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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O tratamento de rejeitos de determinados processos industriais vem ganhando importância, seja pelo impacto negativo do simples descarte no meio ambiente, seja pelo valor econômico de materiais e substâncias que podem ser eventualmente recuperados e reciclados. O rápido empobrecimento de reservas minerais primárias e o aumento de demanda de energia são problemas que merecem atenção especial. Neste contexto, a recuperação de metais existentes nos rejeitos de alguns processos de fabricação assume papel de maior importância. A recuperação do molibdênio presente em soluções nitro-sulfúricas, na forma de rejeitos líquidos do processo de fabricação de lâmpadas incandescentes e fluorescentes, não constitui exceção no que diz respeito à importância da reciclagem. Este rejeito, proveniente da dissolução dos mandris de conformação dos filamentos de tungstênio das lâmpadas, apresenta valores que podem ser recuperados e até reciclados no próprio processo. É o caso dos ácidos nítrico e sulfúrico. Já o molibdênio, presente em concentrações em torno de 40 a 90 g.L-1, pode ser recuperado e utilizado na fabricação de aços especiais, pigmentos, lubrificantes, adubo, etc. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos dois processos de recuperação deste rejeito. No primeiro, o rejeito é diluído e por cromatografia de troca iônica o molibdênio é recuperado. Os ácidos efluentes são destilados para a retirada da água. No segundo processo, o rejeito passa por uma destilação e ao mesmo tempo o molibdênio é precipitado. Em ambos os processos, os ácidos recuperados podem voltar à fábrica de lâmpadas para a dissolução dos mandris do filamento de tungstênio e o molibdênio encontra outras diferentes aplicações, além de possuir um valor significativo no mercado. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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L’acide nitrique (HNO3) est un des principaux composés azotés présent dans l’atmosphère terrestre, depuis la troposphère jusque la stratosphère. Il est contrôlé par des processus chimiques et dynamiques caractéristiques dans chacune de ces deux couches atmosphériques. Il constitue à l’instar de ses précurseurs (NO et NO2) un des composés importants pour la chimie de l’ozone dans la stratosphère et aussi dans la troposphère. <p><p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser le comportement en oxydation de l'acier inoxydable austénitique 304L dans des conditions représentatives du fonctionnement de l'usine de traitement-recyclage du combustible nucléaire usé, c'est-à-dire en milieu acide nitrique concentré. Dans ces conditions, le potentiel électrochimique de l'acier est dans le domaine passif, où sa corrosion est faible. Ce matériau trouve les limites à son utilisation lorsque les conditions deviennent plus oxydantes (concentration et température élevées par exemple). Le potentiel peut alors être porté dans le domaine transpassif. La caractérisation de la passivité et de la rupture de passivité dans le domaine transpassif est donc un enjeu industriel majeur.Ce travail est réalisé dans des conditions représentatives des conditions industrielles. L'acier étudié est un acier austénitique inoxydable 304L issu d'une coulée industrielle. Le milieu d'étude est l'acide nitrique concentré et chaud. Des durées de corrosion relativement longues sont choisies.Pour commencer, la chimie et la morphologie de la surface de l'acier est caractérisée, après une longue durée d'immersion, par des techniques d'analyse complémentaires. Puis, l'oxydation de l'acier est étudiée à un potentiel du domaine passif et à un potentiel du domaine transpassif. En particulier, l'oxydation est caractérisée en fonction du temps par la perte de masse et les propriétés de la surface. Enfin, l'oxydation est décrite à différents potentiels couvrant le domaine passif et le début du domaine transpassif. Ceci permet notamment de quantifier la courbe anodique et de définir les limites d'utilisation de l'acier dans ces conditions. / The objective of this study is to characterize the oxidation behavior of 304L stainless steel (SS) in representative conditions of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing, i.e. in hot and concentrated nitric acid. In these conditions the SS electrochemical potential is in the passive domain and its corrosion rate is low. However when the media becomes more aggressive, the potential may be shifted towards the transpassive domain characterized with a high corrosion rate. Passivity and passivity breakdown in the transpassive domain are of a major interest for the industry. So as to characterize these phenomenons, this work was undertaken with the following representative conditions: a 304L SS from an industrial sheet was studied, the media was hot and concentrated HNO3, long term tests were performed. First, the surface of an immerged 304L SS was characterized with several complementary techniques from the micro to the nanometer scale. Then oxidation kinetics was studied in the passive and in the transpassive domain. The oxidation behavior was studied thanks to weight loss determination and surface analysis. Finally, oxidation evolution as a function of the potential was studied from the passive to the transpassive domain. In particular, this allowed us to obtain the anodic curve of 304L SS in hot and concentrated and to define precisely the 304L SS limits of in such conditions.

