ALBUQUERQUE, André Cardoso. Germinação e estabelecimento inicial de espécies congêneres de ambiente seco. 2015. 34 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ecologia e recursos naturais)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-19T17:59:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_acalbuquerque.pdf: 957472 bytes, checksum: 8e9d6447f163459cf0f8fbfa85a192fb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-27T20:07:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_acalbuquerque.pdf: 957472 bytes, checksum: 8e9d6447f163459cf0f8fbfa85a192fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-27T20:07:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_acalbuquerque.pdf: 957472 bytes, checksum: 8e9d6447f163459cf0f8fbfa85a192fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / In severe abiotic conditions, environmental filter selects phylogenetically related species. This trend promotes the problem of competitive exclusion, differentiation the regeneration niche for coexistence mechanism. There are studies of germination requirements and initial establishment of herbaceous species that indicate interspecific differences related to specialization pulse or interpulse, contributing to the coexistence in plant communities of arid and semi-arid environments. But there is a lack of studies seeking evidence for woody species. Seeking to fill the gap investigate differences in seed characteristics, germination and early development in two species of Mimosa. We found biometrics and water content in the seeds; germination under different temperatures; germination under different degrees of water stress; imbibition curve and initial development in lighting and irrigation treatments. Mimosa casealpiniifolia Benth. presented interpulse features on germination and early development, because of the higher seed size (larger amount of reserves); higher water content in the seed; Conservative soaking in water absorption curve; resistance to more intense water stress and better initial growth in water treatment interpulse than wrist. Mimosa tenuiflora Benth. showed characteristics of expertise to the wrists on germination and early development: small amount of reserves; low moisture content; rapid and greater water absorption in the imbibition curve; less resistance to water stress and better initial growth in pulse than interpulse. We conclude that the congeners studied tree species differ in the characteristics of seeds and germination; and have different initial responses and the development of treatments and interpulse pulse, so that indicates a performance difference in different moments of the water system; which can be related to the coexistence of these species. / Em condições abióticas severas, o filtro ambiental seleciona espécies filogeneticamente aparentadas. Essa tendência promove o problema de exclusão competitiva, sendo a diferenciação no nicho de regeneração um mecanismo para a coexistência. Existem estudos dos requerimentos de germinação e estabelecimento inicial de espécies herbáceas que indicam diferenças interespecíficas relacionadas à especialização a pulso ou interpulsos, contribuindo para a coexistência em comunidades vegetais de ambientes áridos e semiáridos. Porém existe uma falta de estudos buscando evidências para espécies lenhosas. Buscando preencher essa lacuna, investigamos diferenças em características de sementes, germinação e desenvolvimento inicial em duas espécies de Mimosa. Verificamos biometria e conteúdo de água nas sementes; germinação sob diferentes temperaturas; germinação sob diferentes graus de estresse hídrico; curva de embebição e desenvolvimento inicial sob tratamentos de luminosidade e irrigação. Mimosa casealpiniifolia Benth. apresentou características de interpulso na germinação e no desenvolvimento inicial, devido ao maior tamanho das sementes (maior quantidade de reservas); maior teor de água na semente; absorção conservadora de água na curva de embebição; resistência a estresse hídrico mais intenso e crescimento inicial melhor em tratamento hídrico de interpulso do que pulso. Mimosa tenuiflora Benth. apresentou características de especialização aos pulsos na germinação e no desenvolvimento inicial: pequena quantidade de reservas; baixo teor de umidade; rápida e maior absorção de água na curva de embebição; menor resistência ao estresse hídrico e crescimento inicial melhor em pulso do que interpulso. Concluímos que as espécies arbóreas congêneres estudadas divergem nas características das sementes e germinação; e apresentam respostas de desenvolvimento inicial distinta quanto aos tratamentos de pulso e interpulso, de forma que indica uma diferenciação de desempenho em diferentes momentos deste regime hídrico; que pode estar relacionada com a coexistência dessas espécies.

No description available.

