Review of Ingratiation from the Renaissance to the Present: The Art and Ethics of Gaining Favor. By Jeff Diamond. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2017. Pp. xviii+216. $100.00 (cloth); $95.00 (e-book).

Review of Erin Maglaque. (2018) Venice's Intimate Empire: Family Life and Scholarship in the Renaissance Mediterranean. Cornell. 9781501721656.

This thesis compares the use of religion by Russian and English monarchies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as well as the response of the public in each country. It examines official religion in each state, as well as the kinds of toleration each extended to other religions. In both cases, the outlook of the monarchy changed over the course of the period under study; while both monarchies clearly understood the key role religion played in the lives of their subjects and the power it afforded the state and its sovereigns, the “official” use of religion continued in Russia and ultimately dwindled in England in the eighteenth century. The fate of competing religious tendencies in each society also contrasted during these key centuries. Drawing on scholarly literature on religion and politics in Russia and England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this essay argues that the two cases can be usefully contrasted. One country, Russia, focused on changing religious forms of practice, while the other, England, focused more on changing the substance of the religion itself. The Russian monarchy explicitly sought to use religion as a tool, preserving its position in society and the people’s beliefs. The monarchy in England sought to make substantive changes in religious belief and worship, clearing the way for the rise of other popular religions.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 38-05, Section: A, page: 2837. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1977.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 35-02, Section: A, page: 1006. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1970.

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<p>Denna uppsats behandlar EU:s inre marknad och dess fria rörlighet av varor. Den fria rörligheten av varor reglerar i artiklarna 28 och 29 EG-fördraget. Dessa artiklar förbjuder import- och exportrestriktioner samt ÅMV mellan medlemsstaterna. Det finns däremot undantag till dessa artiklar i artikel 30 EG-fördraget, som kan tillämpas om åtgärden är tillräckligt nödvändig och lämplig. Artiklarna 28 - 30 EG-fördraget är framför allt tillämpliga på gemenskapens medlemsstater, men även på dess institutioner, något som bekräftas i EG-domstolens praxis.</p><p>EU:s institutioner har befogenheter att införa harmoniserande akter som exempelvis reglerar den inre marknaden. En av dessa institutioner är Kommissionen som har befogenhet att införa beslut, antingen i samråd med Rådet, eller på eget initiativ i enlighet med fördragsbestämmelserna. Ett av de beslut som Kommissionen inrättat är beslut 2004/388/EG om ett dokument om överföring av explosiva varor. Beslutet riktade sig till alla medlemsländer inom EU och hade till syfte att reglera handeln med explosiva varor. Ett företag som handlar med explosiva varor och som därmed påverkades av Kommissionens beslut är Orica Mining Services i Nora. Detta beslut innehåller flera regler om själva överföringsdokumentet som skall se ut på ett visst sätt.</p><p>Frågan huruvida Kommissionen kan införa beslut som strider mot artiklarna</p><p>28 - 30 EG-fördraget kan därmed bekräftas utifrån dels EG-domstolens praxis och dels den information som intervjuerna bidragit med. Genom att institutionen inte har tillräckliga skäl till att motivera en åtgärd i enlighet med undantagen i artikel 30 EG-fördraget strider åtgärdens införande mot fördragsbestämmelserna om den fria rörligheten av varor.</p>

This study introduces the idea that, taken together, the major institutional frameworks of the ultra-Protestant culture of loyalism in the southwestern lowlands of Scotland can be conceived as a civil religion. I argue that loyalist civil religion in lowland Scotland was comprised of a distinct set of institutions including the Orange Order, Glasgow Rangers Football Club, loyalist street gangs and paramilitaries and loyalist flute bands. The elements that informed each of these loyalist groups were not unrelated, but part of a multidimensional and interactive civil religious movement. Each institution appealed to a wide range of viewpoints within the loyalist community but they all rallied around the same general “cause” and participated in the same ritual gatherings. Loyalist civil religion in the urban lowlands was articulated through an understood system of rituals, folklore, symbols and moral values related to the Protestant Irish’s shared experience of historical conflict and victimization at the hands of Roman Catholics. Regular ritual commemorations of past events guided contemporary loyalist agendas and actions. Through the folk collage of symbols, songs and other folk displays at loyalist ritual events, the history and contemporary goals of loyalism were relayed to future generations of potential loyalists. The recurrent celebration of past military heroes, battles and blood sacrifices in the name of the loyalist cause helped to legitimize and sustain loyalist culture in Scotland, even after the civil religion of loyalism developed into a civil religion of a “Lost Cause.” This work argues that loyalist civil religion was not just a formation of an agreed-upon national creed, but functioned to unify a subgroup within a nation driven to articulate its identity in a way contrary to the national status quo. Loyalist civil religion forged not only a banner of collective allegiance, but also a charter for action. Loyalists not only believed they had the right to pursue their “way of life,” but they were united by the belief that they were engaged in a constant battle with the “shadowy” forces of Roman Catholicism whose collective was supposedly engaged in an ongoing quest to undermine the cherished British “civil and religious liberties” secured by William III in 1690 at the Battle of the Boyne.

