The Canadian livestock industry generates 150 million tonnes of manure annually and the majority of this manure is land applied. This practice allows the manure nutrients to be recycled to the soil crop system while improving soil fertility. However, land application of manure has the potential to negatively impact soil, water, and air quality if not managed properly. Microbial processes transform the manure nutrients into forms that are susceptible to leaching or volatilization. Balancing the nutrient loss dynamics from fertilized soil is very difficult because the nutrient transformations are affected by the soil environment such as air and water content, pH, and labile carbon content. All of these soil environmental factors can be influenced by manure application practices such as application rate, timing, and manure placement. Knowledge of how these management practices affect the soil environment can help producers make management decisions that reduce the likelihood of soil, water, and air contamination from manure application.<p> Very few data exist on how manure application practices affect odour emissions after spreading. Therefore, the efficiency of subsurface application in reducing odours from manure spreading for both solid and liquid manure was assessed. Flux chambers and dynamic dilution olfactometry were used to measure odour emissions from five livestock manure species applied at three application rates using surface and subsurface application methods. The results indicated that odour concentrations from injected plots were up to 66% (37% on average) lower than concentrations from broadcast applications. Injection seemed to have a larger impact on reducing odours from solid manure than liquid manure, mainly due to efficient manure coverage from solid manure injection. Odours measured immediately after solid manure applications were also 37% lower than from liquid manure applications. In general, odours from both manure types increased with higher application rates, but there was little difference in the odours among low, mid, and high application rates. The specific odour rate (odour emission rate per kg N applied) decreased with application rate due to the reduced surface area available for volatilization of compounds with higher application rates. Based on these results, injection of manure is an effective way to reduce the odour emissions immediately after spreading, particularly for solid manure. However, other factors associated with manure injection, such as the increased power requirement and soil disturbance must be considered when evaluating the overall impact of manure injection versus surface application.<p> The odour data collected in this study described how management practices affected odours immediately after spreading. Knowledge of how these practices affect the emission rate trend over time is required to apply dispersion models to optimize the minimum separation distances for manure spreading activities. The model parameters for an existing volatilization model were determined from field and literature data and the resulting model allowed the effects of application mode (surface vs. subsurface) and manure type (liquid vs. solid) on odour emissions for 48 hours after application to be simulated. The effects of injection depth and a coverage factor on emissions were also simulated. The modeled peak fluxes from liquid manure applications were higher than those for solid manure applications, but the extended duration of odour emissions from solid manure resulted in higher cumulative losses from solid manure applications. While the application rate had no effect on the initial odour flux, higher application rates resulted in higher peak fluxes, higher overall emissions, and longer odour durations for both manure types and application methods. Modest injection depths were shown to reduce odours from both liquid and solid manure applications compared to surface spreading. The percent reductions in cumulative odours due to injection were estimated assuming typical coverage factors. The general predictions of the model developed in this study agree reasonably well with odour emission rate trends reported in literature. Future work should focus on better estimation of the model parameters and the variation of effective diffusivity with time and soil conditions.<p> Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural activities such as land application of livestock manure cannot be ignored when assessing overall emissions from anthropogenic sources. Like odour emissions, the magnitude of the GHG emissions will be influenced by management practices such as manure placement during land application. The GHG fluxes resulting from the surface and subsurface application of liquid and solid manure were also compared within 24 hours of application using a static chamber and gas chromatography. The results showed that carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e) fluxes were approximately three times higher from the injected plots than the surface plots for both solid and liquid manure. The elevated CO2-e fluxes were mainly due to a pronounced increase in N2O fluxes which was likely caused by increased denitrification rates. The CO2-e fluxes from the liquid manure applications were also approximately three times higher than the CO2-e fluxes from the solid manure applications, probably due to higher levels of ammonium available for nitrification and subsequent denitrification. The CH4 fluxes were generally low and the treatments had no effect. The measured specific fluxes (total flux per kg N applied) remained relatively constant with application rate, indicating that, in this study, GHG emissions from manure applications were approximately proportional to the amount of land applied manure.<p> While the data from this study showed that manure type and placement influenced short-term nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, manure management practices (particularly slurry injection or solid manure incorporation) have the potential to influence long-term emissions by changing the magnitude and pattern of the nitrogen cycle in the soil-plant system. Management practices also impact the magnitude of other nitrogen losses (ammonia volatilization, nitrate leaching) which affect indirect N2O emissions. A model that simulates the environmental conditions and nutrient transformations after manure application may allow a more reliable prediction of the effect of management practices on total GHG emissions. Numerous process-based models have been used to estimate N2O emissions as influenced by agricultural practices in Canada. However, these models do not account for enhanced denitrification that potentially exists after slurry injection or manure incorporation, resulting in an underestimation of N2O emissions. A simple mass balance of nitrogen after application to land showed that enhanced denitrification can increase total N2O-N emissions by a factor of 5. By accounting for the increased microbial activity, slower oxygen diffusion and higher water filled pore space that exists after manure injection, models may better estimate N2O emissions from manure application practices.

