Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:55:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 herrera_tir_me_botfca.pdf: 147969 bytes, checksum: c8e7a80ad8aa3713918b778bac59b151 (MD5) / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de ácido indolbutírico (IBA) no enraizamento de estacas apicais de louro (Laurus nobilis L.) aplicado sozinho ou em conjunto com ácido bórico, em câmara de nebulização com temperatura e umidade controladas. As estacas foram coletadas de ramos jovens (mais externos) de louro, no dia 14 de fevereiro de 2001 entre 7:00 e 9:00 horas da manhã e transportadas ao Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal do Departamento de Botânica, do Instituto de Biociências – UNESP, onde procedeu-se ao preparo das mesmas. Dos ramos foram retiradas estacas apicais mantendo-se apenas duas folhas na parte superior, sendo o comprimento de 15cm. Após o preparo das estacas, estas receberam diferentes concentrações de ácido indol-butírico (IBA) a 0, 50, 150 e 300mg.L-1, misturado ou não com boro 150mg.mL-1, onde as suas bases permaneceram imersas por 24 horas. Logo após os tratamentos, as estacas foram colocadas em bandejas de isopor contendo como substrato, casca de arroz carbonizada e mantidas sob nebulização. A coleta das estacas foi realizada 70 dias após a instalação, onde foram avaliadas a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, porcentagem de estacas com calo, porcentagem de estacas vivas, porcentagem de estacas mortas, número de raízes formadas e comprimento das raízes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, o IBA 50mg.L-1 proporcionou a maior porcentagem de estacas enraizadas (54,17%). A adição de boro aos tratamentos auxínicos levou a maior porcentagem de estacas com calos e menor porcentagem de estacas mortas. O tratamento com IBA 50mg.L-1 + boro proporcionou o maior número de raízes nas estacas (10,12) e maior comprimento dessas raízes (46,57mm). / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the indolebutyric acid (IBA) on laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) stem cuttings rooting applied with or without boric acid, carried within greenhouse with mist, on controlled temperature and humidity. The cuttings was obtained as harvest of laurel plants, in February, 14, in the between at 7:00 and 9:00 hours, and transported for the Plant Physiology Laboratory from Department of Botany of Institute of Bioscience - UNESP where was preceded the preparation of cuttings. The cuttings was taked of apical portion and leaving two leaves by the up-side. The cuttings’ lenght was 15cm. The cuttings were treated with indole-butyric acid (IBA) at 0, 50, 150 and 300mg.L-1 with or without 150mg.mL-1 of boron, where 1cm of the cutting base was immersed for 24 hours. After the treatments, the cuttings were put in styrofoam trays with carbonized rice hull and maintained on intermittent mist during 70 days when was evaluated the rooting percentage, stem cuttings with callus percentage, live cuttings percentage, dead cuttings percentage, roots number and roots length. The results showed that IBA 50mg.L-1 enhanced the rooting percentage (54,17%). Auxins treatments with boron enhanced the stem cuttings with callus percentage and lower dead cuttings percentage. The treatments with IBA 50mg.L-1 + boron showed the higher root number in stem cuttings (10,12) and higher length of this roots (46,57mm).

