In order to analyze the socio-economic and environmental system that is demanding soil remediation solutions in Chinandega region (Nicaragua), a DPSIR framework was used to model the system and to point out opportunities and limitations for phytoremediation applications in the region. An inventory of naturalized and autochthonous plant species was conducted while exploring their socioecological and economic co-benefits like potential candidates for sustainable phytoremediation strategies in Chinandega. Sustainable phytoremediation practices combined with agroforestry are unlikely to demand high cost inputs (if compared to conventional physicochemical soil treatments) but could potentially produce valuable socio-ecological and economic co-benefits which could enhance the cost-effectiveness of these practices in Chinandega (i.e. food production, fuelwood, building material, medicine, animal feed, carbon sequestration) among others (e.g. ecosystem services conservation, bioenergy production, essential oil production, phytomining, etc.). In the inventory of the existing vegetation in the two sites of study, 23 plant species resulted to be potential candidates for phytoremediation strategies in Chinandega according to the 9 criteria presented in this thesis. The capacity of POPs decontamination of these candidate plant species is still an unexplored field of research that would demand more detailed investigation in order to evaluate their further potential to phytoremediate these soils. However, the inventoried species clearly thrive in heavily contaminated sites which implies that they can withstand high levels of soil pollution, which makes them potential candidates for phytoremediation. The depth and scope of the contaminated soil layers, translocation patterns, phytoremediation capacity and the mechanisms involved calls for further investigations and feasibility studies based on this selected group of species. / För att analysera det socioekonomiska och miljömässiga system som kräver lösningar för rening av jord i Chinandega (Nicaragua) användes en DPSIR-modell för att kartlägga systemet och påvisa möjligheter och begränsningar för att tillämpa fytoremedieringsinitiativ i regionen. En inventering av naturligt anpassade växtarter genomfördes genom att undersöka deras socioekologiska och ekonomiska fördelar som potentiella kandidater för hållbara fytormedieringsstrategier i Chinandega. Hållbara fytoremedieringsmetoder kombinerat med skogsjordbruk kommer sannolikt inte att kräva högre kostnader (jämfört med konventionella fysikalisk-kemiska markbehandlingar) men kan potentiellt ge resultat när det gäller socioekonomiska och ekonomiska fördelar som skulle kunna förbättra kostnadseffektiviteten hos dessa metoder i Chinandega (d.v.s. livsmedelsproduktion, bränslevirke, byggmaterial, medicin, djurfoder, kolsekvestration) bland annat (t.ex. bevarande av ekosystemtjänster, bioenergiproduktion, essentiell oljeproduktion, fytominering, etc.). I inventeringen av den befintliga vegetationen i de två studieplatserna framkom 23 växtarter som potentiella kandidater för fytoremedieringsstrategier i Chinandega enligt de 9 kriterier som presenteras i denna avhandling. POP-dekontamineringskapaciteten hos dessa kandidatväxter är fortfarande ett outforskat område som skulle kräva mer forskning för att utvärdera potentialen att fytoremediera dessa jordar. Det faktum att dessa arter hittades på de starkt förorenade områdena innebär emellertid att de kan klara dessa nivåer av markförorening. Den identifierade kunskapsklyftan på translokeringsmönster av dessa arter, djup och omfattning av de förorenade markskikten och fytormedieringskapaciteten hos växterna och de involverade mekanismerna kräver ytterligare undersökningar och förstudier baserade på denna valda grupp av arter. / <p>2019-10-17</p>

FUKALA, Martin. The usage of natural resources and ecosystem services by local communities in region Carazo, Nicaragua. Diploma thesis. Brno: Mendel University, 2019. This diploma thesis aims to conduct a survey of methods for the use of local ecosystems and advantages that arise in form of ecosystem services in the case of local communities of Jinotepe and Diriamba municipalities, Carazo region, Nicaragua. The survey focused on the abovementioned problem using the method of a questionnaire filled in by selected respondents that referred to given ecosystem services. On the basis of the results provided, it has been shown that inhabitants of rural municipalities are more dependent on advantages arising from the ecosystems than those living in urban areas.

La presente tesis doctoral analiza cómo, a través del proceso de reformas constitucionales, se pone de manifiesto la dificultad para estabilizar un proceso político conforme a las reglas del Estado de Derecho. De esta manera, el trabajo muestra el proceso de institucionalización del poder en Nicaragua, destacando cómo se va produciendo el proceso de constitucionalización en el sistema político, cuáles son los problemas que se van presentando y hasta qué punto se van resolviendo. Se presentan, además, los aspectos políticos y jurídicos constitucionales que resultan afectados por las sucesivas reformas. Asimismo se analiza también cuáles son las principales motivaciones que conducen a los actores políticos a impulsar las reformas parciales, la mayoría de las cuales son rupturas constitucionales (1995, 2005 y 2014) y su posible impacto en el fortalecimiento de sistema democrático. Por último, se clarifican las relaciones entre Constitución, gobernabilidad y proceso político. Finalmente, se abren una serie de interrogantes que puedan permitir el desarrollo más concreto a otras vertientes de la Constitución en materia de Derechos Fundamentales, organización del poder político y tratados internacionales.

