Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Hochleistungsdioden aus den Halbleitermaterialen Silizium und Siliziumkarbid. Analysiert werden die statischen und dynamischen Schalteigenschaften. Bei den SiC-Bauelementen handelt es sich um unipolare Schottky-Dioden und bei den Silizium-Dioden um bipolare pin-Dioden. Bei den SiC-Schottky-Dioden liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Analyse des statischen Durchbruchverhaltens von Randstrukturen und auf der Untersuchung der Selbsterwärmung bei Einzel- und Mehrpulsbelastung. Bei den bipolaren Silizium-Dioden wird das Durchbruchverhalten bei niedrigen und hohen Stromdichten untersucht. Aus den Sperrcharakteristiken, die positiv und negativ differentielle Widerstandsäste aufweisen, lassen sich Schlussfolgerungen auf das dynamische Verhalten ziehen. Das Abschaltverhalten (reverse recovery) der mit Plasma überschwemmten Bauelemente wird zuerst im Hinblick auf den Einfluss von Strukturparametern untersucht, um die prinzipiellen Einflussgrößen zu erläutern. Dann folgen die Ergebnisse zur Filamentbildung, die bei den hohen Belastungen der Bauelemente während des Kommutierungsprozesses auftreten können. Die auftretenden Filamentstrukturen werden analysiert und - soweit möglich - Einflussgrößen herausgearbeitet. Schließlich wird noch auf den Einfluss von Randstrukturen auf das Filamentierungsverhalten, die als Inhomogenität in jedem Bauelement vorhanden sind, eingegangen.

Σκοπός της παρούσης εργασίας είναι η βιβλιογραφική αναζήτηση, παράθεση και επιβεβαίωση παλαιότερων τεχνικών που έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί κατά καιρούς για τη βέλτιστη στόχευση και ηλεκτρικό ερεθισμό δομών των βασικών γαγγλίων και του θαλάμου, αλλά και η αναζήτηση νέων τεχνικών που θα μπορούσαν να χρησιμοποιηθούν τόσο κατά τη διάρκεια του χειρουργείου όσο και μετά από αυτό. Το κύριο μέρος της εργασίας είναι η εύρεση νέων συνδυαστικών τεχνικών οι οποίες επηρεάζουν τη στόχευση των εν τω βάθει πυρήνων, και πιο συγκεκριμένα την διεγχειρητική στόχευση του υποθαλάμιου πυρήνα κατά την διάρκεια στερεοτακτικής και λειτουργικής νευροχειρουργικής Παρκινσονικών ασθενών, καθώς και ο καθορισμός συγκεκριμένων τροχιών μικρο/μακροηλεκτροδίων οι οποίες να μπορούν να εγγυηθούν μακροχρόνια θετικά κλινικά αποτελέσματα. Προτού αναφέρουμε λεπτομερώς αυτές τις τεχνικές, αναλύουμε τον τρόπο λειτουργίας του εν τω βάθει εγκεφαλικού διεγέρτη, αναφέρουμε κάποια ιστορικά ορόσημα στην ανάπτυξη της στερεοτακτικής και λειτουργικής νευροχειρουργικής και αναφέρουμε τους διαφόρους πυρήνες που έχουν διεγερθεί κατά καιρούς για την αντιμετώπιση των συμπτωμάτων διαφόρων νευρολογικών παθήσεων. Επίσης αναφέρουμε αρκετά ανατομικά στοιχεία (συνοδεία σχεδίων) των υπό διέγερση περιοχών καθώς και τη φυσιολογία που εμπλέκεται έτσι ώστε να έχουμε μείωση ή και εξάλειψη των διαφόρων νευρολογικών/ψυχιατρικών συμπτωμάτων. Αναφερόμαστε στη γενικότερη εφαρμογή του ηλεκτρισμού στην ιατρική καλύπτοντας τόσο το κεντρικό όσο και το περιφερειακό νευρικό σύστημα, σε ασθένειες οι οποίες παρουσιάζουν νευρολογικές και ψυχιατρικές εκφάνσεις, ενώ αναλύουμε και διεξοδικά τον μηχανισμό δράσης νευρολογικών ασθενειών από μοριακό επίπεδο μέχρι των αλλαγών που παρατηρούνται στα μετρήσιμα ηλεκτρικά πεδία τόσο των εν τω βάθει δομών όσο και του φλοιού. Στο τελευταίο κεφάλαιο αυτής της εργασίας αναλύουμε τις μετρήσεις μας που ελήφθησαν από 7 Παρκινσονικούς ασθενείς κατά τη διάρκεια χειρουργείου για την στόχευση και ερεθισμό του υποθαλάμιου πυρήνα, και αναφέρουμε πως με τη χρήση μη γραμμικής δυναμικής και χάους μπορούμε να επιτύχουμε το βέλτιστο κλινικό αποτέλεσμα. / The objective of the present thesis is the bibliographical research, instantiation and confirmation of various techniques that have been occasionally used for the most optimal targeting and electric stimulation of basal ganglia nuclei and thalamus, as well as the finding of new innovative techniques that can be used so much intraoperatively as much postoperatively. The main part of this thesis is the finding of new combined techniques that influence the targeting of deep brain nuclei, and more specifically the targeting of subthalamic nucleus during functional neurosurgery in parkinsonian patients, as well as the determination of specific trajectories of micro/macroelectrodes which can