In Taiwan, colorectal cancer incidence rate and mortality rate had been increased remarkably. Colorectal cancer was the third leading cause of death in all cancers in Taiwan, which had cause serious threaten on the health condition of people. The CRC screening rate is relatively low in Taiwan, from the statistic information in Bureau of Health Promotion shows that less than 20 % of colorectal cancer cases were detected on stage 0 and stage £L in Taiwan. The early detection rate was relatively low as comparing with colorectal cancer in the United States. However, if colorectal cancer is vital for the optimal treatment to obtain a correct diagnosis promptly, the long-term survival rate can reach as high as 90% for the early staged CRC. As we know, regular screening examination for colorectal cancer was the first step to treat colorectal cancer. The key point for promoting the colorectal cancer screening rate was to realize the factors which affecting the willingness of receiving the screening examination among older adults. Due to that, this study is aimed to identify the attitude toward screening and health-belief recognition among older adults above 40 years old within the community screening program, in order to realize factors influence the older adults¡¦ willingness of the colorectal cancer screening and Colonoscopy. The study design was a cross-sectional co-relational community-based survey. The data collection period was from August 2007 to May 2008. Data were collected from older adults which above 40 years old in Taipei and Kaohsiung. There were 462 samples which included 279 samples were having an experience of CRC screening before, and 183 samples were never had such screening before. The data was analyzed with descriptive statistics and inferred statistics such as Chi-square, Independent T-Test, Logistic regression analysis, Path analysis. The Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the related factors which might affecting the willingness of CRC screening among the older adults in community, including the factors applying from Health Belief Model such as Perceived threat, Perceived benefits of taking actions, Perceived barriers of taking actions, Cues to actions, Self-Efficacy, Health Motivation. Also addressed the factors related to attitudes such as fear about cancer, worry about accurate or safety of screening method, optimistic. The results of the study were as following. (1)In health belief related sectors, Perceived threat, Barriers, Cues to actions were significant with both the willingness of receiving Colonoscopy and FOBT screening. Except for those three factors that mentioned above, Health motivation would influence the willingness of FOBT screening, instead of Colonoscopy. (2) In attitude related sectors, fear about cancer, worry about accurate or safety of screening method were significant with both the willingness of receiving Colonoscopy and FOBT screening. (3) In health status sectors,bowel symptoms were significant with the willingness of receiving FOBT screening. Health behavior would only significant with the willingness of receiving Colonoscopy. (4) Age, social activity, screening experience would affect the willingness of receiving FOBT screening. On the other hand, the willingness of receiving Colonoscopy was no significant with demographic characteristic. Besides, the results of the path analysis were shown as below. (1)Optimistic would affect Cues to actions factor, and health behavior may affect Health motivation factor, under such relation, optimistic and health behavior would indirect affect the willingness of receiving FOBT.(2)Bowel symptoms would affect Perceived threat which may indirect affect the willingness of receiving Colonoscopy. (3)The knowledge of CRC and CRC screening would also indirect affect the willingness of receiving FOBT and Colonoscopy. The major attribution of this study was to realize the factors influence the willingness of accepting CRC screening, which could provide for health promotion policy makers to develop suitable policy for CRC health protect planning. The study may be implicated in the following aspects¡G(1) Not only settle the goals of screening, and also suggest policy makers to promote the awareness and health belief toward colon cancer to target groups which the study result had shown. (2)With the union of the community and medical, physician counseling may enhance the CRC screening rate, especially Colonoscopy. (3)Fulfill the knowledge of detect colon cancer and CRC screening among older adults, make themselves know how to decrease the threat of the disease, in order to achieve the goal of improving their health and saving the expense of the injure.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [226]-231).

The purpose of this study is to see how adolescent students in high school formulate their thoughts of death and if a belief in transcendent existence affects their thoughts. The study was done on two separate schools, one municipal school and one private religious school, in minor cities in Sweden. The method used was qualitative inquiries and the amount of participants was four from each school, eight in total. The result of the study showed that six out of eight participants had a belief of a transcendent existence, three from the municipal school and three from the religious private school. The result also showed that the participants from the municipal school that had a belief in an transcendent existence also had a belief in a form of “afterlife”, this was however not reflected on the students in the religious private school where result showed that one out of four had a belief in a form of “afterlife” and three view death as the final stage of existence.

Managerial communications often contain biased information because of managerial incentives and other influences. A common assumption in the accounting literature is that if investors are aware of managerial biases, they will be able to fully adjust for those known biases when reacting to managerial communications. Drawing on insights from psychology, I experimentally document that investors are not able to fully adjust for known biases in managerial communications--even when investors know the quantitative amount of the manager's bias. Indeed, investors behave contrary to economic theory as they are unable to fully unravel the effects of known biases when rendering judgments about the firm. My study has implications for researchers, regulators, and investors. / text

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This work is dedicated to the development of a unified account of both theoretical and practical rationality. I adopt a particular view of evaluative properties, according to which entities are evaluated as good or bad according to how well they fulfill the constitutive functions of their kinds. I argue that the function of belief is to accurately represent reality, while the function of action is to satisfy the agent’s desires. These functions fix the goodness- or success-conditions of belief and action. With these functions in place, I adopt a reliabilist conception of reasoning which evaluates reasoning processes by how well they allow us to achieve the constitutive aims of belief and action. Moreover, I argue that the process of determining which action will best satisfy our desires is a cognitive matter – non-cognitive states like desire do not actually provide the agent with reasons.