Denna uppsats behandlar EU:s inre marknad och dess fria rörlighet av varor. Den fria rörligheten av varor reglerar i artiklarna 28 och 29 EG-fördraget. Dessa artiklar förbjuder import- och exportrestriktioner samt ÅMV mellan medlemsstaterna. Det finns däremot undantag till dessa artiklar i artikel 30 EG-fördraget, som kan tillämpas om åtgärden är tillräckligt nödvändig och lämplig. Artiklarna 28 - 30 EG-fördraget är framför allt tillämpliga på gemenskapens medlemsstater, men även på dess institutioner, något som bekräftas i EG-domstolens praxis. EU:s institutioner har befogenheter att införa harmoniserande akter som exempelvis reglerar den inre marknaden. En av dessa institutioner är Kommissionen som har befogenhet att införa beslut, antingen i samråd med Rådet, eller på eget initiativ i enlighet med fördragsbestämmelserna. Ett av de beslut som Kommissionen inrättat är beslut 2004/388/EG om ett dokument om överföring av explosiva varor. Beslutet riktade sig till alla medlemsländer inom EU och hade till syfte att reglera handeln med explosiva varor. Ett företag som handlar med explosiva varor och som därmed påverkades av Kommissionens beslut är Orica Mining Services i Nora. Detta beslut innehåller flera regler om själva överföringsdokumentet som skall se ut på ett visst sätt. Frågan huruvida Kommissionen kan införa beslut som strider mot artiklarna 28 - 30 EG-fördraget kan därmed bekräftas utifrån dels EG-domstolens praxis och dels den information som intervjuerna bidragit med. Genom att institutionen inte har tillräckliga skäl till att motivera en åtgärd i enlighet med undantagen i artikel 30 EG-fördraget strider åtgärdens införande mot fördragsbestämmelserna om den fria rörligheten av varor.

The inner market of the European Community is developing and as a part of this company law and the freedom of establishment are doing the same. Some of this development is carried out through case law from the European Court of Justice as well as through Community harmonisations. As this has happened some worried voices has been raised arguing that a development similar to that in the USA, known as the Delaware effect, might occur. There has been some development indicating such development; companies have made use of the freedom of establishment to seek a more favorable legislation and Member States have changed and adapted their legislations. An example is the lowering of the minimum paid-up capital for limited liability companies that has oc-curred. In this paper the Delaware effect is investigated in order to clarify what it is and how it has developed. This knowledge is vital to be able to se if a Delaware effect might be developing within the European Community. There has been a large discussion on the Delaware effect in the USA and it is evident from that discussion that there are scholars arguing in several directions and that it is in-conclusive whether or not the Delaware effect is detrimental to shareholders, companies and others. In this paper it is argued that, as it is questionable what the Delaware effect en-tails in the USA it is even more questionable to talk about a Delaware effect within the European Community. The Member States are to some extent re-stricted, due to Community harmonisations, as to what they can do in order to compete for incorporations. Companies are also hampered in their attempts to make use of the freedom of establishment, especially companies already incor-porated in a MS. It is also argued that there is a lack of incentives and possibili-ties for both Member States and companies to facilitate a competition for company law. Adding these components together, the preconditions within the European Community are not suitable for a Delaware effect or a European Community Delaware to emerge. The continued development of the freedom of establish-ment along with the companies increased understanding of its benefits might create incentives to seek more favorable legislations, but it is highly unlikely that a Member State will emerge to be as successful as Delaware.