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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Relationships between microbial physiological status and nitrogen availability in forest soils

Au, William R. January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
62

Municipal wastewater effects on nitrogen cycling in a mature hardwood forest

Kim, Dong Yeob 21 October 2005 (has links)
Land disposal of municipal wastewater is considered ecologically acceptable and cost effective. The success of land treatment systems, however, requires proper functioning of all ecosystem components. The impact of municipal wastewater irrigation on the structure and function of an Appalachian hardwood forest in Virginia was investigated. Four irrigation rates (17.5, 35, 70, and 140 em yr⁻¹ ) were applied in this hardwood forest, and their effects on forest nutrient cycling were monitored for two years. Tree growth, seedling reproduction, tree mortality, species diversity, and N sequestering by vegetation were not changed significantly. Herbaceous ground cover increased due to irrigation, except for the 140 cm yr⁻¹ treatment where the heavy spray caused physical damage to the cover. Depending on the rate applied, the mature hardwood forest system sequestered only -3.4 to 8.2 kg N ha yr⁻¹ in the above ground biomass. Therefore, the fate of added N to the system became a function of N transformation processes in the soil. Nitrogen mineralization and nitrification increased as irrigation increased. Denitrification rates were not affected by irrigation; the process of denitrification did not constitute a significant N output from the forest system. The additional soil nitrate (N0₃) was left to leach because of the low assimilation by the plant/soil system and the low denitrification rate. Nitrogen storage decreased in the forest floor due to the increase in litter decomposition, and increased in the surface soil due to the increase in microbial N assimilation. Total soil N increased on the low irrigation sites and decreased on the high irrigation sites, indicating that high rates of irrigation stimulated N loss from the soil by enhancing soil N transformations. The health of the forest ecosystem was not adversely affected during this period, but the forest did not serve as a net sink for N. There was little opportunity for N sequestering in this mature hardwood forest. Without harvesting and regeneration, the system is likely to lose system N when wastewater is applied. When wastewater is applied to lands, N sequestering and denitrification should be maximized in order to minimize the pollution potential of N0₃ leaching to groundwater systems. / Ph. D.
63

Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics during decomposition of multiple litter types in temperate coniferous forests /

van Huysen, Tiffany L. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-124). Also available on the World Wide Web.
64

Community ecology of denitrifying bacteria in arable land /

Enwall, Karin, January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.
65

Sugar application and nitrogen pools in Wyoming big sagebrush communities and exotic annual grasslands /

Witwicki, Dana L. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2006. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 27-31). Also available on the World Wide Web.
66

Pairing ΔN2/Ar and N* tracers to observe denitrification in the Canada Basin

Reeve, Jennifer L. 16 January 2017 (has links)
Our understanding of the global marine xed nitrogen budget has undergone rapid growth, and as a result there is debate as to whether or not it is balanced. The Arctic plays a disproportionately large role in the sink terms of this budget. This paper works to understand the role of the Canada Basin in the nitrogen cycle. We utilize two tracers of denitri cation: N2/Ar, a dissolved gas tracer, and N*, a nutrient ratio tracer. We aim to quantify the current state of nitrogen cycling in the Canada Basin, and determine its role in the global cycle. Our paired tracer method provides support for shelf denitri cation rates while providing an estimate of ventilation in the same water mass, and provides an estimate for deep benthic denitri cation rates. We observe a disconnect between N2/Ar and N* in the Paci c Upper Halocline Layer (PUHL), wherein the excess N2/Ar we expect from N* is nearly 250% larger than the excess we observe. Our calculations suggest that an approximate steady state between benthic denitri cation and gas exchange on the Chukchi shelf maintains this disconnect. Our measurements of the PUHL support the shelf denitri cation rates reported from direct measurements, and can predict wind speeds required for ventilation within a factor of two. A 1D diffusion model of the old deep waters of the Canada Basin supports benthic denitri cation rates of 0.095-0.15 Tg N y-1. Benthic denitri cation rates determined from the model are on the low end of rates in other deep basins. Our results suggest additional measurements of these tracers in the Canada Basin and surrounding areas would help to constrain both the physical and biological processes controlling nitrogen cycling. / Graduate / 0425 / jen.l.reeve@gmail.com
67

Balanço de nitrogênio em microbacias pareadas (floresta vs. pastagem) no estado de Rondônia. / Nitrogen balance in paired small catchments (forest vs. pasture) in Rondonia state.