The importance of tropical forests for global diversity and ecosystem function is well established in scientific literature, but is undermined by gaps in our knowledge of tropical ecosystems and species. Primates play important functional roles in these ecosystems, and despite constituting one of the most well-recognised taxa in the world, many species remain poorly studied. The Area de Conservación Regional Communal Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo (ACRCTT), located in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon, harbours one of the most diverse primate assemblages in the world and presents an ideal opportunity for the study of primate communities and mechanisms of their coexistence. Previous research has recorded the presence of an atypically coloured morph of monk saki monkeys (Pithecia monachus, sensu Marsh 2014) living in sympatry with a population of burnished sakis (Pithecia inusta, sensu Marsh 2014) in the reserve. In this study, the behavioural ecology of this potentially undescribed morph of saki monkey is described, using continuous focal data collected during the early wet season in the ACRCTT. The sakis were most often encountered in multi-adult groups and in the upper forest strata. The observed feeding strategies suggest that fruits and/or seeds constitute the sakis' primary food source in the wet season, although arthropods were also ingested during a large proportion of feeding records. Sex differences in behavioural patterns provide support for a difference in male and female investment in group defence. As only the monk saki morph was encountered during the study, the potential for seasonal habitat differentiation between the saki populations at the ACRCTT is discussed. A survey of primates in flooded and non-flooded forest areas at the ACRCTT was also conducted, in which nine of the 14 primate species recorded at the ACRCTT were encountered. Significant differences in the vertical distribution of primate groups provide evidence for vertical stratification in the ACRCTT primate community. This study contributes to previous research on the poorly-studied Pithecia genus, and provides insights into the mechanisms of niche differentiation between Pithecia and other primates.

A estruturação em comunidades biológicas sugere que há fatores que determinam quais espécies poderão ocorrer juntas. Os pequenos mamíferos sul-americanos (marsupiais e roedores cricetídeos) apresentam um padrão de dispersão no continente sul-americano bastante distinto. Os marsupiais chegaram ao continente há cerca de 100 milhões de anos e os roedores cricetídeos o colonizaram apenas na formação do Istmo do Panamá em aproximadamente 2,5 milhões de anos. Atualmente esses dois grupos ocupam nichos bastante diversos e também específicos. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é explorar padrões funcionais entre pequenos mamíferos sul-americanos, apresentando uma nova métrica de análise e discriminando os principais mecanismos que estruturam esses padrões. Assim, ela está dividida em dois capítulos: o primeiro apresenta uma nova abordagem analítica para o cálculo de divergência funcional entre clados coocorrentes na mesma comunidade; o segundo trata de avaliar os principais determinantes da divergência funcional entre marsupiais e roedores cricetídeos sul-americanos. A métrica desenvolvida no primeiro capítulo foi adaptada da abordagem de diversidade beta funcional, entretanto, ao invés de compararmos pares de comunidades, comparamos pares de clados que coocorrem na mesma comunidade, distinguindo o quanto similiar ou diferente funcionalmente esses clados são. No segundo capítulo, verificamos que fatores ambientais, funcionais, históricos e evolutivos influenciam a divergência funcional entre os dois clados aqui estudados. Além disso, nós encontramos uma tendência de aumento da diferenciação de nicho entre marsupiais e roedores cricetídeos em direção ao norte do continente sul-americano. Nós podemos inferir que a porta de entrada da colonização dos roedores cricetídeos no continente determina, ainda hoje, padrões de funcionalidade dos ambientes, além de outros fatores importantes como o clima. / The existence of structure in biological communities suggests that there are factors that determine which species may occur together. Small mammals of South America (marsupials and cricetid rodents) show a pattern of dispersal in this continent quite different and interesting. Marsupials arrived on South American continent about 100 million years and cricetid rodents only colonized it in the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, approximately 2.5 million years. Currently, these two groups occupy several and specific niches. The major goal of this thesis is to explore functional patterns among small mammals in South America, presenting an analytical novelty and discriminating mechanisms that driving these patterns. Thus it is divided into two chapters: the first presents a new functional approach for the calculation of functional divergence among clades co-occurring in the same community; the second evaluates the main drivers of functional divergence between marsupials and cricetid rodents in South America. The metric developed in the first chapter was adapted from the approach of functional beta diversity, however, instead of comparing pairs of communities, we compared pairs of clades co-occurring in the same community, discriminating how functionally similar or different these clades are. In the second chapter, we found that environmental, functional, evolutionary and historical factors determine the functional divergence among two clades studied here. Furthermore, we found a trend of increased niche differentiation between marsupials and cricetid rodents northward South American continent. We may infer that the gateway of cricetid rodents already determines patterns of functionality in environments nowadays, beyond other important factors, like climate.