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-07-12T17:47:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Carla_Fernandez2014.pdf: 1291543 bytes, checksum: 6cd6209240711c8d9c664256a72280c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-12T17:47:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Carla_Fernandez2014.pdf: 1291543 bytes, checksum: 6cd6209240711c8d9c664256a72280c8 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The Laurus nobilis L. is a tree belonging to the family Lauraceae, native to Asia and cultivated in the South and Southeast of Brazil as an ornamental plant, popularly known as laurel. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus for 2 hours. The essential oil was fractionated in a chromatographic column to obtain the fractions. The essential oil and fractions were identified by GC/MS. Was mensured the content of phenolic compounds of essential oil and fractions, and antioxidant activity by the DPPH sequestration method, antimicrobial activity against the strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and ATCC 70603, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 7002, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, yeasts Candida albicans ATCC 18804, Candida krusei ATCC 20298, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 20019, Candida tropicalis ATCC 750, Cryptococcus gattii L21 / 01 and Cryptococcus neoformans H99, and the filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger IC (clinical isolate), Aspergillus flavus IMI 190443, Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 16913 by the diffusion test on agar. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the sensitive strains was determined by the broth dilution method. And the acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus microplus by the test of immersion of females and larval, the larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti by the test of larval immersion. Twenty compounds were identified in the essential oil with 99.01% of the identified peak areas. The major component of the essential oil was the 1.8-cineole with 34.01%. The essential oil of laurel presented 17.57 μg of gallic acid / mg of essential oil of phenolic compounds and showed antioxidant activity by the DPPH method with IC50 of 15.52 mg/mL and the fractions CH2Cl2:C6H14 (8: 2) 9, 96 mg/mL and CH2Cl2: C6H14 (7: 3) 3.65 mg/mL. The essential oil and the CH2Cl2: AcOEt (9:1) fraction showed antibacterial activity against the bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis and antifungal activity against strains of Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis and Cryptococcus gattii and C. neoformans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 10.00 and 0.31 mg/mL. In relation to the acaricide activity, the immersion test of engorged females of R. microplus had a decrease in egg mass, egg production index and egg viability were affected in the different concentrations of essential oil in relation to the control group. On the larvae of the tick, the essential oil presented LC50 of 3.52 μL/mL and LC99 of 5.94 μL/mL, among the fractions to CH2Cl2: AcOEt (8:2) was the most active with LC50 of 0.13 μL/mL and LC99 of 0.51 μL/mL and the essential oil presented on larvae of A. aegypti LC50 of 0.38 μL/mL and LC99 of 0.48 μL/mL. Therefore, it can be concluded that the essential oil has antioxidant, antimicrobial, acaricidal and larvicidal action on R. microplus and A. aegypti, and that the fractionation was of great importance for the identification of compounds with biological activity. / O Laurus nobilis L. é uma árvore pertencente à família Lauraceae, nativa da Ásia e cultivado no Sul e Sudeste do Brasil como uma planta ornamental, conhecido popularmente como louro. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger por 2 horas. O óleo essencial foi fracionado em coluna cromatográfica para a obtenção das frações. O óleo essencial e as frações foram identificados por CG/EM. Foi mensurado o teor de compostos fenólicos do óleo essencial e das frações, e atividade antioxidante pelo método de sequestro do DPPH, atividade antimicrobiana frente as cepas: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 e ATCC 70603, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 7002, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853 e Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, as leveduras Candida albicans ATCC 18804, Candida krusei ATCC 20298, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 20019, Candida tropicalis ATCC 750, Cryptococcus gattii L21/01 e Cryptococcus neoformans H99, e os fungos filamentosos Aspergillus niger IC (isolado clínico), Aspergillus flavus IMI 190443, Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 16913 de pelo teste de difusão em ágar. Foi determinada da concentração mínima inibitória (CIM) das cepas sensíveis pelo método de diluição em caldo. E a atividade acaricida frente ao Rhipicephalus microplus pelo teste de imersão de fêmeas e larval, a atividade larvicida frente ao Aedes aegypti pelo teste de imersão larval. Foram identificados 20 compostos do óleo essencial com 99,01% das áreas dos picos identificados. O composto majoritário do óleo essencial foi o 1.8-cineol com 34,01%. O óleo essencial de louro apresentou 17,57μg equivalentes de ácido gálico/mg de óleo essencial de compostos fenólicos e mostrou atividade antioxidante pelo método DPPH com IC50 de 15,52 mg/mL e as frações CH2Cl2:C6H14(8:2) 9,96 mg/ mL e CH2Cl2:C6H14(7:3) 3,65 mg/mL. O óleo essencial e a fração CH2Cl2:AcOEt (9:1) mostraram atividade antibacteriana contra as bactérias Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae e Proteus mirabilis e atividade antifúngica contras cepas de Candida albicans, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis e Cryptococcus gattii