guarantee long-lasting positive clinical results. Before we report in detail these techniques, we analyze the function of the deep brain stimulator, we report certain historical landmarks in the growth of stereotactic and functional neurosurgery and we report the various nuclei that they occasionally have been stimulated for the amelioration of symptoms of various neurological diseases. Also we report many anatomical information (accompanied by drawings) of the areas under stimulation as well as the physiology that is involved so as to induce amelioration of various neurological/psychiatric symptoms. We have analyzed the more general application of electricity in the medicine covering so much the central as much the peripheral nervous system, the symptoms of diseases that present neurological and psychiatric manifestations, while we have analyzed in depth the mechanism of action of neurological diseases from molecular level up to the changes that are observed in the measurable electric fields from both deep brain nuclei and the cerebral cortex. In the last chapter of this thesis we analyze the electric activity that was measured intraoperatively from scalp and deep brain electrodes of 7 parkinsonian patients during targeting and stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus, and we report that with the use of non linear dynamics and chaos we can achieve the most optimal clinical result.

This thesis addresses solitary waves and their significance for auroral particle acceleration, coronal heating and incoherent scatter radar spectra. Solitary waves are formed due to a balance of nonlinear and dispersive effects. There are several nonlinearities present in ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and dispersion can be introduced by including theHall termin the generalised Ohm’s law. The resulting system of equations comprise the classical ideal MHD waves, whistlers, drift waves and solitarywave solutions. The latter reside in distinct regions of the phase space spanned by the speed and the angle (to the magnetic field) of the propagating wave. Within each region, qualitatively similar solitary structures are found. In the limit of neglected electron intertia, the solitary wave solutions are confined to two regions of slow and fast waves, respectively. The slow (fast) structures are associated with density compressions (rarefactions) and positive (negative) electric potentials. Such negative potentials are shown to accelerate electrons in the auroral region (solar corona) to tens (hundreds) of keV. The positive electric potentials could accelerate solar wind ions to velocities of 300–800 km/s. The structure widths perpendicular to themagnetic field are in the Earth’s magnetosphere (solar corona) of the order of 1–100 km (m). This thesis also addresses a type of incoherent scatter radar spectra, where the ion line exhibits a spectrally uniform power enhancement with the up- and downshifted shoulder and the spectral region in between enhanced simultaneously and equally. The power enhancements are one order of magnitude above the thermal level and are often localised to an altitude range of less than 20 km at or close to the ionospheric F region peak. The observations are well-described by a model of ion-acoustic solitary waves propagating transversely across the radar beam. Two cases of localised ion line enhancements are shown to occur in conjunction with auroral arcs drifting through the radar beam. The arc passages are associated with large gradients in ion temperature, which are shown to generate sufficiently high velocity shears to give rise to growing Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instabilities. The observed ion line enhancements are interpreted in the light of the low-frequency turbulence associated with these instabilities. / Denna avhandling handlar om solitära vågor och deras roll i norrskensacceleration och koronaupphettning, samt deras signatur i spektra uppmätta med inkoherent spridningsradar. Solitära vågor bildas genom en balans mellan ickelinjära och dispersiva effekter. Ickelinjäriteter finns det gott om i ideal magnetohydrodynamik (MHD) och dispersion kan införas genom att inkludera Halltermen i den generaliserade Ohms lag. Det resulterande ekvationssystemet omfattar de