratar, de modo genérico, o problema da reconstrução das fontes de geo-neutrinos no interior da Terra. Trata-se de um problema inverso; dada uma região do espaço V e um número finito e pequeno de medidas do potencial gerado na superfície de V por uma distribuição de carga $ho$, tentamos inferir $ho$. Apresentamos exemplos de aplicações e análises do método em modelos bidimensionais e tridimensionais e também comentamos como outras informações a priori podem ser incorporadas. Além disso, indicamos os passos para se inferir onde detectores futuros devem ser posicionados. O objetivo é maximizar a informação passível de ser obtida das medidas experimentais. Utilizamos um método baseado em inferência entrópica e que pode ser aplicado diretamente depois que os resultados do método de multigrid são obtidos.

The XX century witnessed the quantum and relativistic revolutions in physics. The development of these two theories, namely, Quantum Mechanics and Relativity, was the inception of many crucial discoveries and technological advances. Among them, one stands out due to its uniqueness, the neutrino discovery. However, several neutrino properties are still obscure. Neutrinos are the only fundamental particles whose nature is currently unknown. Such fermions can either be different from their antiparticles, i.e., Dirac fermions, or be their own antiparticles, that is, Majorana fermions. On the other hand, the smallness of neutrino masses is a problem seemingly related to the neutrino nature; thus, as essential task consists in addressing the phenomenologically viable models in both cases. Furthermore, it is important to search for other physical process in which the neutrino nature may manifest through different experimental signatures. A rather difficult but promising method corresponds to the detection of the cosmic neutrino background, viz. neutrinos which are relics from the Big Bang. Previous works have shown that detection rates for Dirac and Majorana neutrinos can give different results. Nevertheless, this distinction was obtained considering the Standard Model framework only. Therefore, it is important to understand the consequences of having Non-Standard Interactions contributing to the detection of neutrinos from the cosmic background. Another remarkable relic predicted by Cosmology is the unidentified Dark Matter, composing ~25% of the Universe. All searches regarding the Weakly Interacting Massive Particle, one of the principal candidates for Dark Matter, have given negative results; this has compelled experiments to increase their sensitivity. Notwithstanding, neutrinos may stand in the way of such experimental searches given that they may constitute an irreducible background. In this thesis, we will address these three different phenomena, neutrino mass models, detection of the cosmic neutrino background and the neutrino background in Dark Matter searches, by considering the different characteristics in each case. In the study of neutrino mass models, we will consider models for both Majorana and Dirac neutrinos; specifically, we will probe the neutrinophilic two-Higgs-doublet model. Regarding the detection of relic neutrinos, we will analyse the consequences of the existence of the beyond Standard Model physics in the capture rate by tritium. Finally, we will scrutinize the impact of neutrinos in Direct Detection WIMP searches, by considering Standard Model plus additional interactions in the form of simplified models. / Ao longo do século XX testemunhamos as revoluções quântica e relativista que aconteceram na Física. O desenvolvimento da Mecânica quântica e da teoria da relatividade foi o prelúdio de inúmeras descobertas e avanços tecnológicos fundamentais; em particular, a descoberta dos neutrinos. No entanto, a sua total compreensão ainda é um mistério para a física de partículas. Entendidos como partículas fermiônicas fundamentais, os neutrinos possuem sua natureza desconhecida. Podendo ser diferentes de suas antipartículas, denominadas férmions de Dirac, ou também podendo ser as suas próprias antipartícula, sendo conhecidas como férmions de Majorana. Por outro lado, o valor de sua massa continua sendo um problema em aberto, supostamente relacionado à sua natureza. Portanto, é importante estudarmos modelos fenomenológicos viáveis para as duas naturezas possíves dos neutrinos. Além disso, é necessário procurar outros processos físicos cujos resultados experimentais sejam distintos de acordo com a natureza do neutrino. Um método bastante difícil, mas promissor, corresponde à detecção do fundo de neutrinos cósmicos, isto é, os neutrinos relíquia do Big Bang. Análises prévias mostraram que as taxas de detecção para neutrinos de Dirac e de Majorana resultam em valores distintos. Porém, este resultado foi obtido supondo como base o Modelo Padrão; assim, é crucial entender as possíveis consequências da existência de interações desconhecidas na detecção dos neutrinos da radiação cósmica de fundo. Outra relíquia notável prevista pela Cosmologia é a desconhecida Matéria Escura, que compõe ~25% do Universo. Todas as buscas por WIMPs (do inglês Weakly Interactive Massive Particles), um dos principais candidatos a Matéria Escura, tem dado resultados negativos. Isto tem forçado a criação de experimentos cada vez mais sensíveis. Contudo, os neutrinos poderão ser um obstáculo nessas buscas experimentais, pois estes convertir-se-ão em um fundo irredutível. Na presente tese, abordaremos estes três fenômenos diferentes, modelos de massa para os neutrinos, a detecção do fundo de neutrinos cósmicos e o fundo de neutrinos em experimentos de detecção direta de Matéria Escura, considerando as distintas características em cada caso. No estudo dos modelos de massa para os neutrinos consideraremos modelos para neutrinos de Majorana e Dirac; exploraremos modelos neutrinofílicos com dois dubletos de Higgs. Enquanto à detecção dos neutrinos relíquia, analisaremos as consequências da presença de física além do Modelo Padrão na taxa de captura pelo trítio. Finalmente, examinaremos o impacto dos neutrinos em experimentos de detecção direta de WIMPs, supondo as interações do Modelo Padrão junto com interações adicionais na forma de modelos simplificados.