Castellanos Bonilla, Adriana Lucia 13 April 2005 (has links)
O ciclo do nitrogênio vem sendo alterado pelas atividades antropogênicas, em função do incremento de culturas, como as leguminosas, a queima de combustíveis fósseis e o desmatamento de florestas para uso agrícola e pecuário. Em regiões de climas temperados, existem muitas informações sobre o ciclo biogeoquímico deste elemento e sobre o papel das alterações antropogênicas no mesmo. Entretanto, em regiões tropicais, onde o ritmo do desmatamento ainda é intenso, poucas são as informações sobre este elemento. Em função disto, o presente trabalho visa fornecer informações sobre possíveis alterações nas formas de nitrogênio transportadas por pequenos igarapés, após a conversão de florestas em pastagens de regiões tropicais. Para tal, selecionaram-se duas microbacias, uma coberta com floresta primária e outra com pastagem, no estado de Rondônia (Cacaulândia). Em ambas foram realizados balanços, por eventos de chuva, das formas e quantidades de nitrogênio transportadas desde a precipitação até a água dos rios. As coletas foram realizadas durante a estação chuvosa, de 21 de janeiro a 27 de fevereiro de 2004. Como resultado, observou-se: (1) um maior fluxo de água na microbacia da pastagem, e como conseqüência, uma maior exportação de nitrogênio na mesma; (2) diferenças nas formas de nitrogênio predominantes em cada compartimento estudado. O nitrogênio orgânico dissolvido predominou na precipitação interna, no escoamento superficial e nos igarapés, enquanto que, o amônio predominou na água subsuperficial e na água subterrânea; (3) diferenças nas formas de nitrogênio inorgânico dissolvido presentes nos igarapés de cada microbacia, sendo o nitrato a principal forma observada na floresta, e o amônio na pastagem; (4) o nitrogênio orgânico dissolvido no igarapé da pastagem provem principalmente do escoamento superficial, enquanto que, no igarapé da floresta não foi possível identificar a principal fonte desta forma de nitrogênio. Este estudo mostra mudanças significativas no ciclo do nitrogênio como conseqüência do desmatamento e da implantação de pastagens. / The nitrogen cycle has been altered by anthropogenic activities, in response to the increment of cultures such, as the leguminous, fossil fuel use, and deforestation for agricultural uses and cattle raising. In temperate regions, there is considerable information about the biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen and the role of anthropogenic alterations on this cycle. However, in tropical regions, where deforestation rates are significant, there is little available information about these processes. The objective of the present work was to provide information on possible alterations in nitrogen forms transported in small catchments (igarapés) of tropical regions, after the conversion of forests into pastures. Two small catchments, one covered by primary forest, and another one covered by pasture, were selected in Rondonia State (Cacaulândia). At both catchments, balances of nitrogen forms and of quantities transported from the rain water to the rivers were calculated, employing a rain event approach. Sampling was done during the wet season, from January 21 to February 27, 2004. We observed: (1) higher discharges at pasture catchment, which resulted in larger nitrogen fluxes; (2) differences in the predominant nitrogen forms at each studied compartment. Dissolved organic nitrogen predominated in the internal precipitation, overland flow, and stream water, while ammonium predominated in the subsurface water and groundwater; (3) differences in the predominat dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms in stream waters of each catchment, nitrate in the forest, and ammonium in the pasture; (4) Dissolved organic nitrogen in the pasture stream comes primarily from overland flow but, for the forest stream, it was not possible to clearly identify the main source of this nitrogen form. This study shows significant changes in nitrogen cycling in small tropical catchments, as a result of deforestation for pasture.
68