The launch of Apple iPhone brings the success of App Store application platform, which turns the structure of mobile software industry as well as creating a brand new application business model. It changes not only environment of mobile industry and supply chains, but also the using behaviors of mobile phone users. This research applies wildscale biobligraphy analysis, case study and Delphi method, trying to analyze the market status, business model of application platform. Using 2-phase interviews with smart phone users, developers, and operator, and SWOT and Porter¡¦s Five Force Analysis model to study the business model and strategies for operator¡¦s application platform. The research discovers that telecommunication operator has serveral advantages, such as holding huge user base and payment safety; however, economic scope and service efficiency is the key to the success. Operator should use its strengths and cope with the changing user behavior to create more added value.

Diplominio darbo, kurio tema yra “Informacinių sistemų taikymas technologijų mokymo procese“ (toliau – darbas), tyrimo objektas yra VPU pažangiausių informacinių sistemų taikymas mokymo procese. Tikslas - ištirti taikomąsias programas, kurios gali būti naudojamos technologijų mokymo procese, jų realizavimo galimybes, atsižvelgiant į poreikius ir reikalavimus joms. Siekiant šių tikslų būtina atlikti žemiau išvardintas užduotis. 1. Atlikti VPU darbuotojų ir technologijos specialybes studentų apklausą anketavimo metodu. 2. Nustatyti, kokias taikomąsias programas VPU dėstytojai ir technologijos specialybės studentai naudoja technologijų mokymo procese. 3. Atlikti naudojamų taikomųjų programų paketų apžvalgą. 4. Parodyti taikomųjų programų paketų galimybes technologijų mokymo procese. 5. Pateikti rekomendacijas ir pavyzdžius taikomųjų programų (komercinės, atviros) panaudojimo konkrečių technologijų disciplinų mokymo procese. Darbo metu tiriama taikomoji programinė įranga, kuri galėtų būti panaudota mokymo procese. Tiriant jos galimybes, atliekami braižymo, projektavimo bei skaičiavimo darbai, kurie atskleidžia įrangos panaudojimo galimybes, ruošiant būsimus technologijų mokslo specialistus. / The study subject of the diploma thesis titled „Application of Information Systems in Technology Teaching Process“ (hereinafter „the thesis“) is application of advanced information systems in the VPU educative process. The objective of the research is to explore application programmes that could be used in technology teaching process, their feasibility with consideration to a demand and imposed requirements. In order to accomplish the objective it was necessary to fulfil the following tasks: 2. To carry out a questionnaire survey among the VPU magistral staff and students. 3. To find out what application programmes are currently used by the VPU teaching staff and students in technology teaching process. 4. To make a survey of the application programme packages that are being currently used. 5. To describe the features of application programme packages used in technology teaching process. 6. To make recommendations on use of application programmes (commercial or open source) and suggest examples of such programmes for particlar technology disciplines teaching processes. While drawing the thesis there was also made an investigation of application software that could be used in the teaching process. Exploring its features there were conducted drawing, design and computing works that disclose the software opportunities in training future technology specialists.