e C. neoformans com valores de concentração mínima inibitória (CIM) entre 10,00 e 0,31mg/mL. Em relação a atividade acaricida, o teste de imersão das fêmeas ingurgitadas de R. microplus houve redução da massa dos ovos, índice de produção de ovos e a viabilidade dos ovos foram afetados nas diferentes concentrações do óleo essencial em relação ao grupo controle. Sobre as larvas do carrapato o óleo essencial apresentou LC50 de 3,52 μL/mL e LC99 de 5,94 μL/mL, dentre as frações a CH2Cl2:AcOEt (8:2) foi a mais ativa com LC50 de 0,13 μL/mL e LC99 de 0,51 μL/mL E o óleo essencial apresentou sobre as larvas de A. aegypti LC50 de 0,38 μL/mL e LC99 de 0,48 μL/mL. Portanto, pode concluir que o óleo essencial possui ação antioxidante, antimicrobiana, acaricida e larvicida sobre o R. microplus e A. aegypti, e que o fracionamento foi de grande importância para a identificação de compostos com atividade biológica.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1157916 bytes, checksum: c99ab78dc2b8ee9f7877c46cab75b07f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Cryptococcus neoformans is the opportunistic pathogenic yeast with broad geographic capable of infecting all kinds of animal distribution. In humans, cryptococcosis mainly affects the lungs and central nervous system, less frequently the skin, presenting in general with severe and fatal outcomes. People with compromised immune systems are more likely to develop cryptococcosis, especially those affected by human immunodeficiency virus. Conventional treatment of cryptococcosis potentially toxic antifungal use for long periods and that has been the target of resistance of these microorganisms, in addition to the high costs of treatment. Against this background, the searches for natural products with antifungal properties have been a promising alternative, with great attention of scholars as to the analysis of essential oils and their constituents. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oil of Laurus nobilis L. (Laurel) on strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. The chemical composition of the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC / MS) and its antifungal activity, assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) by microdilution. Its kinetic microbial death and the effects on the morphology were also analyzed. The results of GC / MS revealed the presence of seven phytochemicals, isoeugenol (57%), myrcene (15,9%), chavicol (9,3%), methyleugenol (2,43%), linalool (2,14%), caryophyllenne (2,10%) and limonene (2,02%). The oil showed fungal growth inhibition of 70% of the 10 strains tested, with MIC set at 256 &#956;g/mL and 1024 &#956;g/mL MFC. The curve of microbial death had a fungistatic effect (reduction <3 log10UFC/mL from the initial inoculum) at concentrations of MIC / 2, MIC, MIC x 2 and fungicidal effect (reduction of &#8805; 3 log10UFC/mL from the initial inoculum) in MIC x 4 starting from 2 hours. Not being observed change in micromorphology of LM 2601 strain, selected for the study of kinetics and micromorphology, when subjected to contact with the essential oil in different concentrations. The essential oil of L. nobilis L. showed antifungal activity against all strains of C. neoformans tested and thus may represent a novel antifungal product with potential in the treatment of cryptococcosis. / Cryptococcus neoformans é uma levedura patogênica oportunista, com ampla distribuição geográfica, capaz de infectar os mais variados tipos de animais. No homem, a criptococose acomete principalmente o sistema nervoso central e pulmões, com menor frequência a pele, apresentando-se de uma forma geral com evolução grave e fatal. Indivíduos com o sistema imunológico comprometido são mais susceptíveis de desenvolver a criptococose, principalmente os acometidos pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. O tratamento convencional da criptococose utiliza antifúngicos potencialmente tóxicos por longos períodos e que vêm sendo alvo de resistência desses microrganismos, além dos elevados custos com o tratamento. Diante desse panorama, a busca por produtos naturais com propriedades antifúngicas têm sido uma alternativa promissora, com grande atenção dos estudiosos quanto à análise dos óleos essenciais e seus constituintes. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro do óleo essencial de Laurus nobilis L. (louro) sobre cepas de Cryptococcus neoformans. A composição química do óleo foi analisada por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG/EM) e sua atividade antifúngica, avaliada pela determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração fungicida mínima (CFM), pela técnica de microdiluição. A cinética de morte microbiana e os efeitos sobre a micromorfologia também foram analisados. Os resultados da CG/EM revelaram a presença de sete fitoconstituintes majoritários, isoeugenol (57%), mirceno (15,9%), chavicol (9,3%), metileugenol (2,43%), linalol (2,14%), cariofileno (2,10%) e limoneno (2,02%). O óleo apresentou inibição do crescimento fúngico sobre 70% das 10 cepas ensaiadas, tendo a CIM estabelecida em 256 &#956;g/mL e a CFM em 1024 &#956;g/mL. A curva de morte microbiana apresentou efeito fungistático (redução < 3 log10UFC/mL a partir do inóculo inicial) nas concentrações de CIM/2, CIM, CIM x 2 e efeito fungicida (redução &#8805;3 log10UFC/mL a partir do inóculo inicial) na CIM x 4 a apartir das 2 horas. Não foi constatado alteração na micromorfologia da cepa LM 2601, selecionada para o estudo da cinética e da micromorfologia, quando submetida ao contato com o óleo essencial em diferentes concentrações. O óleo essencial de L. nobilis L. apresentou atividade antifúngica contra as cepas de C. neoformans testadas e dessa forma, pode representar um novo produto com potencial antifúngico no tratamento da criptococose.

