Objectifs: Plusieurs polymorphismes nucléaires localisés sur les gènes des récepteurs nicotiniques cholinergiques CHRN sont associés au tabagisme. Cependant, peu d’études ont examiné l’association entre les polymorphismes sur les gènes CHRN et l’étourdissement. Les polymorphismes et les symptômes subjectifs sont peu être lié à la dépendance à la nicotine et à l’étourdissement ressenti lors de l’initiation. Le but de cette étude est d’étudier l’association entre 61 polymorphismes sur huit gènes CHRN (CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) et l’étourdissement ressenti lors de l’initiation. Méthodes: Les données provenant d'une étude de cohorte longitudinale composée de 1293 étudiants, ont été analysées selon un devis d'étude gène-candidat. Les données ont été collectées par le biais de questionnaires auto-reportés aux troix mois, durant 5 ans. L’ADN provenent de la salive ou du sang a été génotypé pour 61 polymosphismes localisés sur les gènes CHRN ont été génotypés, à l'aide d'une stratégie de couverture maximale du gène. L'équation d'analyse est une régression logistique, incluant un ajustement sur l’âge, le sexe et l’origine ethnique. Résultats: Trois SNPs sur le gène CHRNA6 (rs7812298, rs2304297, rs7828365) sont associés à notre phénotype (OR (95% CI)= 0.54 (0.36, 0.81), 0.59 (0.40, 0.86) and 0.58 (0.36, 0.95, respectivement),. Trois autres polymorphismes (rs3743077 (CHRNA3), rs755204 (CHRNA4), rs7178176 (CHRNA7)) sont également associés à phénotype (OR (95% CI)=1.40 (1.02, 1.90), 1.85 (1.05, 3.27) and 1.51 (1.06, 2.15), respectivement) Conclusion: Plusieurs SNPs localisés sur les gènes CHRN sont associés à l'étourdissement, un phénotype de l'initiation qui est peut-être associé à la dépendance à la nicotine. / Background: Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiple nicotinic receptor genes (CHRN) are associated with smoking. However few studies have examined the association between CHRN SNPs and subjective responses to smoking which may relate to sustained smoking, such as dizziness at first inhalation. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between 61 SNPs in eight CHRN genes (CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) and dizziness at first inhalation. Methods: Data were available in a longitudinal cohort investigation of 1293 students 12-13 years old at baseline. Students completed self-report questionnaires at-school every 3 months for 5 years during secondary school, and a mailed self-report questionnaire three years later. DNA extracted from blood or saliva was genotyped for 61 CHRN SNPs selected using a gene tagging approach. Associations were modeled using logistic regression controlling for sex, race and age at first cigarette. Results: The minor alleles of three SNPs in CHRNA6 (rs7812298, rs2304297, rs7828365) were associated a decreased probability of dizziness (OR (95% CI)=0.54(0.36, 0.81), 0.59(0.40,0.86) and 0.58(0.36,0.95, respectively), while one SNP in each of three other genes (rs3743077 (CHRNA3), rs755204 (CHRNA4), rs7178176 (CHRNA7)) was associated with an increased probability of dizziness (OR(95% CI)=1.40 (1.02,1.90), 1.85(1.05,3.27) and 1.51(1.06,2.15), respectively). Conclusion: Thus, several SNPs located in CHRN genes are associated with dizziness at first inhalation, a smoking initiation phenotype that may relate to sustained smoking.

Objectifs: Plusieurs polymorphismes nucléaires localisés sur les gènes des récepteurs nicotiniques cholinergiques CHRN sont associés au tabagisme. Cependant, peu d’études ont examiné l’association entre les polymorphismes sur les gènes CHRN et l’étourdissement. Les polymorphismes et les symptômes subjectifs sont peu être lié à la dépendance à la nicotine et à l’étourdissement ressenti lors de l’initiation. Le but de cette étude est d’étudier l’association entre 61 polymorphismes sur huit gènes CHRN (CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) et l’étourdissement ressenti lors de l’initiation. Méthodes: Les données provenant d'une étude de cohorte longitudinale composée de 1293 étudiants, ont été analysées selon un devis d'étude gène-candidat. Les données ont été collectées par le biais de questionnaires auto-reportés aux troix mois, durant 5 ans. L’ADN provenent de la salive ou du sang a été génotypé pour 61 polymosphismes localisés sur les gènes CHRN ont été génotypés, à l'aide d'une stratégie de couverture maximale du gène. L'équation d'analyse est une régression logistique, incluant un ajustement sur l’âge, le sexe et l’origine ethnique. Résultats: Trois SNPs sur le gène CHRNA6 (rs7812298, rs2304297, rs7828365) sont associés à notre phénotype (OR (95% CI)= 0.54 (0.36, 0.81), 0.59 (0.40, 0.86) and 0.58 (0.36, 0.95, respectivement),. Trois autres polymorphismes (rs3743077 (CHRNA3), rs755204 (CHRNA4), rs7178176 (CHRNA7)) sont également associés à phénotype (OR (95% CI)=1.40 (1.02, 1.90), 1.85 (1.05, 3.27) and 1.51 (1.06, 2.15), respectivement) Conclusion: Plusieurs SNPs localisés sur les gènes CHRN sont associés à l'étourdissement, un phénotype de l'initiation qui est peut-être associé à la dépendance à la nicotine. / Background: Numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiple nicotinic receptor genes (CHRN) are associated with smoking. However few studies have examined the association between CHRN SNPs and subjective responses to smoking which may relate to sustained smoking, such as dizziness at first inhalation. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between 61 SNPs in eight CHRN genes (CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA5, CHRNA6, CHRNA7, CHRNB2, CHRNB3, CHRNB4) and dizziness at first inhalation. Methods: Data were available in a longitudinal cohort investigation of 1293 students 12-13 years old at baseline. Students completed self-report questionnaires at-school every 3 months for 5 years during secondary school, and a mailed self-report questionnaire three years later. DNA extracted from blood or saliva was genotyped for 61 CHRN SNPs selected using a gene tagging approach. Associations were modeled using logistic regression controlling for sex, race and age at first cigarette. Results: The minor alleles of three SNPs in CHRNA6 (rs7812298, rs2304297, rs7828365) were associated a decreased probability of dizziness (OR (95% CI)=0.54(0.36, 0.81), 0.59(0.40,0.86) and 0.58(0.36,0.95, respectively), while one SNP in each of three other genes (rs3743077 (CHRNA3), rs755204 (CHRNA4), rs7178176 (CHRNA7)) was associated with an increased probability of dizziness (OR(95% CI)=1.40 (1.02,1.90), 1.85(1.05,3.27) and 1.51(1.06,2.15), respectively). Conclusion: Thus, several SNPs located in CHRN genes are associated with dizziness at first inhalation, a smoking initiation phenotype that may relate to sustained smoking.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O câncer de esôfago (CE) é uma doença extremamente agressiva e é um dos tumores mais incidentes e letais no Brasil e no mundo, sendo o carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago (CEE) o principal subtipo histológico, apresentando como principais fatores de risco o etilismo e o tabagismo na população ocidental. A exposição concomitante desses dois fatores representa um risco multiplicador para o desenvolvimento de CEE, sendo que o fumo parece ter um papel importante tanto na iniciação quanto na promoção do tumor, enquanto o álcool teria um papel mais relevante na promoção. Componentes do tabaco, como a nicotina e as nitrosaminas são potentes carcinógenos e agonistas de alta afinidade dos receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos (CHRNs), podendo atuar ativando vias de sinalização celular fundamentais para a progressão tumoral. Pouco se sabe sobre a expressão e regulação dos CHRNs na mucosa esofágica e no processo de carcinogênese desse tecido. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a expressão gênica dos CHRNs no epitélio esofágico normal e em CEE, bem como sua regulação pelos fatores de risco associados ao tumor. Foi observado que as subunidades α3, α5, α7 e β4 são expressas no epitélio esofágico saudável humano enquanto as subunidades α1, α4, α9 e α10 apresentaram baixa ou nenhuma expressão nesse mesmo tecido. Além disso, foram encontradas diferenças de expressão das subunidades α3 e α7 em indivíduos etilistas e tabagistas quando comparados com indivíduos não-etilistas (subunidade α3) e não-tabagistas (subunidade α7). Nas amostras de CEE, as subunidades CHRNA5 e CHRNA7 foram encontradas superexpressas no tumor quando comparado ao tecido normal adjacente e observou-se diferença de expressão da subunidade α7 no tumor comparado com o tecido saudável e a subunidade β4 apresentou-se mais expressa no tecido tumoral e no tecido normal adjacente ao tumor do que no epitélio esofágico saudável. Entretanto, não foram encontradas diferenças de expressão de nenhuma das subunidades avaliadas nas linhagens CEE quando submetidas a tratamento com nicotina ou etanol. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma participação dos CHRNs na fisiologia do epitélio esofágico e que os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de CEE parecem ser capazes de afetar a expressão desses receptores no epitélio esofágico. / Esophageal cancer (EC) is an extremely aggressive disease and it is one of the most incident and lethal cancers in the world and in Brazil. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main histological type of EC, being associated with alcohol and tobacco consumptiom. In Western countries, the concomitant use of these two factors provides a multiplying risk for the development of ESCC, and smoking seems to play an important role in both tumor initiation and promotion, while alcohol seems to have a more important role in promoting the tumor. Tobaccos components like nicotine and nitrosamines are powerful carcinogens as well as high-affinity agonists of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (CHRNs). The activation of CHRNs by tobacco components results in the activation of key cellular signaling pathways for cancer progression. Very little is known about the expression and regulation of CHRNs in esophageal mucosa and carcinogenesis process. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the expression of CHRNs subunits in healthy esophageal mucosa and ESCC. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether etiologic factors associated with ESCC development could affect the expression of these receptors. According to our results, α3, α5, α7 and β4 subunits are expressed in human normal esophagus whereas α1, α4, α9 e α10 subunits showed very low or no expression in the same tissue. Besides, there were differences in the expression of α3 and α7 subunits in alcoholic and smokers when compared with non- alcoholic (α3 subunit) and nonsmokers (α7 subunit). Regarding ESCC analyses, CHRNA5 and CHRNA7 were found overexpressed in tumor tissues when compared to surrounding mucosa. There were differences in the expression of α7 subunit in tumor tissues compared to healthy tissue and of β4 subunit in tumor tissue and surrounding mucosa compared to healthy tissue. No differences were found in the expressions of these subunits in esophageal cancer cell lines exposed to nicotine or ethanol. These results suggest that CHRNs play a role in esophageal physiology and that ESCC etiological factors seem to be able to affect the expression of these receptors.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O câncer de esôfago (CE) é uma doença extremamente agressiva e é um dos tumores mais incidentes e letais no Brasil e no mundo, sendo o carcinoma epidermóide de esôfago (CEE) o principal subtipo histológico, apresentando como principais fatores de risco o etilismo e o tabagismo na população ocidental. A exposição concomitante desses dois fatores representa um risco multiplicador para o desenvolvimento de CEE, sendo que o fumo parece ter um papel importante tanto na iniciação quanto na promoção do tumor, enquanto o álcool teria um papel mais relevante na promoção. Componentes do tabaco, como a nicotina e as nitrosaminas são potentes carcinógenos e agonistas de alta afinidade dos receptores colinérgicos nicotínicos (CHRNs), podendo atuar ativando vias de sinalização celular fundamentais para a progressão tumoral. Pouco se sabe sobre a expressão e regulação dos CHRNs na mucosa esofágica e no processo de carcinogênese desse tecido. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a expressão gênica dos CHRNs no epitélio esofágico normal e em CEE, bem como sua regulação pelos fatores de risco associados ao tumor. Foi observado que as subunidades α3, α5, α7 e β4 são expressas no epitélio esofágico saudável humano enquanto as subunidades α1, α4, α9 e α10 apresentaram baixa ou nenhuma expressão nesse mesmo tecido. Além disso, foram encontradas diferenças de expressão das subunidades α3 e α7 em indivíduos etilistas e tabagistas quando comparados com indivíduos não-etilistas (subunidade α3) e não-tabagistas (subunidade α7). Nas amostras de CEE, as subunidades CHRNA5 e CHRNA7 foram encontradas superexpressas no tumor quando comparado ao tecido normal adjacente e observou-se diferença de expressão da subunidade α7 no tumor comparado com o tecido saudável e a subunidade β4 apresentou-se mais expressa no tecido tumoral e no tecido normal adjacente ao tumor do que no epitélio esofágico saudável. Entretanto, não foram encontradas diferenças de expressão de nenhuma das subunidades avaliadas nas linhagens CEE quando submetidas a tratamento com nicotina ou etanol. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma participação dos CHRNs na fisiologia do epitélio esofágico e que os fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de CEE parecem ser capazes de afetar a expressão desses receptores no epitélio esofágico. / Esophageal cancer (EC) is an extremely aggressive disease and it is one of the most incident and lethal cancers in the world and in Brazil. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main histological type of EC, being associated with alcohol and tobacco consumptiom. In Western countries, the concomitant use of these two factors provides a multiplying risk for the development of ESCC, and smoking seems to play an important role in both tumor initiation and promotion, while alcohol seems to have a more important role in promoting the tumor. Tobaccos components like nicotine and nitrosamines are powerful carcinogens as well as high-affinity agonists of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (CHRNs). The activation of CHRNs by tobacco components results in the activation of key cellular signaling pathways for cancer progression. Very little is known about the expression and regulation of CHRNs in esophageal mucosa and carcinogenesis process. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the expression of CHRNs subunits in healthy esophageal mucosa and ESCC. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate whether etiologic factors associated with ESCC development could affect the expression of these receptors. According to our results, α3, α5, α7 and β4 subunits are expressed in human normal esophagus whereas α1, α4, α9 e α10 subunits showed very low or no expression in the same tissue. Besides, there were differences in the expression of α3 and α7 subunits in alcoholic and smokers when compared with non- alcoholic (α3 subunit) and nonsmokers (α7 subunit). Regarding ESCC analyses, CHRNA5 and CHRNA7 were found overexpressed in tumor tissues when compared to surrounding mucosa. There were differences in the expression of α7 subunit in tumor tissues compared to healthy tissue and of β4 subunit in tumor tissue and surrounding mucosa compared to healthy tissue. No differences were found in the expressions of these subunits in esophageal cancer cell lines exposed to nicotine or ethanol. These results suggest that CHRNs play a role in esophageal physiology and that ESCC etiological factors seem to be able to affect the expression of these receptors.