klassiska vågorna inom ideal MHD, visslare, driftvågor och solitära vågor. De sistnämnda återfinns i väldefinierade områden i fasrummet som spänns upp av farten och vinkeln (mot magnetfältet) för den propagerande vågen. Inom varje sådant område återfinns kvalitativt lika solitära våglösningar. Om man försummar elektronernas tröghet begränsas de solitära våglösningarna till två områden med långsamma respektive snabba vågor. De långsamma (snabba) strukturerna är associerade med täthets-kompressioner (förtunningar) och positiva (negativa) elektriska potentialer. De negativa potentialerna visas kunna accelerera elektroner i norrskensområdet (solens korona) till tiotals (hundratals) keV medan de positiva potentialerna accelererar solvindsjoner till hastigheter på 300–800 km/s. Strukturbredderna vinkelrät mot magnetfältet är i jordens magnetosfär (solens korona) av storleksordningen 1–100 km (m). Denna avhandling tar även upp en typ av inkoherent spridningsradarspektra, där jonlinjen uppvisar en spektralt uniform förstärkning. Detta innebär att den upp- och nedskiftade skuldran och spektralbandet däremellan förstärks simultant och i lika hög grad. Effektförstärkningen är en storleksordning över den termiska nivån och är ofta lokaliserad till ett höjd-intervall av mindre än 20 km nära jonosfärens F-skiktstopp. Observationerna beskrivs väl av en modell med solitära vågor som propagerar transversellt genom radarstrålen. Två fall av lokaliserade jonlinjeförstärkningar visas sammanfalla med att norrskensbågar driver genom radarstrålen. I samband med bågarnas passage uppmäts stora gradienter i jontemperatur, vilket visas skapa tillräckligt kraftiga hastighetsskjuvningar för att Kelvin-Helmholtz-instabiliteter ska tillåtas växa. De observerade jonlinjeförstärkningarna tolkas i skenet av den lågfrekventa turbulensen som är kopplad till dessa instabiliteter.

Les ondes gravito-inertielles jouent un rôle majeur dans les échanges d'énergie globaux sur la planète. Si la génération des ondes est bien connue dans l'atmosphère et l'océan, le devenir de ces ondes au cours de leur propagation n'est pas complètement défini aujourd'hui. Ces ondes peuvent interagir de façon non-linéaire avec elles-mêmes et créer des structures de plus petite échelle qui vont se dissiper plus facilement. Ainsi, le phénomène d'instabilité paramétrique sous-harmonique (PSI), a été étudié de façon expérimentale. Nous avons effectué la première mise en évidence expérimentale de l'interaction de trois ondes planes inertielles bi-dimensionnelles, sous la forme d'une triade résonnante. Cette étude améliore en outre la compréhension de la turbulence en rotation. Les ondes internes peuvent aussi créer, ou interagir avec des écoulements lents de grande échellequi peuvent modifier la biodiversité au fond des océans. Nous avons mis en évidence une situation expérimentale à l'origine d’un tel écoulement moyen induit par les ondes et, à l'aide d'un modèle théorique simplifié, nous avons expliqué la formation de ces écoulements. Enfin, on étudie également des tourbillons en fluide stratifié pour permettre de futures études sur l'interaction d'ondes gravito-inertielles avec des tourbillons. / Inertia-gravity waves play a major role in the global transfer of energy on Earth. Even if wave generation is well understood in the atmosphere and in the ocean, their subsequent evolution is not completely understood. These waves can interact nonlinearly with themselves and create small-scales structures that dissipate more rapidly. Motivated by this, the phenomenon of parametric subharmonic instability (PSI), was studied experimentally. We conducted the first laboratory demonstration of the interaction of three two-dimensional inertial plane waves, as a resonant triad. Inertia-gravity waves can also interact with, and create, mean flows of large scale that can modify the transport of energy, chemical and biological compounds, and thereby have an impact on biodiversity in the ocean. We therefore also demonstrated an experimental situation that gives rise to such a flow field and using a simplified theoretical model, we explained the formation of this flow. Finally, we performed some studies of vortices in stratified fluid, to assist future studies of the interaction of inertia-gravity waves with vortices.