Submitted by FERNANDA DA SILVA VON PORSTER (fdsvporster@univates.br) on 2018-01-05T10:46:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2017IsaCarlaOsterkamp.pdf: 11554617 bytes, checksum: bda65966a550c26c21bf7c41d25cd250 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Lisboa Monteiro (monteiro@univates.br) on 2018-01-05T19:23:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2017IsaCarlaOsterkamp.pdf: 11554617 bytes, checksum: bda65966a550c26c21bf7c41d25cd250 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-05T19:23:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) 2017IsaCarlaOsterkamp.pdf: 11554617 bytes, checksum: bda65966a550c26c21bf7c41d25cd250 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01 / CAPES / Os vegetais são organismos sensíveis às mudanças climáticas e podem ser considerados importantes testemunhos de eventos ambientais que afetaram e continuam afetando o planeta. Quando inseridos em contexto sedimentar sob a forma de fósseis, as plantas acabam por se transformar em registros confiáveis de variações paleoambientais ocorridas enquanto viviam. Por sua vez, o carvão vegetal macroscópico é amplamente aceito como indicador de ocorrência de (paleo)incêndios vegetacionais durante o seu processo de deposição. O estudo do carvão vegetal tem permitido realizar interpretações paleoambientais, taxonômicas e tafonômicas, portanto muitos trabalhos já foram publicados sobre sua ocorrência em diferentes períodos geológicos em todo o planeta. Entretanto, os processos sobre a formação do carvão vegetal, as condições ambientais no momento de sua deposição, e principalmente as variações observadas nas suas estruturas anatômicas, tem sido alvo menos frequente de estudos. Estas alterações ainda são desconhecidas para muitos táxons modernos de relevância paleobotânica. O presente estudo analisa alterações anatômicas, durante a carbonização artificial de madeira em espécies de Araucariaceae (Araucaria angustifolia, A. bidwillii, A. columnaris e Wollemia nobilis). Os parâmetros vistos e a longa história geológica mostram o valor que as formas associadas à família Araucariaceae possuem na avaliação do clima e da geologia pretéritos, tornando seu estudo especialmente valioso para geólogos e paleobotânicos. Blocos de madeira foram submetidos ao tratamento térmico, da condição ambiente até 1000ºC, aumentando de 50-50ºC. O carvão foi analisado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). As mensurações dos caracteres anatômicos da madeira e do carvão foram analisadas estatisticamente em 0,05 de significância. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria das características anatômicas analisadas é estatisticamente significativas correlacionadas com as temperaturas de carbonização. Grande parte dos caracteres mostrou uma acentuada redução dimensional com o aumento da temperatura. No entanto, em comparação com a variabilidade das características anatômicas, há pouca modificação ocasionada pela temperatura. Com relação ao carvão vegetal fóssil de Araucariaceae, o presente trabalho pode contribuir para inferências taxonômicas e paleoambientais. / Plants are organisms that are sensitive to climate change and can be considered important testimonies of environmental events that have affected and continue to affect the planet. When inserted in a sedimentary context in the form of fossils, the plants turn into reliable records of paleoenvironmental variations occurring while they lived. In turn, macroscopic charcoal is widely accepted as an indicator of occurrence of (paleo)wildfires during its deposition process. The study of charcoal has allowed to perform paleoenvironmental, taxonomic and taphonomic interpretations, so many works have already been published about their occurrence in different geological periods around the planet. However, the processes on charcoal formation, environmental conditions at the time of deposition, and especially the variations observed in their anatomical structures, have been less frequent targets of studies. These changes are still unknown to many modern taxa of paleobotanical relevance. The present study analyzes anatomical alterations during artificial carbonization of wood in Araucariaceae species (Araucaria angustifolia, A. bidwillii, A. columnaris and Wollemia nobilis). The parameters observed and the long geological history show the value that the forms associated to the Araucariaceae family have in the evaluation of the previous climate and geology, making their study especially valuable for geologists and paleobotanists. Wood blocks were submitted to the thermal treatment, from the ambient condition up to 1000ºC, increasing from 50-50ºC. The charcoal was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The measurements of the anatomical characters of the wood and the charcoal were statistically analyzed in 0,05 of significance. The results showed that most of the anatomical characteristics analyzed are statistically significant correlated with the carbonization temperatures. Most of the characters showed a marked dimensional reduction with increasing temperature. However, in comparison to the variability of anatomical characteristics, there is little modification caused by temperature. With regard to the fossil charcoal of Araucariaceae, the present work can contribute to taxonomic and paleoenvironmental inferences.