Descrição da comunidade microbiana ativa em solos de manguezais por metagenômica e metatranscriptômica / Description of active microbial community in mangrove soils by metagenomics and metatranscriptômica

Cadete, Luana Lira 04 November 2014 (has links)
Alguns ecossistemas chamam atenção devido à particular combinação de condições ambientais únicas, que resultam na evolução de espécies capazes de colonizar estes ambientes. Os manguezais compõem um bioma composto por espécies de plantas, animais e microrganismos que interagem neste ambiente, que tem como principal característica a interface entre o continente e o oceano em regiões intertropicais. Nosso objetivo foi acessar via sequenciamento massivo de DNA e RNA (via Illumina HiSeq 2000) o perfil taxonômico e funcional da comunidade microbiana de quatro manguezais com distintos níveis de contaminação. As sequências foram analisadas na plataforma MG-RAST, para a análise taxonômica foi utilizado BlastN contra a base de dados RDP ou M5NR, enquanto que a análise funcional foi baseada na comparação por BlastX das sequências obtidas com as disponíveis no banco de dados M5RNA e M5Nr. Na análise funcional, as sequências classificadas foram ainda integradas na classificação hierárquica SEED (subsystems), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) e COG (Clusters of Orthologous Group). No total, foram obtidas 682 milhões de sequências válidas ( 88,2, 303,1 e 290,9 milhões a partir das análises de DNA, RNA total e RNA purificado, respetivamente). Estas indicaram como grupos taxonômicos mais abundantes as classes Gammaproteobacteria e Deltaproteobacteria (dentro do domínio Bacteria), e Methanomicrobia e Methanobacteria (dentro do domínio Archaea). Além destas observações, alterações na representação de determinados grupos quando as análises de DNA e RNA são comparadas. Em relação a classificação funcional das sequências, foi possível observar uma similaridade no número de funções encontradas nos diferentes manguezais, mas uma maior quantidade de sequências anotadas foi observada, como esperado, na análise de DNA. De maneira mais detalhada, o estudo das funções relacionadas a transformação de nitrogênio e enxofre indicou que há uma correlação entre a abundância de sequências de um referido gene na análise metagenômica, e sua correspondente quantidade dentro dos grupos de dados de metatranscriptômica. Os grupos microbianos mais representados nestes ciclos foram Deltaproteobacteria e Gammaproteobacteria, atuantes principalmente nos processos de fixação de nitrogênio atmosférico (N2), desnitrificação e redução de sulfato, enquanto que para oxidação do enxofre as classes mais frequentes foram Gammaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria e Epsilonproteobacteria. De maneira geral, este estudo fornece indícios sobre a atividade microbiana nos manguezais, e indica que as frequentemente correlações observadas entre os resultados da análise metagenômica e metatranscriptômica, porém essas correlações se tornam menos evidentes quando analisamos em nível de ordem ou em níveis mais específicos. / Some ecosystems call particular attention due to unique combination of environmental conditions that result in evolution of species capable of colonizing these environments. Mangroves constitute a biome composed of species of plants, animals and micro-organisms that interact in this environment, whose main characteristic is the interface between the continent and the ocean in tropical areas. Our goal was to access via massive sequencing of DNA and RNA (via Illumina HiSeq 2000) the taxonomic and functional profile of the microbial community four mangroves with different levels of contamination. The sequences were analyzed on MG-RAST platform for taxonomic analysis was performed using BLASTN against the RDP database or M5NR, while the functional analysis was based on comparison of the sequences obtained by BlastX available on M5RNA with the database and M5Nr . In functional analysis, the sequences were classified yet integrated into the hierarchical classification SEED (subsystems), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and COG (Clusters of Orthologous Group). A total of 682 million valid sequences were obtained (88.2, 303.1 and 290.9 million from DNA analyzes, purified total RNA and RNA, respectively). These indicated as the most abundant taxa Gammaproteproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria classes (within the domain Bacteria), and Methanomicrobia and Methanobacteria (within the domain Archaea). In addition to these observations, changes in the representation of particular groups when analyzes of DNA and RNA are compared. Regarding the functional classification of the sequences was observed in the number of a similarity functions found in different mangrove, but a greater amount of annotated sequences was observed, as expected, the analysis of DNA. In more detail, the study of the functions related to transformation of nitrogen and sulfur indicated that there is a correlation between the abundance of sequences of said gene in metagenomic analysis, and its corresponding quantity within the metatranscriptômica data groups. The microbial groups were over-represented in these cycles and Deltaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria mainly active in nitrogênioatmosférico fixation processes (N2), the denitrification and sulfate reduction, while for sulfur oxidation were the most frequent class Gammaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria. Overall, this study provides evidence of microbial activity in the mangroves, and often indicates that the correlations observed between the results of metagenomics and metatranscriptômica analysis, but these correlations become less evident when we look at order level or other specific levels.
69