A estruturação em comunidades biológicas sugere que há fatores que determinam quais espécies poderão ocorrer juntas. Os pequenos mamíferos sul-americanos (marsupiais e roedores cricetídeos) apresentam um padrão de dispersão no continente sul-americano bastante distinto. Os marsupiais chegaram ao continente há cerca de 100 milhões de anos e os roedores cricetídeos o colonizaram apenas na formação do Istmo do Panamá em aproximadamente 2,5 milhões de anos. Atualmente esses dois grupos ocupam nichos bastante diversos e também específicos. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é explorar padrões funcionais entre pequenos mamíferos sul-americanos, apresentando uma nova métrica de análise e discriminando os principais mecanismos que estruturam esses padrões. Assim, ela está dividida em dois capítulos: o primeiro apresenta uma nova abordagem analítica para o cálculo de divergência funcional entre clados coocorrentes na mesma comunidade; o segundo trata de avaliar os principais determinantes da divergência funcional entre marsupiais e roedores cricetídeos sul-americanos. A métrica desenvolvida no primeiro capítulo foi adaptada da abordagem de diversidade beta funcional, entretanto, ao invés de compararmos pares de comunidades, comparamos pares de clados que coocorrem na mesma comunidade, distinguindo o quanto similiar ou diferente funcionalmente esses clados são. No segundo capítulo, verificamos que fatores ambientais, funcionais, históricos e evolutivos influenciam a divergência funcional entre os dois clados aqui estudados. Além disso, nós encontramos uma tendência de aumento da diferenciação de nicho entre marsupiais e roedores cricetídeos em direção ao norte do continente sul-americano. Nós podemos inferir que a porta de entrada da colonização dos roedores cricetídeos no continente determina, ainda hoje, padrões de funcionalidade dos ambientes, além de outros fatores importantes como o clima. / The existence of structure in biological communities suggests that there are factors that determine which species may occur together. Small mammals of South America (marsupials and cricetid rodents) show a pattern of dispersal in this continent quite different and interesting. Marsupials arrived on South American continent about 100 million years and cricetid rodents only colonized it in the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, approximately 2.5 million years. Currently, these two groups occupy several and specific niches. The major goal of this thesis is to explore functional patterns among small mammals in South America, presenting an analytical novelty and discriminating mechanisms that driving these patterns. Thus it is divided into two chapters: the first presents a new functional approach for the calculation of functional divergence among clades co-occurring in the same community; the second evaluates the main drivers of functional divergence between marsupials and cricetid rodents in South America. The metric developed in the first chapter was adapted from the approach of functional beta diversity, however, instead of comparing pairs of communities, we compared pairs of clades co-occurring in the same community, discriminating how functionally similar or different these clades are. In the second chapter, we found that environmental, functional, evolutionary and historical factors determine the functional divergence among two clades studied here. Furthermore, we found a trend of increased niche differentiation between marsupials and cricetid rodents northward South American continent. We may infer that the gateway of cricetid rodents already determines patterns of functionality in environments nowadays, beyond other important factors, like climate.