The Orchids Erythrodes nobilis, Macodes petola, Ludisia discolor, Erythrodes hirsura, Dosinia marmorata a Anoectochilus sp. belongs to a group of terestrial orchids of south-eastern Asia. These orchids are adapted to life the undergrowth of tropical rain forests. This thesis deals with the adaptations to shading of these orchids especially with the anatomical adaptations and the concentration of pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, anthocyanins). The typical attributes of the leaf anatomical structure of the species studied include one-layer epidermis consisting of lens-like cells, and the upper layer of mezophyll with signs of palisade parenchyma and high content of chlorophylls.

Submitted by RAQUEL COLOMBO OLIVEIRA null (raquelcolombo@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-08-10T23:30:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_RaquelColombo.pdf: 5946916 bytes, checksum: b1d10d36ae7c233f81dfe59e20d8fd57 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-08-17T19:48:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_rc_me_rcla.pdf: 5946916 bytes, checksum: b1d10d36ae7c233f81dfe59e20d8fd57 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T19:48:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_rc_me_rcla.pdf: 5946916 bytes, checksum: b1d10d36ae7c233f81dfe59e20d8fd57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-18 / O processo de urbanização promove a modificação no uso da terra e torna as áreas urbanas em um complexo mosaico de ambientes naturais e antrópicos. A maracanã- pequena (Diopsittaca nobilis - Psittacidae) teve sua população drasticamente reduzida no estado de São Paulo, todavia apresenta diversas populações recentemente estabelecidas em municípios da região sudeste do país, entre os quais, São Paulo. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição, uso de habitat e parâmetros ecológicos de D. nobilis no município de São Paulo, buscando compreender o estabelecimento desta população e o uso do ambiente pela espécie. Foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos e de dados primários, além de consultas a instituições e especialistas. Quatro campanhas de amostragem foram executadas entre setembro/2015 e julho/2016, em 15 distritos do município, empregando-se o método de “taxa de encontro” em trajetos pré-selecionados. O estudo indica que D. nobilis foi introduzida no município a partir de alguns eventos de soltura, o primeiro deles entre 1987-88, corroborando o Parque Ecológico do Tietê como local e estimando-se um número inicial desta população em 30 a 50 indivíduos. O número inicial de indivíduos, a repetição dos eventos de soltura, realizada com bandos que poderiam ter até 15 indivíduos, e recursos fornecidos pela arborização viária disponível, bem como a suplementação de alimentos no período inicial (soltura branda) devem ter contribuído para o estabelecimento desta população. A distribuição da espécie concentra-se na região central do município, assim como avaliado para o período inicial de estabelecimento, verificando-se progressiva diminuição dos registros à medida em que se afasta do centro. A extensão de ocorrência foi avaliada em 807 km² para São Paulo, chegando a 1074 km² quando considerados registros para a Região Metropolitana. A população de D. nobilis foi avaliada, por meio de censo com contagem simultânea de indivíduos em dormitórios, entre 456 a 524 indivíduos, podendo chegar a 594 indivíduos, ou mais, se consideradas áreas de potencial dormitório ou eventuais dormitórios desconhecidos. A espécie se apresentou como o segundo psitacídeo mais comum na cidade, atrás apenas de Brotogeris tirica. Os bandos registrados variaram entre 1 a 38 indivíduos, com prevalência de casais e bandos com até seis aves, sendo verificada variação circanual no tamanho de bandos, possivelmente refletindo o período reprodutivo da espécie, apontado como de setembro a janeiro. Identificou-se o consumo de frutos, sementes e flores de 12 famílias de plantas, de 22 espécies, predominantemente exóticas. A associação de D. nobilis a palmeiras, verificada para pernoite e sugerida para alimentação e reprodução, deve ser melhor investigada. A espécie distribui-se fundamentalmente pela área urbana, verificando-se sua ausência na região rural do extremo sul do município. A avaliação de uso de habitat indica associação da espécie a Áreas Verdes urbanas, sendo que a população de D. nobilis parece se configurar como uma exploradora do ambiente urbano. Recomenda-se a