La culture de Légumineuses présente le double intérêt de permettre une production de graines à haute valeur nutritionnelle sans nécessité d’un apport d’engrais azoté. La nutrition azotée des légumineuses dépend en effet majoritairement de la fixation symbiotique de l’azote atmosphérique réalisée par des bactéries du sol, les rhizobia, au sein des nodosités, et dans une moindre mesure, de l’assimilation de l’azote minéral du sol par les racines.Une meilleure compréhension a été acquise sur le contrôle génétique de la mise en place des racines et des nodosités et sur leur impact sur la nutrition azotée. Une grande variabilité génétique pour ces caractères a été mise en évidence, ainsi que l’existence de corrélations génétiques entre eux. Une approche de génétique quantitative a permis d’identifier des régions génomiques pouvant être impliquées dans leurs variations. Deux pistes d’amélioration de la nutrition azotée ont aussi été étudiées : l’amélioration de l’acquisition d’azote par les racines à partir d’une étude détaillée d’un mutant de développement racinaire, et l’amélioration de la symbiose via l’étude de la capacité des pois à favoriser les associations symbiotiques avec les rhizobia les plus performants.Les résultats obtenus apportent des bases de réflexion concernant la conception d’un idéotype de nutrition azotée. Au-delà de la complémentarité indispensable entre les deux voies d’acquisition d’azote, il convient d’optimiser l’interaction entre les deux partenaires symbiotiques, mécanisme complexe mettant en jeu la formation et le fonctionnement des nodosités, en lien avec une signalétique et des interactions trophiques entre partenaires et intra-plante. / Grain legume pulse crops are of great interest to allow a production of seeds high nutritional value without any contribution of nitrate fertilizer. The nitrogen nutrition of legumes depends indeed mainly on the fixation in nodules of atmospheric dinitrogen through the plant-rhizobium symbiosis, and to a lesser extent, absorption by roots of soil mineral nitrogen.A better understanding has been obtained on the genetic control of the development of roots and nodules and on their impact on nitrogen nutrition. High genetic variability of these characters has been detected, and the existence of genetic correlations between them demonstrated. A quantitative genetic approach has identified several genomic regions that may be involved in their variations. The two different ways to improve nitrogen nutrition were also studied: the improvement of nitrogen acquisition by roots through a detailed study of a root architecture mutant, and the improvement of symbiosis via the study of the ability of peas to promote symbiotic associations with the most effective rhizobia.The results provide interesting bases for the design of a pea nitrogen-nutrition ‘ideotype’. Beyond the essential complementarity between the two pathways of nitrogen acquisition, it is necessary to optimize the interaction between the two symbiotic partners, which is a complex mechanism involving nodules formation and functioning in connection with complex signaling and trophic interactions between the partners and intra-plant.

Diante de uma problemática urbana contemporânea marcada por práticas empresarias na própria produção do espaço, a pesquisa pretende uma reflexão histórica, apontando algumas das instâncias que permitem entrever uma genealogia da constituição de formas de empresariamento da cidade. Toma-se para o exame o estudo de caso da produção do espaço de Ilha Solteira entre os anos de 1965 e 1974, durante o processo de construção da Grande Obra Pública da Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira e da produção da cidade-acampamento dos seus trabalhadores. Este exame se desenvolve a partir de categorias de análise empíricas, manifestadas na pesquisa documental. Pesquisa-se pelos mecanismos, discursos, estratégias e técnicas que se desenvolvem nas relações entre a circulação de ideias e as linhas de força da produção do espaço, e que parecem constituir séries de práticas de um processo que conferiria ao empresariamento da cidade um estatuto de verdade. A hipótese é de Ilha Solteira ter significado um laboratório de dispositivos de produção empresarial da cidade, na medida em que se constitui como um campo de experimentação de concepções e práticas de produção do espaço, cujos critérios assentam-se numa racionalidade empresarial que circula das práticas de trabalho no canteiro de obras para a forma de governo da cidade-acampamento. Disso são resultados a constituição de uma Administração Especial (de exceção) e de um condomínio horizontal em espaço urbano como experiências inéditas no Brasil. Essa perspectiva nos permite refletir teoricamente sobre um laboratório de produção empresarial da cidade que experimenta formas de exceção adotadas em situações de Grandes Obras Públicas, e específicas ao contexto de modernização da construção civil, que ganhariam normalidade no processo de constituição de um regime de verdade do empresariamento urbano. E, ainda, leva-nos a questionar historicamente a experiência de Ilha Solteira que, naquele momento das décadas de 1960 e 1970, institui dispositivos de uma racionalidade liberal que seriam forjado não em razão crítica a um planejamento autoritário do regime militar, mas seriam engendrados no seu seio. A dissertação se desenvolve a partir do campo de relações entre Cidade e Trabalho e se organiza em três capítulos que constituem os três campos de análise: a forma urbana da cidade; as práticas de trabalho no canteiro da grande obra; e os elos entre ambos na gestão