This thesis critically analyses the language and images used by international online news media to represent the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in May 2021. In total, 270 online news headlines and featured lead images, published on the English news websites of Al Jazeera, BBC and CNN, are analyzed. This study aims to identify the framing employed by the different international media outlets as well as analyze the scope of their coverage. The theories of agenda-setting, framing and media representation help guide the current research to identify the discursive practices employed by international news media. The framework employed to carry out this research combines Pan & Kosicki (1993) approach to textual framing analysis with Barthes’ (1972) method for analysing visual semiotics. The results indicate variations in the patterns of representing and framing the conflict across the three analysed media outlets. However, overall, the results reveal that the 2021 outbreak in the Israel-Palestine conflict is portrayed mainly through a frame of ‘’war’’. These distinctions broadly reflect and correspond to the journalists' practices and differences of each media outlet.

This thesis is a critical investigation of the language used in online news headlines to report the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, which took place on February 14, 2018 in Florida, United States. By analyzing 50 online news headlines, published by five of the most popular national and local news outlets, the purpose of this study is to understand how the words chosen by the journalists contribute to creating particular meanings, or representations of the event, and if through these representations any hidden ideologies are put forward. The framework used to carry out the research combined Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis with van Dijk’s sociocultural approach, resulting in the study of three different but interrelated elements of discourse: sociocultural practice, or the social and cultural context of gun ownership in the U.S.; discourse practice, hence the processes behind the production of online headlines and the cognitive processes behind their interpretation; and finally, a linguistic analysis of the text itself. The analysis found that, despite the anticipated neutral stance of news journalists, dictated by professional values such as integrity and objectivity, hidden meanings and ideologies necessarily transpire in the language used to describe the violent event, and to represent victims and attacker.

This thesis is a critical analysis of the discourses used in online news headlines to reporttwo events that took place during 2018 Russian Presidential debates (on February 14,2018 and March 14, 2018) and focused on Ksenia Sobchak, the only female presidentialcandidate of the 2018 election. By analyzing 52 headlines published in Russia’s mostpopular and most read online news outlets, the purpose of this study is to investigatewhether there are any gender stereotypes used by the journalists to create a particularrepresentation of Sobchak, and to understand if, through this representation, a particularideology is put forward. The framework used to carry out the research is based onFairclough’s critical discourse analysis method combined with a sociolinguisticapproach influenced by Halliday. The application of this framework resulted in studyingthe three interrelated elements of discourse: sociocultural practices, which explore therole of women in the Russian political arena and put headlines under analysis into animmediate context; discourse practices, which focus on the peculiarities of online newsproduction, particularly headlines; and linguistic analysis of the headlines themselves,in which lexical choice, quotation patterns, and transitivity analyses were performed.The analysis revealed that headlines include hidden gender stereotypes, which alignwith Russia’s patriarchal ideology and which are used to represent Sobchak lessfavourably in comparison to her male opponents.

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T18:54:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação pdf 2017 - versão final 4.pdf: 3929969 bytes, checksum: 7934fdbc0ff772033f665cb5e2681729 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-19T14:13:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação pdf 2017 - versão final 4.pdf: 3929969 bytes, checksum: 7934fdbc0ff772033f665cb5e2681729 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T14:13:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação pdf 2017 - versão final 4.pdf: 3929969 bytes, checksum: 7934fdbc0ff772033f665cb5e2681729 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação propõe-se a analisar falas proferidas por políticos estrategicamente reenunciadas pelo Jornal O Globo por meio de manchetes narrativas publicadas ao longo do período eleitoral de 2014 e de seus desdobramentos até o ano de 2016. Esta pesquisa parte da suposição de que as vozes reenunciadas em contexto midiático podem apontar para pontos de vista ideológicos diferentes dos pretendidos originalmente. Acreditamos que, por meio das análises, as marcas discursivas da voz do reenunciador, que podem modificar a orientação argumentativa do texto original, registram um outro modo de significar, produzindo efeitos de sentido que interferem no resultado da leitura, fato que motiva as seguintes questões: o que leva determinados textos a serem transformados em outros? Quanto de um texto reenunciado – que ecoa a voz de outrem – é do entrevistado e quanto é de seu reenunciador? No bojo dessas indagações e dessa hipótese mais ampla, examinamos as estratégias de uma reenunciação semifiel empregadas na construção dos sentidos de falas reenunciadas como manchetes jornalísticas com base não só na teoria semiolinguística de Patrick Charaudeau, no que se refere à comunicação midiática e ao acontecimento relatado, mas também no estudo de aspectos intertextuais, como o da retextualização, de acordo com Luis Antônio Marcuschi, e nos tipos de discurso relatado preconizados por Dominique Maingueneau. Metodologicamente, verificamos as citações retextualizadas a partir da recorrência de estratégias vinculadas ao uso do verbo dicendi, de diferentes tipos de discurso, de modos de operação do dito relatado e do recurso tipográfico das aspas, no âmbito de notícias jornalísticas submetidas ao contrato midiático de O Globo. Acreditamos que o presente trabalho contribua para a discussão de um tema que é de crucial significância, visto que as palavras são instrumentos de ação e de intencionalidade. Espera-se que este trabalho seja uma contribuição para a formação de leitores capazes de interpretar a configuração verbal com base em inferências, seja dos implícitos ligados aos valores ideológicos do sistema jornalístico focalizado, seja da intenção latente por parte dos sujeitos comunicantes / The present dissertation proposes to analyze statements made by politicians strategically re-announced by the newspaper O Globo through narrative headlines published throughout the electoral period of 2014 and its unfolding until the year 2016. This research starts from the assumption that the voices re-enunciated in the media context may point to ideological points of view different from those originally intended. We believe that, through the analysis, the discursive marks of the voice of the re-enunciator, which can modify the argumentative orientation of the original text, register another way of meaning, producing effects of meaning that interfere in the result of the reading, a fact that motivates the following questions: What leads certain texts to be transformed into others? How much of a resubmitted text - which echoes the voice of another - is the interviewee and how much is his reenunciator? In the light of these questions and of this broader hypothesis, we examine the strategies of a semi-trusty reenactment used in the construction of the meanings of reenunciated speeches as journalistic headlines based not only on the semiolinguistic theory of Patrick Charaudeau, as regards media communication and related event, but also in the study of intertextual aspects, such as that of re-contextualization, according to Luis Antônio Marcuschi, and in the types of discourse reported by Dominique Maingueneau. Methodologically, we verify the retextualized citations from the recurrence of strategies linked to the use of the dicendi verb, different types of discourse, modes of operation of the re-enunciated speech and the typographic resource of the quotes, within the scope of news stories submitted to media contract of the O Globo. We believe that the present work contributes to the discussion of a topic that is of crucial importance, since words are instruments of action and intentionality. It is hoped that this work will contribute to the formation of readers capable of interpreting the verbal configuration based on inferences, either implicitly linked to the ideological values of the focused journalistic system or from latent intention on the part of communicating subjects