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Em condiÃÃes abiÃticas severas, o filtro ambiental seleciona espÃcies filogeneticamente aparentadas. Essa tendÃncia promove o problema de exclusÃo competitiva, sendo a diferenciaÃÃo no nicho de regeneraÃÃo um mecanismo para a coexistÃncia. Existem estudos dos requerimentos de germinaÃÃo e estabelecimento inicial de espÃcies herbÃceas que indicam diferenÃas interespecÃficas relacionadas à especializaÃÃo a pulso ou interpulsos, contribuindo para a coexistÃncia em comunidades vegetais de ambientes Ãridos e semiÃridos. PorÃm existe uma falta de estudos buscando evidÃncias para espÃcies lenhosas. Buscando preencher essa lacuna, investigamos diferenÃas em caracterÃsticas de sementes, germinaÃÃo e desenvolvimento inicial em duas espÃcies de Mimosa. Verificamos biometria e conteÃdo de Ãgua nas sementes; germinaÃÃo sob diferentes temperaturas; germinaÃÃo sob diferentes graus de estresse hÃdrico; curva de embebiÃÃo e desenvolvimento inicial sob tratamentos de luminosidade e irrigaÃÃo. Mimosa casealpiniifolia Benth. apresentou caracterÃsticas de interpulso na germinaÃÃo e no desenvolvimento inicial, devido ao maior tamanho das sementes (maior quantidade de reservas); maior teor de Ãgua na semente; absorÃÃo conservadora de Ãgua na curva de embebiÃÃo; resistÃncia a estresse hÃdrico mais intenso e crescimento inicial melhor em tratamento hÃdrico de interpulso do que pulso. Mimosa tenuiflora Benth. apresentou caracterÃsticas de especializaÃÃo aos pulsos na germinaÃÃo e no desenvolvimento inicial: pequena quantidade de reservas; baixo teor de umidade; rÃpida e maior absorÃÃo de Ãgua na curva de embebiÃÃo; menor resistÃncia ao estresse hÃdrico e crescimento inicial melhor em pulso do que interpulso. ConcluÃmos que as espÃcies arbÃreas congÃneres estudadas divergem nas caracterÃsticas das sementes e germinaÃÃo; e apresentam respostas de desenvolvimento inicial distinta quanto aos tratamentos de pulso e interpulso, de forma que indica uma diferenciaÃÃo de desempenho em diferentes momentos deste regime hÃdrico; que pode estar relacionada com a coexistÃncia dessas espÃcies. / In severe abiotic conditions, environmental filter selects phylogenetically related species. This trend promotes the problem of competitive exclusion, differentiation the regeneration niche for coexistence mechanism. There are studies of germination requirements and initial establishment of herbaceous species that indicate interspecific differences related to specialization pulse or interpulse, contributing to the coexistence in plant communities of arid and semi-arid environments. But there is a lack of studies seeking evidence for woody species. Seeking to fill the gap investigate differences in seed characteristics, germination and early development in two species of Mimosa. We found biometrics and water content in the seeds; germination under different temperatures; germination under different degrees of water stress; imbibition curve and initial development in lighting and irrigation treatments. Mimosa casealpiniifolia Benth. presented interpulse features on germination and early development, because of the higher seed size (larger amount of reserves); higher water content in the seed; Conservative soaking in water absorption curve; resistance to more intense water stress and better initial growth in water treatment interpulse than wrist. Mimosa tenuiflora Benth. showed characteristics of expertise to the wrists on germination and early development: small amount of reserves; low moisture content; rapid and greater water absorption in the imbibition curve; less resistance to water stress and better initial growth in pulse than interpulse. We conclude that the congeners studied tree species differ in the characteristics of seeds and germination; and have different initial responses and the development of treatments and interpulse pulse, so that indicates a performance difference in different moments of the water system; which can be related to the coexistence of these species.