Microcirculatory vessels are lined by endothelial cells (ECs) which are surrounded by a single or multiple layer of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Spontaneous and agonist induced spatiotemporal calcium (Ca2+) events are generated in ECs and SMCs, and regulated by complex bi-directional signaling between the two layers which ultimately determines the vessel tone. The contractile state of microcirculatory vessels is an important factor in the determination of vascular resistance, blood flow and blood pressure. This dissertation presents theoretical insights into some of the important and currently unresolved phenomena in microvascular tone regulation. Compartmental and continuum models of isolated EC and SMC, coupled EC-SMC and a multi-cellular vessel segment with deterministic and stochastic descriptions of the cellular components were developed, and the intra- and inter-cellular spatiotemporal Ca2+ mobilization was examined. Coupled EC-SMC model simulations captured the experimentally observed localized subcellular EC Ca2+ events arising from the opening of EC transient receptor vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channels and inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). These localized EC Ca2+ events result in endothelium-derived hyperpolarization (EDH) and Nitric Oxide (NO) production which transmit to the adjacent SMCs to ultimately result in vasodilation. The model examined the effect of heterogeneous distribution of cellular components and channel gating kinetics in determination of the amplitude and spread of the Ca2+ events. The simulations suggested the necessity of co-localization of certain cellular components for modulation of EDH and NO responses. Isolated EC and SMC models captured intracellular Ca2+ wave like activity and predicted the necessity of non-uniform distribution of cellular components for the generation of Ca2+ waves. The simulations also suggested the role of membrane potential dynamics in regulating Ca2+ wave velocity. The multi-cellular vessel segment model examined the underlying mechanisms for the intercellular synchronization of spontaneous oscillatory Ca2+ waves in individual SMC. From local subcellular events to integrated macro-scale behavior at the vessel level, the developed multi-scale models captured basic features of vascular Ca2+ signaling and provide insights for their physiological relevance. The models provide a theoretical framework for assisting investigations on the regulation of vascular tone in health and disease.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Hochleistungsdioden aus den Halbleitermaterialen Silizium und Siliziumkarbid. Analysiert werden die statischen und dynamischen Schalteigenschaften. Bei den SiC-Bauelementen handelt es sich um unipolare Schottky-Dioden und bei den Silizium-Dioden um bipolare pin-Dioden. Bei den SiC-Schottky-Dioden liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Analyse des statischen Durchbruchverhaltens von Randstrukturen und auf der Untersuchung der Selbsterwärmung bei Einzel- und Mehrpulsbelastung. Bei den bipolaren Silizium-Dioden wird das Durchbruchverhalten bei niedrigen und hohen Stromdichten untersucht. Aus den Sperrcharakteristiken, die positiv und negativ differentielle Widerstandsäste aufweisen, lassen sich Schlussfolgerungen auf das dynamische Verhalten ziehen. Das Abschaltverhalten (reverse recovery) der mit Plasma überschwemmten Bauelemente wird zuerst im Hinblick auf den Einfluss von Strukturparametern untersucht, um die prinzipiellen Einflussgrößen zu erläutern. Dann folgen die Ergebnisse zur Filamentbildung, die bei den hohen Belastungen der Bauelemente während des Kommutierungsprozesses auftreten können. Die auftretenden Filamentstrukturen werden analysiert und - soweit möglich - Einflussgrößen herausgearbeitet. Schließlich wird noch auf den Einfluss von Randstrukturen auf das Filamentierungsverhalten, die als Inhomogenität in jedem Bauelement vorhanden sind, eingegangen.

<p>Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative disease with progressive deterioration of neural networks in the brain. Fractal dimension analysis (FD) of resting state blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signals acquired using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) allows us to quantify complex signalling in the brain and may offer a window into the network erosion. This novel approach can provide a sensitive tool to examine early stages of AD. As AD progresses, we expect to see a reduction in brain connectivity and signal complexity concurrent with biochemical changes (e.g. altered levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), myoinositol (mI) and glutamate as measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MRS), volumetric changes and abnormally high levels of brain iron.</p> <p>Over a series of 4 studies we examined the relationship of BOLD signal complexity and functional connectivity with documented MRI markers of pathology in AD (n=38) as compared to normal controls (NC) (n=16). AD subjects were in early stage of illness (mild to moderate impairment on the mini mental state exam, MMSE). We validated the temporal (short term (within minutes) and longer term (over a number of months)) consistency of FD measurement and choice of BOLD acquisition method (spiral vs. EPI), provided MRI sequence repeat time (TR) was kept constant. FD reduction (decrease in signal complexity) correlated with worsening pathological values on MRS (­NAA decrease and mI increase) and with a decrease in functional connectivity. This demonstrates that FD (signal complexity) reduces in proportion to AD severity. FD reduction is connected to functional connectivity measured through resting state network (RSN) analysis suggesting the reduction in FD relates to neuronal loss rather than altered vascularity. The narrow range of cognitive impairment (such as scores on the MMSE or the clinical dementia rating scale, CDR) likely precluded correlation between these measures and FD or RSN. Functional connectivity (RSN) was also reduced when brain iron levels were increased within certain network nodes (posterior cingulate cortex and lateral parietal cortex). Therefore iron deposition may play a role in network disruption of AD brains.</p> <p>The overall conclusion of this thesis is that signal complexity of BOLD fMRI signals, as measured with FD, may detect early pathology in the progression of AD. FD can detect neuronal changes in deep brain structures before volume loss in these structures and before significant changes in MRS markers were detectable between the AD and NC groups. An FD change mirrors disruptions in functional connectivity but detection is not limited to RSN nodes in the brain. This novel approach could further our understanding of AD and may be applied to other pathologies of the brain.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)