La maladie de Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) est une maladie autosomal récessive rare neurodégénérative, pan-ethnique et avec variabilité phénotypique. La forme classique se trouve chez les patients juvéniles, mais des patients de tous les âges existent. Les symptômes incluent des signes viscéraux, moteurs et neurologiques. La maladie est causée par une mutation dans le gène NPC1 ou NPC2. La prévalence mondiale se trouve à environ un cas par 100 000 naissances, mais varie beaucoup selon les populations. Pour cette raison, nous avons voulu identifier et classifier des variants qui se trouve dans la population québécoise pour faire une estimation de la prévalence de NP-C au Québec. Nous croyons que cette maladie neurodégénérative est sous-diagnostiquée. Pour identifier le pool génétique de la population québécoise, nous avons utilisé une approche bio-informatique. À l’aide des données de séquençage des 1109 participants sains de la cohorte CARTaGENE, nous avons identifié des variants rares, ayant des fréquences alléliques inférieures à 1%, dans les gènes NPC1 et NPC2. Les données de séquençage de l’ARN et d’exome ont été alignées, les variants ont été détectés et annotés avec différents scores de pathogénicité. Les variants ont ensuite été classifiés à l’aide des lignes directrices de l’ACMG. À l’aide de notre pipeline bio-informatique, nous avons identifié 37 variants rares. Parmi ces variants, un, p.I1061T, a été classifié comme pathogénique comme il l’est dans d’autres bases de données et un, p.P543L, initialement classifié comme potentiellement pathogénique a été classifié comme pathogénique dans notre population. Le variant p.P543L est d’ailleurs possiblement une mutation fondatrice chez les Canadiens-Français. La prévalence mesurée à l’aide des fréquences alléliques de ces deux variants est de 0,61 cas par 100 000 naissances. Cette étude a permis d’identifier deux variants pathogéniques dans une population saine, c’est-à dire sans maladie neurodégénérative connue. Nous avons ensuite pu estimer pour la première fois la prévalence minimale de NP-C au Québec. Les résultats suggèrent que NP-C est sous-diagnostiquée dans notre population. Avec ces informations, les méthodes de diagnostic pourront être ajustées pour accélérer la détection de NP-C au Québec et ainsi aider les patients en donnant accès au traitement disponible pour réduire les symptômes neurologiques. / Niemann-Pick type C disease (NP-C) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative, pan-ethnic disease with heterogenous symptoms. The classical form mainly affects juvenile patients, but patients of varying ages exist. The main symptoms are visceral, motor and neurological. The disease is caused by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2 gene. The worldwide prevalence is approximately one case per 100 000 births but varies between populations. Therefore, we wanted to identify and classify rare variants found in Quebec’s population to estimate the prevalence of NP-C in this population. We hypothesized that NP-C is under-diagnosed in Quebec. To determine the genetic pool of NP-C in Quebec’s population, we used a bioinformatics pipeline. With the sequencing data of 1109 healthy individuals of the CARTaGENE cohort, we identified rare variants, with a minor allele frequency inferior to 1%, in the NPC1 and NPC2 genes. The sequencing data from RNA and exome sequencing was aligned and the variants were found and annotated with different pathogenicity scores. The variants were then classified using the ACMG guidelines. Using our bioinformatics pipeline, we identified a total of 37 rare variants. In those variants, one, p.I1061T, was directly classified as pathogenic since it was classified as that in all databases. The other one, p.P543L, was initially classified as likely pathogenic, but we were able to reclassify it as pathogenic in our population. The p.P543L variant is possibly a founder mutation in the French-Canadian population. Next, we estimated the prevalence based on the allelic frequencies of those two variants in our cohort. We found a prevalence of 0,61 case per 100 000 births. This study allowed us to identify two pathogenic variants in a healthy population, without known neurodegenerative disease. We were also able to estimate the first ever minimal prevalence for NP-C in Quebec. Our results suggests that NP-C is underdiagnosed in our population. With the information collected here, we would be able to adjust the diagnostic methods of NP-C in Quebec to then be able to help the patients by giving them access to the available treatment to reduce neurological symptoms.

Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a rare, autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative, lysosomal storage disorder. MLIV is caused by mutations in a gene (MCOLN1) encoding a TRP channel family member known as Mucolipin 1 or TRPML1. TRPML1 is a lysosomal transmembrane protein that appears to be required for normal lysosomal pH regulation, recycling of molecules and membrane reorganisation including lysosomal biogenesis, fusion and exocytosis. The exact function of the channel is unknown but it is permeable to multiple ions including Ca²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺, possibly also Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺. How normal TRPML1 function regulates lysosomal processes is not clearly understood. Mutations in the MCOLN1 gene can lead to complete loss of TRPML1 function, partial loss of function or mislocalisation, all of which lead to lysosomal dysfunction, lysosomal lipid storage and ultimately neurodegeneration. The disease processes that lead to neurodegeneration are poorly understood and at present no therapy exists for MLIV. We have discovered that TRPML1 results in regulating lysosomal Ca²⁺ homeostasis that is the opposite of the Ca²⁺ dysregulation associated with Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC). Our findings indicate that disrupted function of TRPML1 leads to enhanced Ca²⁺ release via the NAADP receptor, recently shown to be the lysosomal two-pore channel TPC2. This indicates that TRPML1 is not the NAADP receptor as suggested by others, indeed NAADP mediated Ca²⁺ release is enhanced with multiple NAADP induced lysosomal Ca²⁺ release events occurring in TRPML1 null cells compared to single releases in normal cells. This phenotype appears to be responsible for the cellular dysfunction associated with MLIV disease cells, enhanced lysosomal fusion, defective endocytosis and potentially even altered lysosomal pH. Several of these phenotypes are normalised by the NAADP receptor specific antagonist Ned-19. These findings illustrate that the NAADP receptor is central to MLIV disease pathology and may be a novel candidate for disease therapy.

The master´s thesis is focused on the design and implementation of the laboratory stand for studying lubrication of gears. Specifically, to assess the effect of lubricant contamination on gears. The device uses the Niemann closed circuit concept which in practice is called „back to back“. Firstly, in the theoretical part, the test circuits uses for testing gears are described and one of the standardized procedure for experimentation is presented. Based on research studies, basic parameters for the design and creation of conceptuals are determined. The practical part consists not only the design of this stend, but also including test run and the description of the procedure on that device. The result of this master´s thesis is the functional experimental device for the future development of intelligent lubrication systems.

Ceramid, ein zentrales Signalmolekül des Sphingolipidstoffwechsels, ist neben der de novo Synthese über die enzymatische Spaltung von Sphingomyelin und Glucosylceramid zugänglich. Genetische Mutationen, die eine Fehlfaltung der verantwortlichen Enzyme saure Sphingomyelinase (aSMase) und Glucocerebrosidase (GCase) begünstigen, könnten somit zu einer Dysregulation des gesamten Sphingolipidstoffwechsels und den damit verbundenen Signaltransduktionsprozessen führen. Niedermolekulare Inhibitoren können in Zellstudien einen Einblick in diese Prozesse geben und den Defekt eines Enzyms simulieren oder eine etwaige Überaktivität derselben Enzyme verhindern. Für derartige Studien ist die Möglichkeit einer zeitaufgelösten Inhibition von Vorteil. Für diese Methode müssten photolabile Schutzgruppen in eine bereits bekannte Inhibitorstruktur integriert werden. Im Fall der aSMase würden sich hierfür myo-Inosit-bisphosphat-Derivate anbieten, die starke, kompetitive Inhibitoren des Enzyms darstellen. Auf dieser Grundlage werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Synthese sowie die in vitro und in cellulo Wirkung des ersten zellpermeablen, photoaktivierbaren Inhibitors für die aSMase präsentiert. Kompetitive Inhibitoren können ebenso als sogenannte pharmakologische Chaperone fungieren, welche Proteine durch Herabsetzung der freien Energie des jeweiligen Faltungszustandes stabilisieren. Dies ist besonders bei von Mutationen betroffenen lysosomalen Enzymen von Interesse, um diese vor einem proteasomalen Abbau zu bewahren und einen geregelten Transport in die Lysosomen zu gewährleisten. So wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit verschiedene myo-Inositderivate als potenzielle pharmakologische Chaperone für die aSMase und GCase synthetisiert. Um eine Verdrängung der Verbindungen vom aktiven Zentrum des Enzyms durch das natürliche Substrat zu beschleunigen, wurde eine Orthoesterfunktion in die Seitenkette der Inhibitorstruktur integriert, die im sauren Milieu der Lysosomen gespalten werden kann. / Ceramide, a central signaling molecule in sphingolipid metabolism, is in addition to the novo synthesis accessible via the enzymatic cleavage of sphingomyelin and glucosylceramide. Genetic mutations that promote misfolding