A estruturação em comunidades biológicas sugere que há fatores que determinam quais espécies poderão ocorrer juntas. Os pequenos mamíferos sul-americanos (marsupiais e roedores cricetídeos) apresentam um padrão de dispersão no continente sul-americano bastante distinto. Os marsupiais chegaram ao continente há cerca de 100 milhões de anos e os roedores cricetídeos o colonizaram apenas na formação do Istmo do Panamá em aproximadamente 2,5 milhões de anos. Atualmente esses dois grupos ocupam nichos bastante diversos e também específicos. O objetivo geral desta dissertação é explorar padrões funcionais entre pequenos mamíferos sul-americanos, apresentando uma nova métrica de análise e discriminando os principais mecanismos que estruturam esses padrões. Assim, ela está dividida em dois capítulos: o primeiro apresenta uma nova abordagem analítica para o cálculo de divergência funcional entre clados coocorrentes na mesma comunidade; o segundo trata de avaliar os principais determinantes da divergência funcional entre marsupiais e roedores cricetídeos sul-americanos. A métrica desenvolvida no primeiro capítulo foi adaptada da abordagem de diversidade beta funcional, entretanto, ao invés de compararmos pares de comunidades, comparamos pares de clados que coocorrem na mesma comunidade, distinguindo o quanto similiar ou diferente funcionalmente esses clados são. No segundo capítulo, verificamos que fatores ambientais, funcionais, históricos e evolutivos influenciam a divergência funcional entre os dois clados aqui estudados. Além disso, nós encontramos uma tendência de aumento da diferenciação de nicho entre marsupiais e roedores cricetídeos em direção ao norte do continente sul-americano. Nós podemos inferir que a porta de entrada da colonização dos roedores cricetídeos no continente determina, ainda hoje, padrões de funcionalidade dos ambientes, além de outros fatores importantes como o clima. / The existence of structure in biological communities suggests that there are factors that determine which species may occur together. Small mammals of South America (marsupials and cricetid rodents) show a pattern of dispersal in this continent quite different and interesting. Marsupials arrived on South American continent about 100 million years and cricetid rodents only colonized it in the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, approximately 2.5 million years. Currently, these two groups occupy several and specific niches. The major goal of this thesis is to explore functional patterns among small mammals in South America, presenting an analytical novelty and discriminating mechanisms that driving these patterns. Thus it is divided into two chapters: the first presents a new functional approach for the calculation of functional divergence among clades co-occurring in the same community; the second evaluates the main drivers of functional divergence between marsupials and cricetid rodents in South America. The metric developed in the first chapter was adapted from the approach of functional beta diversity, however, instead of comparing pairs of communities, we compared pairs of clades co-occurring in the same community, discriminating how functionally similar or different these clades are. In the second chapter, we found that environmental, functional, evolutionary and historical factors determine the functional divergence among two clades studied here. Furthermore, we found a trend of increased niche differentiation between marsupials and cricetid rodents northward South American continent. We may infer that the gateway of cricetid rodents already determines patterns of functionality in environments nowadays, beyond other important factors, like climate.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20636号 / 農博第2243号 / 新制||農||1053(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5080(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 田中 千尋, 教授 松浦 健二 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

From acid seeps and deep-sea thermal vents to glacial ice and hypersaline lakes, extreme environments contain relatively simplified communities consisting of extremophiles that have evolved to survive and thrive under adverse abiotic conditions. In more neutral environments, microorganisms use dormancy as a common life history strategy to weather temporal fluctuations of resources or stresses until more 'optimal' conditions are present. It is unclear if dormancy is an essential survival mechanism for microorganisms in extreme environments; however, recent studies suggest that extreme environments may create stable conditions for extremophiles to the extent that dormancy is of less ecological importance. Using lake salinity levels as measurements of "extreme," we evaluated the dormancy of bacterial and archaeal phyla and lake chemistry in five hypersaline and five freshwater lakes across the western United States. Dormancy was calculated using targeted metagenomics to analyze 16S rDNA and rRNA tag sequences. It was hypothesized that bacteria and archaea in hypersaline lake communities would exhibit lower levels dormancy than bacterial and archaeal communities in geologically similar freshwater lake controls. It was also hypothesized that microbial dormancy would decrease as the dominant extreme environmental variable increased in the lakes. As hypothesized, overall dormancy decreased at least 2-fold in hypersaline compared to freshwater lakes for both bacteria and archaea. Of the predominant phyla and subclasses, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Gammaproteobacteria each demonstrated at least a seven-fold decrease in dormancy in hypersaline lakes compared to freshwater lakes. Specifically, species within the genus Clostridium were responsible for 85% of the dormancy observed in the phylum Firmicutes. Also as hypothesized, microbial dormancy decreased as salinity increased in the lakes. Lower dormancy in hypersaline lakes correlated with increasing salinity while lower dormancy in freshwater lakes correlated with increasing total phosphorus levels. These results suggest that dormancy is a less common life history strategy for microorganisms in extreme environments; it is proposed that this is due to the relatively stable environment in hypersaline lakes and the reduced number of available microbial niches. These results also suggest that the dominant extreme stress (i.e., salinity) may override other driving factors in an environment to ultimately determine microbial community composition, diversity and richness.