A interface entre a física e os aspectos microbiológicos do solo / The interface between soil physical and microbiological aspects

Alessandra Rigotto 14 September 2017 (has links)
A cultura da cana-de-açúcar é a segunda maior cultura em valor de produção agrícola do país. Nos últimos anos ocorreu uma alteração no cenário canavieiro passando de colheita manual de cana queimada para mecanizada de cana crua. A colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar acarreta muitos benefícios ambientais, porém o tráfego intenso de maquinários resulta na compactação do solo. Desse modo, buscamos avaliar como o efeito das alteração física do solo causado pelo tráfego de máquinas durante a colheita da cana interfere na composição das comunidades microbianas, especialmente as que participam das transformações do nitrogênio. As parcelas experimentais foram divididas em colheita manual (PDTR) e colheita mecanizada (PD). Todos os demais manejos e tratos culturais foram iguais, isolando a influência do impacto do maquinário durante a colheita. Para a avaliação da microbiota realizamos análise da estrutura da comunidade (DGGE ou T-RFLP) e análise de abundância (qPCR) de bactérias, fungos, arquéias, e do ciclo do nitrogênio envolvendo os genes marcadores para a nitrificação (amoA - AOA e AOB), fixação de nitrogênio (nifH) e desnitrificação (nirK, nirS, nosZ clado I e II). Observamos apenas a diferença dos parâmetros físicos na camada superficial por meio da resistência a penetração. A alteração no perfil da comunidade de bactérias e arquéias mostra que ambas são responsivas ao tratamento com tráfego do maquinário. Em relação aos microrganismos envolvidos nas transformações de nitrogênio, AOA foi altamente responsiva ao impacto do tráfego agrícola em ambos os tipos de textura, mas teve diferença na abundância apenas no solo arenoso. O gene nifH apresentou diferença na diversidade em solo argiloso e diferença de abundância em solo arenoso. E por fim, sugerimos que o gene nosZ em subsuperfície pode indicar uma possível campactação antes dos parâmetros físicos do solo. / In Brazil, sugarcane is the second most value of agricultural production. Lately, the harvest management in sugarcane fields has changed from manual harvesting methods with pre-harvest burns to mechanical harvests with green cane (unburnt harvest). The mechanized harvest brings many ambiental benefits. However, the intense traffic due to agricultural machines over the years is resulting in soil compaction. The purpose of this work was to evaluate how the physical effect of mechanized harvesting can interfere with the composition of soil microbial community, specially the microbial involved in the nitrogen cycle. Experimental plots were divided into manual harvest (PDTR) and mechanized harvest (PD). All aspects of crop management are the same, so we were able to study the impact of mechanical harvester traffic during the harvest in isolation. To evaluation of the microbiome we analyzed community structure (DGGE ou T-RFLP) along with their abundance (qPCR) for soil bacterial, fungal and archaeal, and microorganisms involved in the transformation of nitrogen that we used gene markers for nitrification (amoA - AOA and AOB), nitrogen fixation (nifH) and denitrification (nirK, nirS, nosZ clade I and II). We observed the difference between physical parameters only in topsoil by soil penetration resistance. Our results indicated structured community changes of bacterial and archaeal showed us that both are responsive to treatment of machinery traffic. Microorganisms involved in the nitrogen cycle, our results presented that AOA is highly responsive to the impact of agricultural traffic on both soil texture, but we observed the difference in abundance only in sandy soil. The nifH gene was different on community structure in clay soil and on abundance in sandy soil. Moreover, we suggest that nosZ gene could indicate a possible soil compaction before the physical parameters in a layer between 20 and 40 cm.
70