Le retraitement des combustibles nucléaires usés par le procédé PUREX (Plutonium and Uranium Refining by Extraction) repose sur une étape préliminaire de dissolution qui se déroule en milieu acide nitrique concentré et chaud. Le pouvoir oxydant important des milieux de dissolution peut induire un phénomène de corrosion et fragiliser les équipements de structure qui y sont exposés, notamment les aciers inoxydables tel que l’acier 304L. Bien que l’acide nitrique, milieu réactionnel de dissolution, soit responsable des phénomènes de corrosion, la présence d’ions oxydants (Pu, Np…) peut changer la réaction cathodique et porter l’acier dans son domaine transpassif où il peut subir une corrosion intergranulaire. Par conséquent, la connaissance des ions oxydants, leur degré d’oxydation, leur comportement en solution et en corrosion est une nécessité pour mieux appréhender les phénomènes de corrosion et prédire les risques associés. Tout d’abord, une modélisation thermodynamique basée sur les capacités calorifiques et les enthalpies libres a permis d’estimer les coefficients d’activité stœchiométrique, activités de l’eau et coefficients de dissociation du mélange binaire HNO3-H2O à des températures supérieures à 25°C. Le recueil de ces données constitue une première étape dans la compréhension du comportement en corrosion des aciers inoxydables en milieu acide nitrique en présence d’ions oxydants. Ensuite, une étude expérimentale électrochimique couplée à des techniques analytiques ont permis d’appréhender le comportement électrochimique du plutonium en milieu HNO3, notamment l’oxydation du Pu(IV) en Pu(V) qui n’était pas identifiée dans ce milieu à ce jour. L’acquisition des données nécessaires à une modélisation électrochimique étant limitée par des facteurs physicochimiques (température et concentration en HNO3), une étude paramétrique à l’aide d’un analogue chimique non radioactif (Ce(IV)/Ce(III)) a été entreprise. La détermination d’analogie Pu-Ce (loi d’équivalence) a alors permis d’estimer les évolutions des constantes thermodynamiques et cinétiques du plutonium dans des conditions de température et de concentration en HNO3 supérieures aux limites physicochimiques. Enfin, l’étude du comportement en corrosion de l’acier 304L en milieu HNO3 en présence d’ions oxydants se compose de deux études complémentaires. Dans un premier temps une étude de la corrosion électrochimique a été réalisée en présence de Pu(VI) ou de Ce(IV). Cette étude révèle d’une part que le Pu(VI) ne contrôle pas le mécanisme de réduction contrairement au Ce(IV). Par conséquent, le Ce(IV) n’est pas un analogue du Pu(VI) en corrosion. D’autre part, elle montre que les produits de corrosion n’ont pas d’influence sur le mécanisme de corrosion et met en évidence un complexe Ce(IV)-Cr(III) qui inhibe la réduction du Ce(IV). Dans un second temps une étude de la corrosion chimique via des essais d’immersion a été entreprise. Elle a permis d’améliorer la connaissance du mécanisme de dissolution notamment en mettant en évidence la présence d’une couche de Cr(VI) en extrême surface qui pourrait avoir un lien avec le marquage des grains et les prémices de la corrosion intergranulaire. / The reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels by the PUREX process (Plutonium and Uranium Refining by Extraction) is based on a preliminary stage of dissolution which takes place in hot concentrated nitric acid. The high oxidizing power of dissolution media can induce corrosion phenomena and weaken the structural equipment exposed to it, especially stainless steels such as 304L steel. Although nitric acid is responsible of corrosion, the presence of oxidizing ions (Pu, Np ...) can change the cathodic reaction and bring the steel in its transpassive area where it may undergo intergranular corrosion. Therefore knowledge of oxidizing ions, their oxidation state, their behavior in solution and corrosion is necessary to lead to a better understanding and predict the corrosion associated risks.First, a thermodynamic model based on the heat capacity and the free enthalpies was developed to estimate the stoichiometric activity coefficients, water activities and dissociation coefficients of the binary mixture HNO3-H2O at temperatures above 25°C. The acquisition of these data is a first step in understanding the corrosion behavior of stainless steels in nitric acid in the presence of oxidizing ions.Then, an electrochemical experimental study coupled to analytical techniques enabled to understand the electrochemical behavior of the plutonium in HNO3 medium, in particular the oxidation of