Outre-amer is a collection of short stories set in a contemporary Quebec society and depicting events in the genealogy of a family doomed with mythological predispositions. / Intertextuality is an important aspect of Outre-amer, since the stories are independent from one another, while linked together by various themes, clues and details which carry enigmas beneath the surface of the stories from one end of the collection to the other. Thus, it is suggested to read the stories in a chronological order. / Etude du dialogue dans Nouvelles de J. D. Salinger studies the conversational aspect of the prose of the American author J. D. Salinger. It reflects on the importance and the role of dialogues within a short story, as well as their scriptural representation and mimetic function. The article investigates the French translation of two short stories which are part of Nine Stories. It analyzes the particularities of the translated dialogues compared to those of the original version, and questions the critical validity of a text in translation. The study raises and discusses issues related to the process of translation towards French and denounces the French translator's ethnocentrical approach towards the American text: in this case, the French language and culture assimilate Salinger's stories, thus altering the poetics of the text in translation.

Climate change is causing water temperature to rise, and many lakes in the boreal zone will experience browning of waters (brownification) due to increased input of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In fish, warming may cause resource limitation and decrease both fish size and population abundance. Many fish species display ontogenetic niche shifts during their lifetime, shifting to larger prey as they grow. Brownification may change the timing for, the benefits from or prevent individuals from displaying ontogenetic niche shifts by decreasing large prey abundance in the benthic zone or making fast-moving prey harder to see. This can cause resource limitations, suppressing growth and population growth. This study investigated the effects of increasing DOC and water temperature on ontogenetic diet shifts, size structure, and population abundance in nine-spine stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) in an experimental pond system with a warming treatment and a gradient of DOC concentration. Warming had a negative effect on population number, biomass, maximum fish size, stomach fullness, and consumption of large prey. Contrary to expected outcomes, increasing DOC input resulted in higher population, biomass, and larger maximum sized fish as DOC increased. DOC did not negatively affect ontogenetic diet shifts. In the relatively shallow enclosures, the highest DOC concentration may not have reached the threshold where the shading effect of DOC overturns the benefits of extra nutrients associated with DOC. Hence, in shallow lake ecosystems, climate change induced DOC increase may support fish production, while warming may have strong negative effects on fish population abundance and size.

Genetic, ecological, and environmental variation within and among populations of hosts and pathogens can influence local susceptibility of hosts and transmission rates of pathogens. These complex interactions can lead to geographic variation in the prevalence of pathogens. The interaction between leprosy and nine-banded armadillos in the southeastern U.S. provides an opportunity to examine the genetic, ecological, and environmental factors contributing to the variation in pathogen prevalence on a large geographic scale. Using genotypic data for loci associated with the immune response to leprosy and for anonymous loci, we have assessed the population structure of armadillo populations across the southern U.S. Additional statistical tests were used to assess any significant differences between functional and anonymous loci that indicate selection. Our results suggest that local adaptation does not influence the geographic distribution of leprosy in armadillo populations and that very little genetic variation can be attributed to differences among host populations.

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No description available.

The growth of online learning has provided opportunities for skills otherwise taught traditionally in a face-to-face learning environment to be taught in an online learning environment. Procedural skills, which have traditionally been taught in a face-to-face environment, can also be taught in an online learning environment using various delivery modes including virtual reality, augmented reality, simulations and videos. However, producing materials using some of these delivery modes could be expensive and might require advanced skills. However, video could be cost effective and might not require advanced skills based on the video produced. This study seeks to produce guidelines for using video to teach procedural skills in an online learning environment based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975). To accomplish this goal, this study employed a design and development research methodology. The guidelines produced will assist instructors and course developers intending to use video to teach procedural skills based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975). A systematic literature review was used to create the initial guidelines which were distributed to expert reviewers. Expert reviewers provided feedback which was used to revise the guidelines for using video to teach procedural skills based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975). / Doctor of Philosophy / Procedural knowledge is defined as the knowledge of steps needed to attain a goal (Byrnes et al., 1991). Procedural skills can be taught in an online learning environment using various delivery modes including virtual reality, augmented reality, simulations and videos. However, some of the delivery modes can be expensive and might require advanced skills to use. Videos, on the other hand, can be cost effective and might not require advanced skills to produce depending on way it is produced. This study utilized a design and development research methodology to produce guidelines for using video to teach procedural skills based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975). A systematic literature review was used to create the initial guidelines which were distributed to expert reviewers. Expert reviewers from diverse backgrounds related to the study provided feedback which was used to revise the guidelines for using video to teach procedural skills based on Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné, 1975).