This thesis is driven by the motivation to explore a way of working collaboratively that closely reflects the World Wide Web (WWW), more specifically the potential of the Web architecture built on Semantic Web technologies and Linked Data. The goal is to describe a generic approach and architecture that satisfies the needs for loose collaboration and collective knowledge construction as exemplified by the applications described in this thesis. This thesis focuses on a contribution-centric architecture which allows for flexible applications that support loose forms of collaboration. The first research question deals with how Web-based collective knowledge construction can be supported. The second research question explores the characteristics of collective knowledge construction with respect to the Open World Assumption (OWA). The OWA implies that complete knowledge about a subject cannot be assumed at any time, which is one of the most fundamental properties of the WWW. The third research question investigates how Semantic Web technologies be used in order to support such a contribution-centric architecture. The thesis and its underlying publications are of a technical character and are always grounded in theoretical models and considerations that have led to functional implementations. The research has evolved in iterative development processes and was explicitly directed at building applications that can be used in collaborative settings and that are based on standardized Web technologies. One of the main outcomes, an information model, was developed together with such an application and provides a number of novel approaches in the context in which it was designed. The validity of the presented research is supported by evaluations from different perspectives: a list of implemented applications and showcases, results from structured interviews that have investigated the suitability for various resource annotation processes, as well as scalability aspects. The thesis concludes that it is ultimately up to the application how "loose" the collaboration should be and to which extent the OWA is incorporated. The presented architecture provides a toolkit to support the development of loosely collaborative applications. The showcased applications allow the construction of collaborative conceptual models and to collaboratively annotate educational resources. They show the potential of the used technology stack and the introduced contribution-centric architecture that sits on top if it. / <p>QC 20140417</p>

No description available.

The automotive industry today is getting more and more competitive with accelerating demand to attract car consumer with new technologies. Three-dimensional user interfaces (3D UIs) support user tasks in many non-traditional interactive systems such as augmented reality and virtual environments. Although 3D UI researchers and developers have been successfully identified basic user tasks, evaluating the usability of 3D interaction techniques, as well as finding an improvement of the usability of many applications, the researches and developments are still in the direction of finding better approaches and to be more innovative to fulfill the demands in the context of automotive user interface. The concept of a framework presented in this master thesis is to integrate technology of the Qt framework that is widely used for traditional 2D interfaces on different platforms and operating systems with the availability of open sources in order to realize the goal of having the ability to import the external 3D asset completely, specifically in FBX format by Autodesk that is widely used in the automotive industry. In addition, QML as part of the Qt framework that include JavaScript as an easy Object-Oriented scheme to manipulate object properties such as position and color of the graphical object is also integrated. The main aim of the framework is to have a full access to the imported FBX asset that is created by digital content creation applications such as Autodesk 3Ds Max or Autodesk Maya and visualize them within the Qt framework. With the newest technology of the Qt framework, it seems to be a promising solution to develop an interactive user interface. Hence, the framework approach of this master thesis is based on the Qt framework and Qt3D 2.0, in order to satisfy the requirements and introduces a solution to satisfy the demands in multimedia and 3D user experiences in the automotive industry. In the last fifteen years, Qt has proven as a robust development environment that produces powerful and stable software applications. Together with the abilities of Qt3D 2.0 that offers several abstract ways to control the rendering setup that helps the framework to realize the aim of this master thesis. This master thesis contains a detailed specification and concept for the development of a framework for 3D dynamic user interface application in vehicles. As the result of this master thesis, some typical use cases for automotive industry are realized as prototype applications in order to prove that the framework has the ability to load the 3D asset, specifically in FBX format, into the Qt framework and rendered together with the components of the Qt framework as an interactive and dynamic 3D user interface.