continuação dos estudos sobre a espécie em áreas urbanas e áreas em que foi introduzida, dando sequência à investigação dos fatores que influenciam a distribuição da espécie em área urbana, mas também abrangendo biologia reprodutiva e tendência populacional. / Urbanization process promotes land use change, creating a complex mosaic of natural and anthropic environments. While the Red-shouldered-macaw (Diopsittaca nobilis – Psittacidae) has had its population severely reduced in the São Paulo state, nowadays it has established several populations in cities in the Brazilian Southeast Region, including the São Paulo city. The present research aimed to evaluate the distribution, habitat use and ecological parameters of the D. nobilis population in São Paulo city, in order to understand the establishment of this species and its environmental use. The research encompassed bibliographic search and personal contact with institutes and experts, besides primary data collection. Field work was conducted between September/2015 and July/2016, in 15 municipal districts, using “encounter rate” method in pre-selected tracks. The research indicates D. nobilis was introduced in the city by some release events, beginning in 1987-88, with initial population size estimated around 30 to 50 individuals. Our study corroborates Tiete Ecological Park as the place where the species was introduced. Some facts such as the initial number of released birds; repeated releases events of groups which could have until 15 individuals, considering this is a gregarious species; and resources provided by urban trees available and soft release may have contributed to the population establishment. The species distribution covers especially the central region of the city, as it was checked for establishment period, noticing a decrease in number of registers as it increases the distance to the central area. The extent of occurrence was gauged in 807 km² in São Paulo city, reaching 1074 km² considering registers available in the Greater São Paulo. D. nobilis population size, evaluated by simultaneous counts of communal roost sites, encompassed between 456 and 524 individuals, which could reach 594 individuals, or even more, considering potential roost areas or unknown roost sites. The species was the second most common parrot in the city, after the most common Brotogeris tirica. Flocks of D. nobilis had between 1 to 38 individuals, and couples and groups of up to six birds prevailed. The flock size presented an annual fluctuation, possibly in response to the reproductive period of the species – between September to January, as indicated by this research. We identify the species feeding of fruits, seeds and flowers of 12 plant family, comprising 22 species, most of them exotic. Association between D. nobilis and palm trees was verified for roosting and it was suggested for feeding and nesting, but it must be better investigated. The species distribution comprised the urban area of the city, being absent in the rural area in the south region of São Paulo. The evaluation of the D. nobilis habitat use indicates an association between the species and urban green areas. D. nobilis population could be classified as an urban exploiter. Further studies are recommended about this species in urban areas and in areas with introduced populations, in order to continue the investigation about factors which influence the distribution of this species in urban areas, but also involving reproductive biology and population trends.

Orientador: Elizabeth Orika Ono / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o efeito de ácido indolbutírico (IBA) no enraizamento de estacas apicais de louro (Laurus nobilis L.) aplicado sozinho ou em conjunto com ácido bórico, em câmara de nebulização com temperatura e umidade controladas. As estacas foram coletadas de ramos jovens (mais externos) de louro, no dia 14 de fevereiro de 2001 entre 7:00 e 9:00 horas da manhã e transportadas ao Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal do Departamento de Botânica, do Instituto de Biociências - UNESP, onde procedeu-se ao preparo das mesmas. Dos ramos foram retiradas estacas apicais mantendo-se apenas duas folhas na parte superior, sendo o comprimento de 15cm. Após o preparo das estacas, estas receberam diferentes concentrações de ácido indol-butírico (IBA) a 0, 50, 150 e 300mg.L-1, misturado ou não com boro 150mg.mL-1, onde as suas bases permaneceram imersas por 24 horas. Logo após os tratamentos, as estacas