do empreendimento, refletindo sobre a razão de seu governo. / Given the contemporary urban problems, which are characterized by business-led practices inflicting the space production itself, this research stands as a historical reflection, aiming at the few instances that could allow one to foresee genealogical constitution of entrepreneurial forms. It is taken under examination the case study of the space production in Ilha Solteira between the years of 1965 and 1974, during the process of the construction of the Great Public Work of Ilha Solteiras\' Hydroelectric Power Plant, and the production of the encampment-city that would host its workers. Such study is carried out based on categories of empirical analysis, which arise from the documental research. One searches for the mechanisms, speeches, strategies and technics that are developed in the relations between the circulation of ideas and the lines of force in the space production, which seem to constitute series of practices of a process that would grant urban entrepreneurialism a truth status. The hypothesis is that Ilha Solteira would stand as a laboratory of dispositives for the entrepreneurial production of the city, since it has become an experimentation field for conceptual and practical space production, which criteria would come from an entrepreneurial rationale that circulates from the work practices in the construction site to the governmental form in the encampment-city. From that would result the constitution of a Special Administration (of exception) and a horizontal condominium in the urban space as a novel experience in Brazil. This perspective allows us to reflect theoretically on a laboratory of the entrepreneurial production of the city that seems to experience forms of exception adopted in situations of Great Public Works, and the specific context of modernization of construction, but gain normalcy in the process of setting up a regime of truth of urban entrepreneurialism. And also leads us to question the historical experience that, at that period of the 1960 and 1970, establishes dispositives of a liberal rationality that would be forged not due to a critical approach to the authoritarian planning of the military regime, but would be engendered in its bosom. This dissertation is developed from the field of relation between City and Labor, and is structured into three chapters which stand for the three fields of analysis: the urban form of the city; the work practices in the Large Scale construction site; and the bounds between both of them in the enterprise management and its government rationale.

Diante de uma problemática urbana contemporânea marcada por práticas empresarias na própria produção do espaço, a pesquisa pretende uma reflexão histórica, apontando algumas das instâncias que permitem entrever uma genealogia da constituição de formas de empresariamento da cidade. Toma-se para o exame o estudo de caso da produção do espaço de Ilha Solteira entre os anos de 1965 e 1974, durante o processo de construção da Grande Obra Pública da Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira e da produção da cidade-acampamento dos seus trabalhadores. Este exame se desenvolve a partir de categorias de análise empíricas, manifestadas na pesquisa documental. Pesquisa-se pelos mecanismos, discursos, estratégias e técnicas que se desenvolvem nas relações entre a circulação de ideias e as linhas de força da produção do espaço, e que parecem constituir séries de práticas de um processo que conferiria ao empresariamento da cidade um estatuto de verdade. A hipótese é de Ilha Solteira ter significado um laboratório de dispositivos de produção empresarial da cidade, na medida em que se constitui como um campo de experimentação de concepções e práticas de produção do espaço, cujos critérios assentam-se numa racionalidade empresarial que circula das práticas de trabalho no canteiro de obras para a forma de governo da cidade-acampamento. Disso são resultados a constituição de uma Administração Especial (de exceção) e de um condomínio horizontal em espaço urbano como experiências inéditas no Brasil. Essa perspectiva nos permite refletir teoricamente sobre um laboratório de produção empresarial da cidade que experimenta formas de exceção adotadas em situações de Grandes Obras Públicas, e específicas ao contexto de modernização da construção civil, que ganhariam normalidade no processo de constituição de um regime de verdade do empresariamento urbano. E, ainda, leva-nos a questionar historicamente a experiência de Ilha Solteira que, naquele momento das décadas de 1960 e 1970, institui dispositivos de uma racionalidade liberal que seriam forjado não em razão crítica a um planejamento autoritário do regime militar, mas seriam engendrados no seu seio. A dissertação se desenvolve a partir do campo de relações entre Cidade e Trabalho e se organiza em três capítulos que constituem os três campos de análise: a forma urbana da cidade; as práticas de trabalho no canteiro da grande obra; e os elos entre ambos na gestão do empreendimento, refletindo sobre a razão de seu governo. / Given the contemporary urban problems, which are characterized by business-led practices inflicting the space production itself, this research stands as a historical reflection, aiming at the few instances that could allow one to foresee genealogical constitution of entrepreneurial forms. It is taken under examination the case study of the space production in Ilha Solteira between the years of 1965 and 1974, during the process of the construction of the Great Public Work of Ilha Solteiras\' Hydroelectric