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Localized calcium (Ca) deficiencies frequently develop independent from total Ca supply and total fruit Ca concentration. Bulk mineral analyses is therefore not completely suitable for determination of the susceptibility of fruit in developing Ca-linked fruit physiological disorders like bitter pit, as it supplies insufficient information regarding the spatial accumulation of Ca within the fruit. Additional Ca is applied either as soil or foliar applications, where soil applications are applied either after fruit set (pre-harvest) or in the period after harvest. The contribution of these different methods of Ca application to the total Ca concentration in "Braeburn" fruit was quantified over three consecutive growing seasons. Foliar applications have been proven to be successful in suppressing bitter pit development and improving the Ca status of the fruit. The effectiveness of different formulations of foliar Ca products in influencing these parameters was also determined. Furthermore, the distribution pattern of fruit Ca resulting from different application strategies was mapped using particle induced X-ray emission technology. In the "Braeburn" trial, mineral analyses indicated no significant differences between treatments in terms of Ca concentration at 80 days after full bloom (dafb). However, when soil applications occurred with active root growth (visually monitored), treatments differed significantly 80 dafb. Weekly foliar Ca applications from 28 dafb resulted in higher fruit Ca concentrations 80 dafb than a pre-harvest soil Ca application (January, 2010). A possible explanation for the inefficiency of pre-harvest soil Ca is the disintegration of xylem vessels from 40 dafb (before root uptake) for sensitive cultivars such as Braeburn. Bitter pit initiation has been shown to occur in the earlier part of the season. This, together with a reduced Ca supply to the fruit early in the season due to xylem disintegration (for sensitive cultivars), indicates the importance of early season foliar Ca applications. PIXE analyses were used to establish the radial Ca distribution in apples. Ca was concentrated in the skin and core, with very low values in the outer cortex. PIXE results indicated fruit Ca concentrations to be the lowest in the pre-harvest soil application treatment. This was in agreement with mineral analyses results. Ca enriched areas resulting from effective Ca delivery via the vascular bundles, had a profound effect on fruit Ca concentrations in the immediate core and cortex. At harvest, this effect was much more subtle and emphasizes the importance of untimely xylem rupturing on eventual fruit Ca concentration. At 80 dafb, treatments where foliar Ca was applied showed higher Ca concentrations in the outer cortex (where symptoms of bitter pit typically occur). Calflo™ fruit had significantly higher Ca concentrations in "Braeburn" compared to fruits from Foliar GS™ and GG™ treatments. Calflo™ and Calcimax™ had a higher active Ca percentage (12%) compared to Foliar GSTM and GGTM (10%). Adding the Lecithin™ (surfactant) to Calcimax™ is not recommended as it did not improve its uptake. In "Golden Delicious", the commercial spray program of seven, weekly foliar applications (Calcinit™) resulted in fruit with significantly higher Ca concentrations compared to other treatments. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Kalsium (Ca) tekorte ontstaan gewoonlik in gelokaliseerde areas in die appelvrug en ontwikkel dikwels ten spyte van voldoende totale vrug Ca. Minerale analises van heel vrugte verskaf dus nie genoeg inligting aangaande die verspreiding van Ca in die vrug wanneer die ontwikkelling van fisiologiese defekte soos bitterpit ter sprake is nie. Addisionele Ca word gewoonlik aangewend as blaar- of grondtoedienings, waar grondtoedienings tipies voor-oes (net na set) of in die na-oes periode, toegedien word. Die bydraes van die verskillende toedieningsmetodes tot die totale Ca konsentrasie van "Braeburn" appels is geëvalueer oor drie agtereenvolgende seisoene. Blaartoedienings van Ca word algemeen gebruik om die voorkoms van bitterpit te beheer en die Ca konsentrasie van die vrug te verhoog. Die effektiwiteit van `n reeks blaartoedienings-produkte om hierdie faktore te verbeter, is ook ondersoek. Die spesifieke verspreiding van die Ca in die vrug is gekarteer na gelang van elke toediening deur middel van PIXE-analises (Particle induced X-ray emission). In die "Braeburn" proef was daar geen beduidende verskille in terme van vrug Ca konsentrasie op 80 dnvb (dae na volblom) nie. Daarteenoor, was daar wel beduidende verskille by 80 dnvb toe grond toedienings saam met aktiewe wortelgroei geskied het (visuele inspeksie). Weeklikse blaartoedienings vanaf 21 dnvb het gelei tot vrugte met betekenisvol hoër Ca konsentrasies as die behandeling waar grondtoedienings slegs voor-oes geskied het (Januarie 2010). `n Moontlike oorsaak vir die oneffektiwiteit van voor-oes grondtoedings is die vroeë disintigrasie van xileem vesels in die vrug (soms voor 40 dnvb en voor die aanvang van wortelopname) in sensitiewe kultivars soos "Braeburn". Hierdie vroeë inhibering van Ca voorsiening, tesame met die vroeë inisiasie van bitterpit, beklemtoon die belangrikheid van blaarbespuitings vroeg in die seisoen. Die PIXE-analises wat aangewend is om die radiale verspreiding van Ca in die vrug te bepaal het getoon dat Ca meestal in die skil en kern van die vrug gekonsentreer was, met baie lae konsentrasies in die buitenste korteks. Die laagste Ca konsentrasies is waargeneem in vrugte van die behandeling waar voor-oes Ca slegs as `n grondtoediening geskied