Esta tese apresenta uma análise estatística detalhada dos dados de experimentos com neutrinos solares mais recentes, com duas diferentes soluções para oscilações de neutrinos, ambas caracterizadas por um grande comprimento de oscilação. A primeira baseada no mecanismo de oscilação padrão, ou seja, induzida por massa, sendo esta estudada nos casos de duas e três gerações e dentro do regime de quase-vácuo. E a segunda, uma exótica, que usa como mecanismo de oscilação uma possível violação do princípio de equivalência, que foi analisada somente para o caso de duas gerações, sendo este discutido para transições entre neutrinos ativos, e entre neutrinos ativos e estéreis. Nossos resultados mostraram que ambas soluções são consistentes com os dados de neutrinos solares e, também, no caso específico do quase-vácuo, observamos que a hipótese de três gerações ficou desfavorecida. / This thesis presents a well detailed statistical analysis using the recent data from solar neutrino experiments. This analysis was done in the framework of two different solutions of neutrino oscillations, both characterized by a long oscillation wavelength. The first was based on the standard mass induced oscillation mechanism, here we worked in the scheme of two and three neutrino generations within the quasivacuum regime. The second was an exotic mechanism, where the neutrino oscillation is due to a possible breakdown of the equivalence principle, this alternative was analyzed only for two neutrino generations, in the cases for the conversion among active neutrino and active to sterile neutrino. Our results show a good agreement between the solar neutrino data and both solutions, also in the specific case of quasivacuum, we found that the hypothesis for the three neutrino generation is disfavored.

Le détecteur NEMO3 a été mis en place au Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, en 2003, afin de rechercher la décroissance double bêta sans émission de neutrinos (ββ0v). La particularité de cette expérience est d’avoir pu étudier plusieurs isotopes dont le 100Mo, le 82Se, le 96Zr ou le 150Nd. En plus d’avoir placé les meilleures limites sur la demi-vie du processus ββ0v pour ces isotopes, ce détecteur a permis des mesures compétitives de leurs désintégrations ββ2v. Le premier objectif de ce travail a été de mesurer les temps de demi-vie des décroissances ββ2v et ββ0v du 82Se vers l’état excité 0+2 du 82Kr grâce aux données de NEMO3. Ces processus n’ayant pas été observés, seules des limites ont été calculées. Les résultats obtenus pour les deux décroissances sont donc T2 1=2(82Se; 0+1 → 0+2) > 1,29 x 1021 ans et T01=2(82Se; 0+1→ 0+2) > 2,31 x 1022 ans, ce dernier étant la première limite sur cette décroissance. SuperNEMO, successeur de NEMO3, cherchera à atteindre une sensibilité de 1026 ans sur la demivie de la décroissance ββ0v du 82Se. Le Radon étant une source de bruit de fond pour la recherche de cette décroissance, sa concentration dans le détecteur doit être inférieure à 0,15 mBq.m-3. Pour parvenir à un tel niveau, l’émanation de Radon des composants de SuperNEMO doit être contrôlée.Le second objectif de cette thèse a donc été de développer deux dispositifs de mesure d’émanation de Radon. Ces deux systèmes, consistants chacun en une chambre d’émanation associée à un détecteur électrostatique, ont par la suite été étalonnés puis leurs bruits de fond ont été caractérisés. Grâce à leurs sensibilités de quelques mBq.m-3, ces dispositifs ont permis de mesurer les taux d’émanation de Radon de plusieurs matériaux destinés à la construction du détecteur SuperNEMO. / The NEMO3 detector was installed in the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, in 2003, in orderto search for neutrinoless double beta decay (ββ0v). The specificity of this experiment was the possibility to study several isotopes simultaneously. Among them were 100Mo, 82Se, 96Zr or 150Nd. In addition to setting the best limits on these isotopes half-lives for theββ 0v process, the detector performed precise measurements of their 2v ββdecays. The first point of this work was to measure the half-lives of 2v ββand 0v ββdecays of 82Se to the 0+2 excited state of 82Kr using NEMO3 data. Since those processes have not been observed, only limits were set. The resulting half-life limits are T2 1=2(82Se; 0+1 → 0+2) > 1:29 x 1021 yr and T01=2(82Se; 0+1 → 0+2) > 2:31 x 1022 yr. The latest is the first limit ever measured for this decay. SuperNEMO is the successor to NEMO3 and will aim to reach an half-life sensitivity of 1026 yr for the 0v ββdecay of 82Se. Radon being a source of background for the search of this decay, its concentration inside the detector must be less than 0:15 mBq.m-3. To reach this objective, Radon emanation from the detector componants has to be checked. The second goal of this thesis was thus to develop two setups able to measure Radon emanation. Those two devices, each consisting of an emanation chamber associated to an electrostatic detector, were calibrated before their backgrounds were characterized. With a sensitivity of a few mBq.m-3, these setups measured the Radon emanation rate of several materials which will be used for the construction of the SuperNEMO detector.