foram colocadas em bandejas de isopor contendo como substrato, casca de arroz carbonizada e mantidas sob nebulização. A coleta das estacas foi realizada 70 dias após a instalação, onde foram avaliadas a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, porcentagem de estacas com calo, porcentagem de estacas vivas, porcentagem de estacas mortas, número de raízes formadas e comprimento das raízes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, o IBA 50mg.L-1 proporcionou a maior porcentagem de estacas enraizadas (54,17%). A adição de boro aos tratamentos auxínicos levou a maior porcentagem de estacas com calos e menor porcentagem de estacas mortas. O tratamento com IBA 50mg.L-1 + boro proporcionou o maior número de raízes nas estacas (10,12) e maior comprimento dessas raízes (46,57mm). / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the indolebutyric acid (IBA) on laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) stem cuttings rooting applied with or without boric acid, carried within greenhouse with mist, on controlled temperature and humidity. The cuttings was obtained as harvest of laurel plants, in February, 14, in the between at 7:00 and 9:00 hours, and transported for the Plant Physiology Laboratory from Department of Botany of Institute of Bioscience - UNESP where was preceded the preparation of cuttings. The cuttings was taked of apical portion and leaving two leaves by the up-side. The cuttings' lenght was 15cm. The cuttings were treated with indole-butyric acid (IBA) at 0, 50, 150 and 300mg.L-1 with or without 150mg.mL-1 of boron, where 1cm of the cutting base was immersed for 24 hours. After the treatments, the cuttings were put in styrofoam trays with carbonized rice hull and maintained on intermittent mist during 70 days when was evaluated the rooting percentage, stem cuttings with callus percentage, live cuttings percentage, dead cuttings percentage, roots number and roots length. The results showed that IBA 50mg.L-1 enhanced the rooting percentage (54,17%). Auxins treatments with boron enhanced the stem cuttings with callus percentage and lower dead cuttings percentage. The treatments with IBA 50mg.L-1 + boron showed the higher root number in stem cuttings (10,12) and higher length of this roots (46,57mm). / Mestre

La especie endémica Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus, 1758) es el mayor bivalvo del mar Mediterráneo y uno de los mayores del mundo, pudiendo tener un tamaño superior a 1 m de longitud. Las poblaciones de la especie se han visto reducidas durante las últimas décadas por diversas causas de origen antrópico. Actualmente, la situación de la especie es crítica en todo el Mediterráneo, como consecuencia de la mortalidad masiva producida por el protozoo parásito Haplosporidium pinnae. La gravedad es tal, que se considera que la mortalidad es del 100% en las poblaciones afectadas, habiendo sido declarada en España en el año 2019, como especie en peligro de extinción. La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivos principales evaluar el estado de las poblaciones de P. nobilis antes y después del evento de mortalidad masiva, así como el estudio de la influencia de las variables ambientales sobre la actividad de las valvas de la especie. El estudio se llevó a cabo en la provincia de Alicante y de manera puntual, en estaciones de muestreo situadas en el resto de la Comunidad Valenciana. Se realizaron censos mediante equipo de buceo autónomo, comprobándose como, antes del evento de mortalidad, iniciado a finales de 2016, la densidad y distribución de tallas dependieron de los factores ambientales de cada localidad. A finales del año 2018 la mortalidad detectada fue del 100 % y se comprobó como la dispersión de los efectos causados por el protozoo se produjo de sur a norte de la Comunidad Valenciana. Para el estudio de la influencia de los factores ambientales en P. nobilis, se diseñó y fabricó un sistema de monitorización específico y se desarrolló un experimento de seguimiento in situ con seis individuos durante dos años. Las nacras estuvieron sincronizadas la mayor parte del tiempo y revelaron dos patrones estacionales de actividad, mostrando especial sensibilidad a las corrientes con dirección bimodal, como las producidas por las olas. Parte del presente trabajo de tesis doctoral se incluye dentro del concepto Ciencia Ciudadana, demostrando como los voluntarios con la formación, medios necesarios y supervisión adecuada, pueden obtener datos científicos de calidad.