het. Hierdie waarneming is in ooreenstemming met die mineraalanalise resultate. Ca verykte areas, afkomstig van die naby geleë vaatbundels (xileem vesels), het egter die grootste effek op vrug Ca konsentrasie gehad. Hierdie effek was nie so groot by oes nie en beklemtoon dus die belangrikheid van die funksionaliteit van die vaatbundels. Blaartoedienings kon die Ca konsentrasie in die buitenste korteks suksesvol verhoog - waar simptome van bitterpit tipies voorkom. Die Calflo™ behandeling het beduidende hoër Ca konsentrasies gehad as die Foliar GS™ en GG™ behandelings. Die Calflo™ en Calcimax™ behandelings het `n hoër aktiewe Ca persentasie (12%) relatief tot die Foliar GS™ en GG™ (10%) behandelings bevat. Die byvoeging van Lecithin™ by Calcimax™ word nie aanbeveel nie, omdat dit geensins Ca opname vermeerder het nie. In die "Golden Delicious" proef het die kommersiële behandeling (Sewe weeklikse spuite van Calcinit™) gelei tot vrugte met die hoogste Ca konsentrasie van al die behandelings.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF BRENT C. SUNDERLAGE, for the Master of Science degree in Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, presented on March 8, 2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: LATE APPLICATION NITROGEN ON CORN IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND SOIL PROPERTIES AFFECTING AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM UREA FERTILIZER MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Rachel L. Cook In corn (Zea mays L.) production systems, typical nitrogen fertilization occurs either before planting or after crop emergence, as late as the V6 stage. Since the majority of nitrogen uptake does not occur until V10 through R1, delaying nitrogen fertilization until V10 may reduce potential for early season soil N transformations and losses, while sustaining crop yields. A two-year study, conducted across three southern Illinois locations, evaluated the effects of various late sidedress nitrogen applications and enhanced efficiency fertilizers on corn yield and residual mineral soil N. The various nitrogen treatments compared: rates from 0-224 kg N ha-1; sources of urea and 32% UAN, with and without urease inhibitors 0.09% N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) as Agrotain® Ultra (AT) and 0.06% NBPT + 0.02% N-(n-propyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NPPT) as Limus® (L), and polymer-coated urea (ESN®); application timings at planting, V6, V10, and VT; placement either dribble applied, broadcasted, or injected. Across sites and years, late (V10) nitrogen split applications generally resulted in corn yields greater than or equal to the same total nitrogen rate applied at planting. Most late N treatment differences varied between sites and years, but 56 kg N ha-1 as broadcasted UAN at planting with 112 kg N ha-1 as broadcasted urea, either with or without AT or L at V10 were on average highest yielding treatments among sites in both years, with 16% greater yield than 168 kg N ha-1 as broadcasted UAN at planting. Urease inhibitors did not enhance yield in most instances, likely due to sufficient incorporating rainfall shortly after application. The effects of urease inhibitors used with late-application nitrogen on corn yield and actual ammonia volatilization remained ambiguous. Residual soil mineral nitrogen concentrations between 0-30 cm after harvest in the late nitrogen treatments did not elicit water quality concerns. Furthermore, ammonia volatilization from surface applied urea is controlled by many interrelated soil properties as well as environmental conditions. However, conclusions about the influence of soil properties on ammonia volatilization differ according to geographies and are not well established across a wide range of soil types. A laboratory soil incubation experiment measured the effects of soil properties on ammonia volatilization over 7 days from surface-applied urea and the efficacy of three urease inhibitors: Agrotain® Ultra (AT) as 0.09% NBPT, Limus® (L) as 0.06% NBPT + 0.02% NPPT, and NutriSphere-N® (NS) 30% calcium salt of maleic-itaconic copolymer among 83 soil surface samples from across the United States with a wide range of soil properties. The soil properties evaluated were: total exchange capacity, 1:1 CaCl2 pH, organic matter, buffering capacity, clay content, and urease activity. In Urea (R2 = 0.69) and Urea + NS (R2 = 0.62) models, total exchange capacity, clay, and buffering capacity significantly reduced ammonia volatilization, and organic matter significantly increased ammonia volatilization, while 1:1 CaCl2 pH and urease activity were non-significant. Clay, organic matter, and buffering capacity were correlated to total exchange capacity. Total exchange capacity was the strongest predictor and best consolidated variable to predict N loss of urea. In Urea + AT (R2 = 0.54) and Urea + L (R2 = 0.67) models, ammonia volatilization was significantly reduced at lower 1:1 CaCl2 pH and total exchange capacity, and all other soil properties were non-significant. The NBPT in Urea + AT and Urea + L likely decayed more rapidly under acidic soil conditions, resulting reduced NBPT efficacy and greater N loss at lower pH. Urea + AT and Urea + L reduced volatilization significantly by 18.2 percentage points compared to Urea or Urea + NS, and there were no significant differences between Urea + AT and Urea + L (α = 0.05). On average, NutriSphere-N® did not reduce volatilization.