of the responsible enzymes acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) and glucocerebrosidase (GCase) could thus lead to a dysregulation of the entire sphingolipid metabolism and the associated signal transduction processes. Small molecule inhibitors can provide insight into these processes in cell studies and simulate the defect of an enzyme or prevent eventual overactivity of the same enzyme. For such studies, the possibility of a time-resolved inhibition would be advantageous. For this method, photolabile protecting groups would have to be integrated into the structure of a known inhibitor. In the case of aSMase, myo-inositol-diphosphate derivatives, which represent strong, competitive inhibitors of the enzyme, would be suitable for this purpose. On this basis, the synthesis as well as the in vitro and in cellulo effects of the first cell-permeable photocaged inhibitor for acid sphingomyelinase are presented in this work. Competitive inhibitors can also act as so-called pharmacological chaperones, which stabilize proteins by reducing the free energy of the respective folding state. This is of particular interest in the case of lysosomal enzymes affected by mutations, in order to protect them from proteasomal degradation and to ensure regulated transport into the lysosomes. In the present work, various myo-inositol derivatives were synthesized as potential pharmacological chaperones for aSMase and GCase. To accelerate displacement of the compounds from the enzyme's active site by the natural substrate, an orthoester function was integrated into the side chain of the inhibitor structure, which can be cleaved in the acidic environment of the lysosome.

<p>  </p> <p>Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease is a rare lysosomal storage disorder that occurs in about 1/89,000 to 1/120,000 live births and is characterized by an aberrant accumulation of cholesterol within the late endosome/lysosome of cells. Symptoms of this disease include splenomegaly, neurological deterioration, and often death before adulthood. Mutations in the membrane bound NPC1 or luminal NPC2 proteins lead to a decrease in cholesterol efflux within the lysosomes by which excess cholesterol crystallizes within membranes resulting in cell death. It has been demonstrated that increasing the amount of the lysosomal specific phospholipid Bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP), also known as Lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA), in cells increases the rate of cholesterol transport in <em>npc1</em>-/- cells, but not in <em>npc</em>2-/- cells, indicating a strong synergistic relationship between the NPC2 protein and the lysosomal membranes. Increasing the amount of phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), a hypothesized precursor to BMP, has also shown an increase in cholesterol egress. While it is hypothesized that the increase in cholesterol clearance in the latter is due to the biosynthesis of LBPA from PG, there is no study to directly confirm this phenomenon. Therefore, we set out to synthesize diastereochemically pure PG containing isotopically labeled oleyl acyl chains to examine LBPA levels using lipidomic analysis of <em>npc1-/-</em> cells post treatment with PG. </p> <p>Initially, efforts centered around the use of phosphoramidite methodology commonly encountered in DNA oligonucleotide synthesis. While this route proved to be successful in making PG in modest yield (52%), reproducibility of this route with consistent yields was hindered due to the use of tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) in the final global deprotection step. Thus, we set out to discover a phosphorylated intermediate that did not require TBAF in the final step or contain easily hydrolysable protecting groups. It was discovered that H-phosphonate methodology using diphenyl phosphite for phosphorylation of the glycerol headgroup and backbone proved to be robust enough for PG synthesis. In this strategy, PG can be isolated in two steps from the final protected intermediate by first oxidizing the H-phosphonate from PIII to PV followed by deprotection of the glycerol head group under acidic conditions. Additionally, the H-phosphonate strategy also allowed us to omit headgroup modification prior to phosphorylation which reduced the number of synthetic steps from 11 steps to 7 steps. As a result, we were able to synthesize diastereochemically pure PG more consistently than the previous route in 75% yield. The route was further modified further to incorporate asymmetric acyl chains allowing the selective installation of a labeled acyl chain on the <em>sn</em>-1 or <em>sn</em>-2 positions of the phosphoglycerol backbone. The results from the lipidomic experiments indicate that increased LBPA concentrations in cells rise upon incubation with labeled PG. Additionally, increases in lyso-PG and acyl-PG are also observed leading to several hypotheses on how LBPA might be synthesized from PG. Future directions on this effort include identification of phospholipid species made from PG containing asymmetrically labeled acyl chains.  Synthesis of photoaffinity labeled PG is also underway to determine the protein partners involved in PG metabolism.</p>