No description available.

Perspective-taking is the ability to see the world from another person’s viewpoint and is often measured using “false belief” (FB) tasks. Although most typically developing children pass FB tasks between 4 and 5 years of age, approximately 80% of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) do not. Failure on FB tasks remains a persistent deficit among individuals with ASDs. However, relatively little evidence is available on teaching perspective-taking to children with ASDs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether teaching perspective-taking skill components would produce generalization to untrained task materials and to three perspective-taking tasks with children with autism. Perspective-taking was broken down into 6 behavioural components and each component was taught in a multiple-baseline design within each child. Procedures in the training program included prompt-fading, positive reinforcement, error correction, multiple exemplar training, forward chaining, and narrative response training. Participants consisted of 4 children with a diagnosis of an ASD. The results showed that the training program produced generalization to variations of the training materials for 14 of the 17 components. Generalization to the three perspective-taking tasks, however, was modest. This study contributes to the body of behavioural research on teaching perspective-taking skills to children with ASDs, and provides procedures for teaching component skills of perspective-taking.

Šio darbo tyrinėjimo objektas – heroizmas ir savanoriška kančia vardan tikėjimo. Darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti anksčiau skelbtus filosofų darbus šia tema ir paskelbti šiuolaikinį jauno žmogaus požiūrį į heroizmą ir kančią vardan tikėjimo. Darbo uždaviniai: : pasidomėti, kaip tampama herojumi, kokios aplinkybės bei sąlygos tai įtakoja, koks visuomenės vaidmuo, kad žmogus išliktų istorijoje kaip herojus; išanalizuoti religijų, ypač krikščionių, požiūrį į savižudžius ir kankinius; apžvelgti šiuolaikinių filosofų P. Wust‘o, S. Kierkegaardo ir kitų darbus, siekiant sužinoti jų požiūrį į herojaus, didvyrio, kankinio sąvokas; ištirti, kaip kančia veikia žmogaus gyvenimą ir kokie poelgiai iš to atsiranda; ištirti tikėjimo ir proto santykį; remiantis šiuolaikinių filosofų darbais, išsiaiškinti, kas yra tikrasis tikėjimas, kaip jis atsiranda ir kokia visuomenės reakcija į šių laikų tikinčiuosius. Darbą sudaro įvadas, trys dalys, vienuolika skyrių, išvados ir literatūros bei šaltinių sąrašas. Pirmoje dalyje kalbama apie tai, kad žmogus gyvena nuolatos susidurdamas su kliūtimis ir yra priverstas rinktis vieną ar kitą problemos sprendimą. Nors paprasčiau yra rinktis tai, ką pataria visuotinės elgesio normos, taip išvengiant dar didesnių kliūčių, tačiau ne visi taip elgiasi. Pasirinkusieji naują sprendimo būdą, jie įgyja daugiau patirties ir kartais tai tampa stimulu keisti nusistovėjusias taisykles ir, igiję savo poelgio pasekėjų, tampa herojais. Antrojoje dalyje atskiriamos „tragiškojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of this research paper is heroism and voluntary suffering for the sake of Christian belief. The aim of the paper is to analyze and compare the works of the philosophers P. Wust and S. Kierkegaard on the subject and to declare the contemporary approach to heroism and voluntary suffering in the viewpoint of a modern young person. The goals of the paper: to find out the way how a person becomes a hero, what factors and conditions have influence on that, what is the role of the society in which a person becomes prominent in history as a hero; to analyze the religious, especially Christian, point of view to the suicides and martyrs; to look through the works of modern philosophers P. Wust and S. Kierkegaard to find out their point of view to the notions of the hero and the martyr; to investigate what impact the suffering has on the person’s life and what actions come out of it; to investigate the correlation of the belief and the mind; in accordance with the works of modern philosophers, to investigate what is the true belief , how is it born and what is the society’s reaction to modern believers. The paper consists of the introduction, three parts, eleven chapters, the conclusions and the literature and recourse list. The first part deals with the person who constantly faces obstacles and is forced to choose one or the other solution to the problem. It is always simple to choose the solution according to the society standards and to avoid even bigger obstacles, but... [to full text]

This study investigates the ideas and conceptions underlying the religious, political and socio-economic principles governing landholding in the Hebrew Bible in relation to the system of land-tenure among the Akan people of Ghana. The Asante as a social unit is used to represent the entire Akan group as a microcosm of the world picture. The primary thrust of the thesis is that the Hebrew Bible reflects some basic conceptions of land which can be compared and contrasted with a contemporary socio-economic system of land administration for implications of land-tenure and use. The Hebrew Bible presents three main types of land ownership: 1) divine ownership of land, a basic theological assertion that land belongs to Yahweh absolutely and that all others, including Israel are God's tenants; 2) communal ownership of land based on the segmentary patrilineage system whereby the tribes and families hold land in trust for members of the community; 3) private ownership of land, an innovation developed as a result of social change. The Asante traditional belief also accepts the principle of divine ownership of land, but while it attributes creation to God, it also affirms that land basically belongs to the ancestors who pass it on to the present and future generations of the society. The other two types of land-tenure, communal and private, are represented in the Asante social system, though with some differences. Stool, lineage and family heads hold land in trust, but on fiduciary basis in the sense of holding both a proprietary and beneficiary interest in the land of which they are custodians. But the corporate matrilineage group is the basic socio-economic factor as far as traditional landholding in Asante is concerned.