Ce mémoire présente la synthèse et la caractérisation du matériau composite Ce-TZP/Al2O3 et l’étude de ce matériau dans une mise en forme par impression 3D de type stéréolithographie (SLA). Le matériau Ce-TZP présente une résistance au vieillissement en milieu aqueux (par transformation martensitique de la phase tétragonale vers la phase monoclinique) accrue en comparaison à Y-TZP. L’ajout d’alumine (Al2O3) comme seconde phase confère au matériau des propriétés mécaniques (résistance à la flexion en particulier) similaires à Y-TZP. La mise en forme par SLA offre la possibilité de fabriquer des objets avec des structures complexes tout en limitant l’utilisation et la perte de matière en comparaison à la fabrication soustractive, bien connue dans le domaine dentaire.Le composite Ce-TZP/Al2O3 a été synthétisé à partir d’une poudre Ce-TZP à laquelle est ajoutée de l’Al2O3 selon deux protocoles : la méthode Pechini modifiée et la méthode Isopropoxyde. Les études dilatométriques et microstructurales des composites ont montré que le matériau obtenu selon la méthode Isopropoxyde était plus homogène. Cette synthèse a donc été sélectionnée pour réaliser l’étude du frittage. Les conditions optimales résultants de cette étude (rampe de 300 °C/h, T°palier de 1500 °C pendant 1h, air), permettent d’atteindre une densité relative de l’ordre de 98% avec une taille de grains submicronique pour les deux phases.Des formulations photoréticulables sous exposition UV, chargées avec ce composite ainsi qu’avec le matériau de référence Y-TZP, ont été développées et étudiées afin de pouvoir mettre en forme ces matériaux par SLA. Avant utilisation dans le procédé, les formulations ont été caractérisées d’un point de vue rhéologique, thermique et également d’un point de vue de la réactivité sous exposition UV. Ces caractérisations ont permis de déterminer l’influence de la nature et de la taille des particules sur la réactivité principalement, paramètre également gouvernée par la composition des résines et notamment par le système amorceur, composé de un ou plusieurs photoinitiateur(s). Pour finir, les pièces fabriquées par SLA ont été frittées et caractérisées d’un point de vue mécanique et microstructural. / This thesis presents the synthesis and characterization of Ce-TZP/Al2O3 composite material and the study of this material in stereolithography process (SLA). Ce-TZP material exhibits an enhanced resistance to low temperature degradation (materialized by the tetragonal/monoclinic phase transformation) compared to Y-TZP. The addition of alumina (Al2O3) as a second phase gives to the material mechanical properties (especially flexural strength) similar to Y-TZP. SLA shaping offers the ability to make objects with complex structures while limiting the use and loss of material compared to subtractive manufacturing, well known in the dental field.The Ce-TZP/Al2O3 composite was synthesized from a Ce-TZP powder mixed with Al2O3 added according to two protocols: the modified Pechini method and the Isopropoxide method. The dilatometric and microstructural studies of the composites have showed that the material obtained by the Isopropoxide method was more homogeneous. This synthesis was therefore selected to carry out the sintering study. The optimal conditions resulting from this study (heating rate of 300 °C/h, T°soak of 1500 °C for 1h, air) allow to reach a relative density of 98 % with a submicron grain size for the two phases.Photocurable under UV exposure formulations, loaded with this composite as well as with the reference material Y-TZP, have been developed and studied in order to be able to shape these materials by SLA. Prior to use in the process, the formulations were characterized from a rheological, thermal and also from a viewpoint of reactivity under UV exposure. These characterizations made it possible to determine the influence of the nature and the size of the particles on the reactivity mainly, also governed by the composition of the resins and in particular by the initiator system, composed of one or more photoinitiator(s). Finally, the parts manufactured by SLA were sintered and characterized from a mechanical and microstructural point of view.