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ABSTRACT THE IMPACTS OF TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT IN NICARAGUA A GRASSROOTS APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SEPTEMBER 2007 JENNIFER ATWOOD BURNEY, B.A., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS DARTMOUTH M.R.P., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Ellen Pader This study examines the impacts of tourism and development in Nicaragua and how lessons learned from a case study review of tourism and development in Mexico and a Certificate for Sustainable Tourism in Costa Rica, as well as two ecotourism and sustainable development establishments in Nicaragua can be applied to Nicaragua policy. Nicaragua’s political history, land use and policy and the tourism industry are reviewed to determine how sustainable development could be guided by the adoption and implementation of a program based on Costa Rica’s certificate program.

William Walker's expedition should be a fertile source of examples of such incipient dependency. This is because that expedition was grounded in the political desires of Manifest Destiny and the pragmatic economics of a cross-isthmus connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans during the crucial years just before the U.S. Civil war. Walker's actions caused a war in Central America, brought the United States and England to the brink of war, effected a significant economic relationship, and influenced diplomatic relations between Nicaragua and the U.S. for years afterward. Because of these various actions and reactions, this episode in inter-American relations provides instances of many of the basic elements of the putative dependency relationships alluded to above. There were governments seeking economic advantage, businessmen seeking profitable investments, trade treaties negotiated, and military force used. It was a brief and intense period when economic interests were ultimately controlled by policy decisions.

Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer affecting women in developing countries and accounted for 84% of the global incidence of cervical cancer in 2012. Nicaragua is one country illustrating this disparity, with an annual cervical cancer mortality six times the U.S. rate. This may be explained by lack and poor utilization of effective screening programs, especially the Papanicolaou, or Pap, smear. This study resulted from a partnership formed by faculty and students from two U.S. universities and a Nicaraguan nonprofit organization to conduct projects to benefit a community in Nicaragua. To promote a free Pap smear program provided by the local clinic, a community-wide survey regarding Pap smear utilization was conducted with local health promotoras (promoters). Of 1,117 women, 78.4% reported ever having a Pap smear, of whom 11.1% had not received their results, while results were reported as normal by 78.9%, and abnormal by 10%. The most common reasons for not having a Pap smear were refusal to test, fear, and pain. Proportions of women who ever had a Pap smear varied by etapa (stage/neighborhood, p < .001). Findings are useful for policy development to improve the clinic’s screening services and encourage full utilization of Pap smears.

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This dissertation traces the cultural and intellectual history of Nicaragua from the heyday of modernization as ideology and practice in the 1960s, when U.S. planners and politicians identified Nicaragua as a test case for the Alliance for Progress, to the triumph of neoliberalism in the 1990s. The modernization paradigm, implemented through collusion between authoritarian dictatorship and the U.S. development apparatus, began to fragment following the earthquake that destroyed Managua in 1972. The ideas that constituted this paradigm were repurposed by actors in Nicaragua and used to challenge the dominant power of the U.S. government, and also to structure political competition within Nicaragua. Using interviews, new archival material, memoirs, novels, plays, and newspapers in the United States and Nicaragua, I trace the way political actors used ideas about development to make and unmake alliances within Nicaragua, bringing about first the Sandinista Revolution, then the Contra War, and finally the neoliberal government that took power in 1990. I argue that because of both a changing international intellectual climate and resistance on the part of the people of Nicaragua, new ideas about development emphasizing human rights, pluralism, entrepreneurialism, indigenous rights, and sustainable development came to supplant modernization theory. The piecemeal changes in development thinking after modernization corresponded not to a single catastrophic shift, but rather obeyed a catastrophic logic of democratic empire, in which U.S. and Nicaraguan politics were characterized by a dialogue about ideas of development but U.S. power remained the final determining factor. Though the new ideas did not replace modernization's former unifying power, they nonetheless constitute the contemporary paradigm of neoliberalism. / History

This thesis explores whether President Ronald Reagan's policies on Chile and Nicaragua met his intended goals of promoting the spread of liberal democracy and countering Soviet influence in the region. Using a case studies approach to analyze Reagan's foreign policies in Chile and Nicaragua, the thesis seeks to inform conclusions about his success and failure in U.S. foreign policy in Latin America. The study examined whether Reagan achieved success in these two countries by using the key tenets of the Reagan Doctrine, the principal expression of the campaign to gain public support for the strengthening of governments and anti-government forces on the side of free democratic capitalism and the weakening of governments and anti-government forces on the side of Marxist-Leninism. The tenets of the Reagan Doctrine include: regimes that were not aligned with communism; national economies that did not rely upon the Soviet Union and that had open trade with the U.S. and stronger private sectors; and regimes that cooperated with the U.S. government. This thesis is both relevant and timely as U.S. presidents continue to involve themselves in the affairs of other nations. It seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate on the necessity and practicality of influencing affairs in countries around the world so that they will align themselves politically and ideologically with the United States and to provide lessons for future U.S. presidents as they create their own foreign policy agendas. / Master of Arts