Ce travail de thèse explore la signification écologique des variations inter et intraspécifiques de la croissance et des traits fonctionnels des espèces d’arbres de forêt tropicale guyanaise en relation avec les conditions d’éclairement. Nous démontrons que le syndrome de traits associé à la niche de régénération (durée de vie des feuilles plus longue et surface massique plus grande pour les espèces les plus tolérantes à l’ombre) est valide pour 14 espèces non pionnières et non strictement sciaphiles. La plasticité de la surface massique exprimée au stade juvénile chez les espèces les moins spécialisées pourrait refléter une adaptation à l’hétérogénéité de l’éclairement rencontrée au stade jeune et au cours des stades ontogéniques successifs. Les analyses multivariées mettent en évidence un lien étroit entre la durée de vie des feuilles, la profondeur relative du houppier et la niche de régénération. La plasticité de la profondeur du houppier observée chez les espèces les plus héliophiles ne peut pas être interprétée comme une réponse d’évitement de l’auto-ombrage. Nous montrons qu’elle correspond plutôt à un changement des taux de croissance et de mortalité des feuilles et des branches imposé par les conditions d’éclairement et se produisant à l’échelle de la plante entière. En ce qui concerne la variabilité intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres adultes, nous avons observé une faible contribution de la compétition pour la lumière et un effet important de l’espèce. Nos résultats indiquent que ce patron de réponse résulte de la partition des espèces le long du gradient lumineux vertical et de la forte abondance d’espèces de petite taille peu sensibles à la compétition du fait de leur adaptation aux conditions lumineuses du sous-bois. La différentiation de niche de régénération et la stratification verticale des arbres adultes étayent l’hypothèse d’une partition de niche vis à vis de la ressource lumineuse dans les trois dimensions de la forêt tropicale humide. / This study explores the ecological significance of inter- and intraspecific variations of growth and functional traits found in tropical tree species of French Guiana in relation to light regime. We demonstrate that the syndrome of leaf traits associated with light -niche (longer life span, higher leaf mass per area of more shade tolerant species) holds among a set of 14 species comprising no pioneer nor any shade specialist species. Our results further suggest that plasticity of leaf mass per area expressed at the sapling stage may reflect adaptation to the spatial heterogeneity of light conditions encountered both at the sapling stage and later. Multivariate analysis provides evidence of a close linkage between leaf lifespan, relative crown depth and light-niche optimum. The plasticity in relative crown depth observed in shade-intolerant species can not be interpreted in terms of self-shading avoidance. Rather, crown depth adjustment was found to be a consequence of changes in growth rates and mortality rates of leaves and branches imposed by current light conditions and occurring at the whole-plant level. At the adult stage, our results point to competition for light making an unexpectedly low contribution to individual tree growth variations, contrasting with a major effect of species identity. We argue that this pattern of variation is likely to result from the vertical niche partitioning of species and the high abundance of small-statured species that are moderately responsive to light competition (consistent with their adaptation to understorey conditions). Light-niche differentiation of juvenile trees and vertical stratification of adult trees provide strong evidence for light niche partitioning in the three-dimensional space of tropical forests.