Submitted by RAQUEL BERNA null (raquelberna@fca.unesp.br) on 2017-06-06T20:47:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação RAQUEL BERNA-OK.pdf: 1253285 bytes, checksum: dc8e3d42748df8551595e20b82f9ce51 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-06T20:52:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 berna_r_me_bot.pdf: 1253285 bytes, checksum: dc8e3d42748df8551595e20b82f9ce51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-06T20:52:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 berna_r_me_bot.pdf: 1253285 bytes, checksum: dc8e3d42748df8551595e20b82f9ce51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Por necessidade de maior capacidade de campo operacional durante as aplicações de produtos fitossanitários nas lavouras, a aviação agrícola têm se destacado como uma opção importante para diversas culturas. Porém, para garantir a eficácia da aplicação, alguns fatores devem ser considerados, como a calda, o elemento gerador de gotas e o fluxo de ar, pois estes irão influenciar no espectro de gotas formado e, consequentemente, no risco de ocorrer deriva. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência de diferentes adjuvantes nas características físicas das caldas contendo fungicida, analisando-se o espectro de gotas formado em função de cada ângulo de deflexão de uma ponta de pulverização aérea CP-03, buscando um indicativo de utilização dessas técnicas quanto à qualidade e segurança das aplicações. Foram avaliadas quatro caldas, sendo uma calda com fungicida, e outras três com as misturas do fungicida com cada um dos adjuvantes: um multifuncional; um óleo vegetal; e um óleo mineral. A aplicação aérea foi simulada através de um ventilador de alta capacidade, com velocidade média de vento de 180 km h-1. Na saída deste ventilador foi acoplada a ponta de pulverização CP-03, e a pulverização foi simulada com taxa de aplicação de 20 L ha-1 e pressão de 200 kPa. Todas as caldas foram pulverizadas com os três ângulos defletores da ponta (30°, 55° e 90°) e o espectro de gotas foi determinado utilizando-se um equipamento analisador de partículas em tempo real posicionado na frente do simulador (VisiSizer portátil - Oxford Lasers Ltd / UK). Entre as caldas que continham o fungicida mais um dos adjuvantes, a calda composta pelo fungicida e o adjuvante multifuncional apresentou os maiores valores de diâmetro mediano volumétrico (DMV) e menores valores percentuais de gotas menores que 100 µm (V100), com todos os ângulos defletores da ponta de pulverização CP-03, posicionando-se como melhor técnica de redução de deriva. A adição de óleo mineral a calda proporcionou o menor valor de DMV e maior valor de V100, quando comparado às outras caldas. Com relação ao potencial de redução do risco de deriva o ângulo defletor de 30°, ofereceu o melhor potencial com todas as caldas avaliadas. / Due to the necessary of a greater operational efficiency during applications of plant health products in crops, agricultural aviation has been an important option for several crops. However, to ensure the effectiveness of the application, some factors must be considered as the spray formulation, the nozzles and the air flow, as these will influence the droplet spectrum formed and, consequently, the risk of spray drift. Based on this subject, the objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of different adjuvants on the physical characteristics of the spray mixture with the behavior of the droplet spectrum formed as a function of each deflection angle of the aerial spray tip CP-03 and to find an indicative of which of them are more suitable for reducing the risk of spray drift. Four spray formulations were evaluated, one spray solution with fungicide, and the other three sprays with a mix of each of the adjuvants containing fungicide, the first one surfactant, the second one mineral oil and the third one a vegetable oil. The aerial application was simulated through a high capacity fan with a high‐speed airstreams of 180 km h-1 . At the outlet of this fan the spray tip CP-03 was coupled, and the spraying was simulated with application rate of 20 L ha -1 and pressure of 200 kPa. All spray formulations were tested by three deflecting angles (30 °, 55 ° and 90 °) and the droplet spectrum was determined using a real-time particle analyzer positioned in front of the simulator (VisiSizer portable - Oxford Lasers Ltd / UK). Between the mixture that contained the fungicide over one of the adjuvants, the mix made by the fungicide and the adjuvant-one presented the highest values of volumetric medianum diameter (VDM) and lower percentage values of droplets smaller than 100 µm (V100), with all deflecting angles tip CP-03, positioning itself as the best technique of reducing spray drift. The addition of mineral oil the mix provided the lowest value of VDM and greater value of V100, when compared to the other mixture. With respect to the potential for reducing the risk of spray drift the deflector angle of 30°, offered the best potential with all the evaluated.