Pu(IV) to Pu(V) which was not identified in this medium. The acquisition of data needed for an electrochemical modeling was limited by physicochemical factors so a parametric study with a non-radioactive chemical analogue (Ce(IV)/Ce(III)) was undertaken. The determination of some analogies between plutonium and cerium has enabled to estimate the evolution of thermodynamic and kinetic constants of plutonium in condition of temperature and concentration in HNO3 higher than physicochemical limitations.Finally, the study of the corrosion behavior of 304L steel in HNO3 medium in the presence of oxidizing ions consists of two complementary studies. First a study of the electrochemical corrosion was carried out in the presence of Pu(VI) or Ce(IV). On one hand, it reveals that the Pu(VI) does not control the reduction mechanism (contrary to Ce(IV)). On the other hand, it shows that the corrosion products do not have any influence on the corrosion mechanism and highlights a Ce(IV)-Cr(III) complex which inhibits the reduction of Ce(IV). Secondly a study of chemical corrosion was undertaken through immersion tests. It has improved the knowledge of the dissolution mechanism including highlighting the presence of an extreme surface layer of Cr(VI) that could be related to a grain marking and a preliminary step of intergranular corrosion.

Brewery effluent that had undergone treatment in an anaerobic digester (AD) was used as an alternative water and nutrient source for hydroponic crop production. Brewery effluent was demonstrated to contain sufficient nutrients to support the growth, flowering and fruiting of Lycopersicum escolentum "Moneymaker" tomato crops. The adjustment of the effluent pH with phosphoric acid to between pH 6.0 and 6.5 increased the development of the crops by around 100% compared to crops grown in unaltered effluent. The pH adjusted effluent-grown plants grew to a mean height of 831.4 ± 21.1 mm and a dry biomass weight of 42.34 ± 2.76 g compared to the unaltered pH effluent plants which grew to a height of 410.6 ± 20.5 mm and a weight of 7.65 ± 0.68 g after 49 days. Effluent treatment in high-rate algal ponds (HRAP) was determined to have no positive effect on the nutritional potential of the effluent for Moneymaker production. The effluent-grown plants did not perform as well as plants grown in inorganic-fertilizer and municipal water. Plants grown in effluent grew taller but did not produce significantly more fruit when phosphoric acid (height: 1573.3 ± 50.4 mm, 19.4 ± 1.4 fruit per plant) was compared to nitric acid (height: 1254.1 ± 25.4 mm, 15.6 ± 1.5 fruit per plant) as the pH adjustment over 72 days. Direct and secondary plant stresses from effluent alkalinity, ammonium nutrition, nitrogen limitation, sodium concentrations and heat stress among other factors were probably confounding variables in these trials and require further investigation. Considering the raw effluent composition and manipulating the AD operation is a potential opportunity to improve overall AD performance, reduce chemical inputs in the effluent treatment process, reduce the final effluent alkalinity, and increase available nitrogen content in the final effluent. The anaerobic digester discharging >1000 m³ of nutrient enriched effluent every day is a resource with considerable potential. The benefits of developing this resource can contribute to cost-reduction at the brewery, more efficient water, nutrient and energy management at the brewery, and offer opportunities for job creation and potentially benefit local food security.

Pyrograf IIITM,/sup> fibers (PR-19-PS, Applied Sciences, Inc.) with 100-300 nm diameters and ~ 10-100 ìm lengths were used with a low viscosity aliphatic epoxy resin (Clearstream 9000, Clearstream Products, Inc.) to produce composites. The VGCFs were oxidized in 69-71 wt% nitric acid (115°C) for various times (10 min to 24 h) to modify the surface to enhance fiber/matrix adhesion. Remarkably, little fiber weight loss was detected even after 24 h of oxidation. Composites containing 19.2 volume percent (29.4 weight percent) VGCFs were prepared. Their flexural strengths and flexural moduli were obtained. The flexural strengths did not increase using oxidized VGCFs. Fiber surfaces were characterized using N2 BET, CO2 DR, XPS, SEM, TEM and base uptake measurements. Increasing the oxidation time produced only small initial increases in surface area up to a limit. Significant surface oxygen was present before oxidation and the amount increased initially, though not continuously, with nitric acid oxidation.

No description available.