A interface entre a física e os aspectos microbiológicos do solo / The interface between soil physical and microbiological aspects

Rigotto, Alessandra 14 September 2017 (has links)
A cultura da cana-de-açúcar é a segunda maior cultura em valor de produção agrícola do país. Nos últimos anos ocorreu uma alteração no cenário canavieiro passando de colheita manual de cana queimada para mecanizada de cana crua. A colheita mecanizada da cana-de-açúcar acarreta muitos benefícios ambientais, porém o tráfego intenso de maquinários resulta na compactação do solo. Desse modo, buscamos avaliar como o efeito das alteração física do solo causado pelo tráfego de máquinas durante a colheita da cana interfere na composição das comunidades microbianas, especialmente as que participam das transformações do nitrogênio. As parcelas experimentais foram divididas em colheita manual (PDTR) e colheita mecanizada (PD). Todos os demais manejos e tratos culturais foram iguais, isolando a influência do impacto do maquinário durante a colheita. Para a avaliação da microbiota realizamos análise da estrutura da comunidade (DGGE ou T-RFLP) e análise de abundância (qPCR) de bactérias, fungos, arquéias, e do ciclo do nitrogênio envolvendo os genes marcadores para a nitrificação (amoA - AOA e AOB), fixação de nitrogênio (nifH) e desnitrificação (nirK, nirS, nosZ clado I e II). Observamos apenas a diferença dos parâmetros físicos na camada superficial por meio da resistência a penetração. A alteração no perfil da comunidade de bactérias e arquéias mostra que ambas são responsivas ao tratamento com tráfego do maquinário. Em relação aos microrganismos envolvidos nas transformações de nitrogênio, AOA foi altamente responsiva ao impacto do tráfego agrícola em ambos os tipos de textura, mas teve diferença na abundância apenas no solo arenoso. O gene nifH apresentou diferença na diversidade em solo argiloso e diferença de abundância em solo arenoso. E por fim, sugerimos que o gene nosZ em subsuperfície pode indicar uma possível campactação antes dos parâmetros físicos do solo. / In Brazil, sugarcane is the second most value of agricultural production. Lately, the harvest management in sugarcane fields has changed from manual harvesting methods with pre-harvest burns to mechanical harvests with green cane (unburnt harvest). The mechanized harvest brings many ambiental benefits. However, the intense traffic due to agricultural machines over the years is resulting in soil compaction. The purpose of this work was to evaluate how the physical effect of mechanized harvesting can interfere with the composition of soil microbial community, specially the microbial involved in the nitrogen cycle. Experimental plots were divided into manual harvest (PDTR) and mechanized harvest (PD). All aspects of crop management are the same, so we were able to study the impact of mechanical harvester traffic during the harvest in isolation. To evaluation of the microbiome we analyzed community structure (DGGE ou T-RFLP) along with their abundance (qPCR) for soil bacterial, fungal and archaeal, and microorganisms involved in the transformation of nitrogen that we used gene markers for nitrification (amoA - AOA and AOB), nitrogen fixation (nifH) and denitrification (nirK, nirS, nosZ clade I and II). We observed the difference between physical parameters only in topsoil by soil penetration resistance. Our results indicated structured community changes of bacterial and archaeal showed us that both are responsive to treatment of machinery traffic. Microorganisms involved in the nitrogen cycle, our results presented that AOA is highly responsive to the impact of agricultural traffic on both soil texture, but we observed the difference in abundance only in sandy soil. The nifH gene was different on community structure in clay soil and on abundance in sandy soil. Moreover, we suggest that nosZ gene could indicate a possible soil compaction before the physical parameters in a layer between 20 and 40 cm.

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