Power Plant, and the production of the encampment-city that would host its workers. Such study is carried out based on categories of empirical analysis, which arise from the documental research. One searches for the mechanisms, speeches, strategies and technics that are developed in the relations between the circulation of ideas and the lines of force in the space production, which seem to constitute series of practices of a process that would grant urban entrepreneurialism a truth status. The hypothesis is that Ilha Solteira would stand as a laboratory of dispositives for the entrepreneurial production of the city, since it has become an experimentation field for conceptual and practical space production, which criteria would come from an entrepreneurial rationale that circulates from the work practices in the construction site to the governmental form in the encampment-city. From that would result the constitution of a Special Administration (of exception) and a horizontal condominium in the urban space as a novel experience in Brazil. This perspective allows us to reflect theoretically on a laboratory of the entrepreneurial production of the city that seems to experience forms of exception adopted in situations of Great Public Works, and the specific context of modernization of construction, but gain normalcy in the process of setting up a regime of truth of urban entrepreneurialism. And also leads us to question the historical experience that, at that period of the 1960 and 1970, establishes dispositives of a liberal rationality that would be forged not due to a critical approach to the authoritarian planning of the military regime, but would be engendered in its bosom. This dissertation is developed from the field of relation between City and Labor, and is structured into three chapters which stand for the three fields of analysis: the urban form of the city; the work practices in the Large Scale construction site; and the bounds between both of them in the enterprise management and its government rationale.

Pour réduire la teneur en matière grasse des aliments, et suivre en cela les recommandations du Plan National Nutrition Santé, il est nécessaire de bien comprendre les mécanismes de la perception du gras. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension de la perception du gras au travers de l’étude de la variabilité interindividuelle de la perception du gras et de la recherche de son origine.Pour cela, une approche pluridisciplinaire mêlant physico-chimie de molécules aromatiques à connotation grasse, physiologie orale des sujets, processus en bouche et perception sensorielle au cours de la consommation a été mise en place. Une attention toute particulière a été portée sur la composante olfactive de la perception du gras et en particulier sur la potentielle contribution des métabolites produits dans la cavité nasale de l’Homme à partir de composés volatils odorants. Ce travail montre que la réduction du taux de matière grasse dans un fromage blanc diminue la perception de l’arôme crème, augmente l’amertume et l’astringence et diminue le film gras perçu, confirmant ainsi le caractère multidimensionnel de la perception du gras. Il montre également que la perception du gras est liée à la teneur en lipide du tapissage en bouche ainsi qu’à la composition de la matrice en composés d’arômes.Il met en évidence trois groupes de sujets de sensibilité au gras significativement différents. Ces groupes présentent également des différences pour plusieurs paramètres physiologiques et anatomiques pouvant intervenir sur les sensations tactiles, gustatives et olfactives et donc potentiellement sur la perception du gras.Enfin, ce travail prouve l’existence, dans la muqueuse olfactive de l’Homme, d’enzymes capables de métaboliser les composés odorants en métabolites volatils eux-mêmes odorants susceptibles d’intervenir dans la perception du gras ou de la moduler. / To reduce the fat content in food products as recommended by the National Nutrition and Health Plan, it is necessary to understand the fat perception mechanisms. In this context, this thesis work aimed to contribute to the understanding of fat perception through the study of interindividual variability in fat perception and the research of its origin.For this purpose, a multidisciplinary approach combining physico-chemistry of “fatty” aroma molecules, subjects’ oral physiology, food oral processing and sensory perception during food consumption has been established. A particular focus has been done on the olfactory component of fat perception, especially on the potential contribution of the metabolites produced in the human nasal cavity from odorous volatile compounds.This work shows that reducing fat content in cottage cheese decreases the perception of the cream aroma, increases bitterness and astringency and decreases the perceived greasy film. The results confirmed the multidimensional nature of fat perception. This work also shows that fat perception is related to the lipid content of the mouth coating as well as the aroma compounds composition of the food matrix.It highlights three groups of subjects with significant difference in fat sensitivity. These groups also differ in several physiological and anatomical parameters which can impact tactile, taste and smell sensations and therefore potentially fat perception. Finally, this work proves the existence in the human olfactory mucosa of enzymes capable of metabolizing odorous compounds into volatile metabolites. These metabolites proved to be themselves odorants could be involved in fat perception or its modulation.