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma leitura dos contos que compõem o volume Nine Stories, do escritor americano J. D. Salinger (1919-2010), publicado em 1953. Para orientar a discussão, partimos de termos que apareceram durante uma polêmica crítica nos anos 70 entre Richard e Carol Ohmann, de um lado, e James E. Miller, de outro. Por tratar-se de um conflito entre métodos interpretativos diferentes e pressupostos incompatíveis, tal polêmica revela uma ambiguidade que orienta a obra escritor, cujas histórias oscilam entre a observação crítica da sociedade e a exaltação da sensibilidade especial de certos personagens. Mostramos que os dois termos têm relação com a matéria histórica do período e com o contexto imediato que compunha os Estados Unidos durante a metade do século XX, especificamente com a questão do dissenso e da revolta pessoal de membros de uma classe média afluente da costa leste americana. Esperamos que o trabalho lance luz sobre questões importantes do gênero narrativo, tal como a relação entre enredo e narrador, pois compreender as idas e vindas da ficção de Salinger é testemunhar de perto como valores muitas vezes contraditórios podem estar presentes em um texto e como os acontecimentos narrativos podem chocar-se com a maneira pela qual são mediados por narradores não-confiáveis. / The aim of this work is to present a reading of the short stories collected in the book Nine Stories, first published in 1953 by the North American writer J. D. Salinger (1919-2010). In order to guide our discussion, we take arguments that appeared in a critical debate between Richard and Carol Ohmann, on one side, and James E. Miller, on the other, during the 1970s. Due to the acritics different interpretative methods and incompatible assumptions, the debate end up revealing an ambiguity central to Salinger\'s work, whose stories oscillate between the critical observation of society and the celebration of a special sensibility present in some characters. We show that both terms bear relation with the historical matter from the period and with the immediate context that formed the United States during the middle of the 20th century, specifically with problems of dissent and personal revolt in members of an affluent middle class from the East Coast. We hope this work will shed light on important issues concerning the narrative genre, such as the relationship between plot and narrator, since this is fundamental in understanding the comings and goings of Salinger\'s fiction, the way in which sometimes contradictory values can be present in the text, and how the character\'s actions might conflict with the way in which they are mediated by unreliable narrators.

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma leitura dos contos que compõem o volume Nine Stories, do escritor americano J. D. Salinger (1919-2010), publicado em 1953. Para orientar a discussão, partimos de termos que apareceram durante uma polêmica crítica nos anos 70 entre Richard e Carol Ohmann, de um lado, e James E. Miller, de outro. Por tratar-se de um conflito entre métodos interpretativos diferentes e pressupostos incompatíveis, tal polêmica revela uma ambiguidade que orienta a obra escritor, cujas histórias oscilam entre a observação crítica da sociedade e a exaltação da sensibilidade especial de certos personagens. Mostramos que os dois termos têm relação com a matéria histórica do período e com o contexto imediato que compunha os Estados Unidos durante a metade do século XX, especificamente com a questão do dissenso e da revolta pessoal de membros de uma classe média afluente da costa leste americana. Esperamos que o trabalho lance luz sobre questões importantes do gênero narrativo, tal como a relação entre enredo e narrador, pois compreender as idas e vindas da ficção de Salinger é testemunhar de perto como valores muitas vezes contraditórios podem estar presentes em um texto e como os acontecimentos narrativos podem chocar-se com a maneira pela qual são mediados por narradores não-confiáveis. / The aim of this work is to present a reading of the short stories collected in the book Nine Stories, first published in 1953 by the North American writer J. D. Salinger (1919-2010). In order to guide our discussion, we take arguments that appeared in a critical debate between Richard and Carol Ohmann, on one side, and James E. Miller, on the other, during the 1970s. Due to the acritics different interpretative methods and incompatible assumptions, the debate end up revealing an ambiguity central to Salinger\'s work, whose stories oscillate between the critical observation of society and the celebration of a special sensibility present in some characters. We show that both terms bear relation with the historical matter from the period and with the immediate context that formed the United States during the middle of the 20th century, specifically with problems of dissent and personal revolt in members of an affluent middle class from the East Coast. We hope this work will shed light on important issues concerning the narrative genre, such as the relationship between plot and narrator, since this is fundamental in understanding the comings and goings of Salinger\'s fiction, the way in which sometimes contradictory values can be present in the text, and how the character\'s actions might conflict with the way in which they are mediated by unreliable narrators.

The purposes of this investigation were (1) to examine the nine-month program and calculate a per-pupil cost, and (2) to evaluate a continuous-school-year program and calculate its per-pupil cost.

A presente dissertação visa realizar uma leitura de Nove Noites (2002), de Bernardo Carvalho, a partir da noção de desamparo [Hilflosigkeit], tal como desenvolvida na psicanálise por Sigmund Freud, dessa maneira, a análise ressaltará também as consonâncias entre literatura e psicanálise. Com tal escopo, o caminho analítico se desdobrará nas duas faces que assume o desamparo no romance: individual, caso do segundo narrador, e coletiva, no que toca às tribos indígenas presentes na obra. Nesta última, o trabalho enveredará por uma rápida exposição da história dos povos ameríndios no século XX, ressaltando aqueles momentos pertinentes à análise (investigando, por exemplo, o papel de uma personagem histórica como Rondon, bisavô do narrador). No que tange ao segundo narrador, a leitura percorre a convivência com seu pai na infância e na maturidade, ressaltando como a procura por Quain revela algo de seu confronto com o desamparo. O aspecto psicanalítico mostra-se, dessa forma, transversal na narrativa, expondo o afeto predominante de um momento histórico (o romance mencionará os ataques terroristas que acentuam as incertezas de uma época), internalizado na forma romanesca. / This dissertation aims to analyse Bernardo Carvalhos Nove Noites [Nine Nights] (2002), based on the idea of helplessness [Hilflosigkeit], as developed in psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud, thus also highlighting the consonance between literature and psychoanalysis. Within that scope, the analytical path will develop over the two forms in which helplessness is presented in the novel: individual, as is the case of the second narrator, and collective, relative to the indigenous tribes that are featured in the novel. The second analytical path will include a brief exposition of the history of Amerindian tribes in the 20th century, with special attention to those moments that are pertinent to this study (investigating, for example, the role of a historical character such as Rondon, the narrators great-grandfather). Regarding the second narrator, the analysis will cover his relationship with his father in childhood and adulthood, highlighting how the search for Quain reveals something of his confrontation with helplessness. The psychoanalytical aspect reveals itself to therefore transverse the narrative, exposing the predominant emotion of a historical moment (the novel will mention the terrorist attacks that accentuate the uncertainties of a period), internalized in the form of the novel.