ABSTRACT SOLVENT-FREE MICROWAVE EXTRACTION AND MICROWAVEASSISTED HYDRODISTILLATION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SPICES Bayramoglu, Beste M.S., Department of Food Engineering Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Serpil Sahin Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. S. G&uuml / l&uuml / m S&uuml / mn&uuml / September 2007, 130 pages The undesirable effects of conventional methods generated the need for economical and safe techniques in the extraction of essential oils. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) are recently developed techniques, which are thought to overcome this problem. Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were chosen in this study since they have high antimicrobial and antioxidant effects and are widely grown and consumed in Turkey. The objectives of this study were to examine the applicability of SFME in the extraction of essential oils from oregano and laurel, and MAHD in the extraction of rosemary essential oil. The effects of microwave power and extraction time on the yield, composition, and other quality parameters of the extracts were also investigated. Hydrodistillation was performed as control. SFME offered significantly higher essential oil yields (0.054 mL oil/g oregano) from oregano as compared to hydrodistillation (0.048 mL oil/g oregano). Conventional process time was reduced by 80%. Main aroma compound was thymol (650-750 mg thymol/mL oil). For laurel, no significant differences were obtained in yields (about 0.022 mL oil/g laurel) obtained by SFME and hydrodistillation. Process time was reduced by 55-60%. Main aroma compound was 1,8-cineole (630-730 mg 1,8-cineole/mL oil). In the case of rosemary, no significant differences were obtained in yields (about 0.026 mL oil/g rosemary) obtained by MAHD at 622 W and hydrodistillation. The process time was reduced by about 65%. Main aroma compounds were 1,8-cineole (430-500 mg 1,8-cineole/mL oil) and camphor (150-210 mg camphor/mL oil). Keywords: Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME), Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), Origanum vulgare L., Laurus nobilis L., Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Ptilotus nobilis is a short-lived perennial wildflower, native to semi-arid and arid areas of Australia. Propagation by vegetative means is constrained by the early onset and a continuous flowering habit. Despite being defined as the main barrier for vegetative propagation no published research on floral induction and initiation was found. The aim of this study is to provide the first insights into floral evocation in P. nobilis, with the general objectives being to investigate floral induction and initiation, find the means to maintain plants in the vegetative phase, enhance leaf initiation and to gain knowledge of growth and development with an emphasis on light intensity, temperature and daylength. Early experiments aimed to increase the understanding of growth and development. The main cardinal events were identified including the onset of branching (axillary stem growth), visible bud stage, first floret opening and maturity of the inflorescence. To aid future cultivation schedules, four growing degree days (GDD) and one chronological model, using days after sowing (DAS), were established and validated. All GDD models were accurate in predicting first floret opening and maturity, but not in predicting visible bud stage. Best prediction was achieved by using an upper temperature threshold of 18.2 ºC and an own base temperature of 5.0 ºC. Days after sowing were an accurate means of prediction, indicating that temperature and other variables such as light intensity regulate development. A series of defoliation treatments investigated the maintenance of P. nobilis plants in the vegetative phase. Within all treatments, reproductive structures were observed and all plants with more than two true leaves entered the reproductive phase. Plants with less than two true leaves showed a delayed floral bud appearance by up to 20 days. Floral development was affected by most defoliation treatments resulting in vegetative growth within the inflorescences. It is hypothesized that plants have a very short juvenile phase and that a constant floral stimulus may be needed for floral evocation. Using scanning electron and light microscopy a template for the transition from vegetative to reproductive phase was developed. Bract initiation was accompanied by a significant increase in meristem area and diameter, and was defined as the onset of flowering. The established template was used in a subsequent glasshouse trial, which revealed that floral initiation occurred very early and at 25 DAS all plants had entered the reproductive phase. Branching and leaf area expansion were identified as post- initiation processes. Plants were exposed to different light intensities (229.3, 398.6 and 909.3 µmol m-2 s-1) in a glasshouse. Under low light, final leaf number increased by up to three leaves, indicating that the vegetative phase was prolonged. Cardinal events were delayed but all plants reached maturity. It was concluded that a light intensity of 229.3 µmol m-2 s-1 was not low enough to prevent floral initiation and that a further decrease of light intensity in combination with temperature could be more effective. Interactions of light intensity, temperature and daylength were investigated. Plants were grown under high light and low light (< 1.2 MJ m-2) intensities, 25/10 ºC and 35/20 ºC and daylengths of 11 h and 16 h. During the trial period (42 days), low light intensity suppressed floral initiation and high temperatures maintained more plants (70%) in the vegetative phase. However daylength treatments had no effect on the time of bract initiation or the percentage of vegetative plants. After 83 days floral buds and axillary stems were observed on some plants under low light intensity, indicating the onset of the reproductive phase and showing that P. nobilis could not be maintained in the vegetative phase indefinitely. Plants under high light were harvested at maturity and effects of temperature and daylength were analysed. Final leaf number increased under 35/20 ºC supporting the previously established results that floral initiation was delayed and leaf production enhanced by high temperature. Morphological data was collected to classify the photoperiodic response of P. nobilis. Plants under 25/10 ºC and 11 h had the longest inflorescences and greatest number of buds and flowers, which was also reflected in the buds and flowers dry weight, with an increase of up to 3.4 fold under these conditions. The difficulty of classifying some plants accordingly to their photoperiodic response and the proposal that P. nobilis may be a facultative short day plant under 25/10 ºC is discussed. In summary, this study presents the first evidence that P. nobilis has a very short juvenile phase and that growth and development are mainly driven by light intensity and temperature. It was possible to enhance vegetative growth by defoliation, low light intensity and high temperatures, however this did not fully prevent flowering, which indicates that P. nobilis has a very strong flowering response or signal.