In this thesis, non-binary people’s experience of gendered embodiment as well as inhabiting and navigating society is analysed. This is primarily done by using the theoretical framework of institutional lines, specifically applied through a trans studies perspective. Other important influences have been theories about how regulatory norms impact queer and trans subjectivities. Furthermore, special notice has been made of how social categorisations such as sexuality, class, and (dis)ability impact the non-binary subject’s experience of gender and of inhabiting society. This study is based on interview material produced through in-depth interviews with eleven non-binary Swedish people, as well as autoethnographical narratives produced by the author. The study shows that several different institutional lines impact the non-binary subject’s navigation through social space, as well as their experience of gendered embodiment. It was also clear that it was difficult for non-binary people to be recognised as coherent subjects, because of them breaking the regulatory norms that dictate intelligibility. Non-binary people are therefore often seen as the abject. This could be exacerbated if one not only deviated from the straight line of gender, but also from other lines and thus did not follow the expected trans line. It was clear that one’s experiences as a non-binary person could not fully be reduced to one’s position in relation to any specific line, be it gender, sexuality, class, or body normativity, but was rather a result of all those lines.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20169号 / 理博第4254号 / 新制||理||1612(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 大, 教授 川合 光, 教授 井岡 邦仁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20898号 / 理博第4350号 / 新制||理||1624(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 貴浩, 准教授 樽家 篤史, 教授 川合 光 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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<p>Ion exchange equilibrium data can be used to predict the viability of a proposed process. Ion exchange equilibria have been studied considerably since the 1950's but the complexity of the basic research has tended to reduce its direct usefulness to the practising engineer. This research has been undertaken to determine if a moderately simple method of experimentation and analysis could be applied to predict ion exchange equilibria to within limits of accuracy acceptable to engineers.</p> <p> The first step in the research was to develop a simple mathematical model for a binary system to calculate the selectivity coefficient and resin capacity from batch experiments. The model was successfully applied for the exchange of Na+ with five heavy metal ions: Ni²⁺; Cu²⁺; Cd²⁺; Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ on a typical commercial resin (Dowex HCR-W2). The binary parameters were then used to predict the equilibrium values for several ternary systems. From these ternary experiments, it was determined that binary data can be used to predict ternary systems if the selectivity coefficients of the two ions involved are either almost equal or differed by at least a factor of five. A kinetic effect was proposed to explain the discrepancies observed between the predicted and experimental values for the intermediate ratios of selectivity coefficients of the involved ions, although further work is required to confirm this hypothesis.</p> <p> Several packed bed experiments were performed to check some of the results from the binary and ternary system experiments and as exploratory work for future research. These experiments confirmed the capacity data calculated from the binary system experiments and were consistent with the trends observed in the ternary system experiments.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

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Researchers have commonly clustered together both binary transgender and non-binary individuals in their research studies. When assessing attitudes, it is likely that attitudes toward these two groups have been combined leading to valuable reports of attitudes missing from the literature. While measurements within the field of psychology have been created to assess attitudes toward binary transgender individuals, there currently is no measurement to assess attitudes toward non-binary individuals. As such, three studies were conducted to create a reliable and valid measurement of attitudes toward non-binary individuals. In Study 1 Part 1, 33 items were reworded and utilized from previously created measurements assessing attitudes toward LGBTQ individuals and 7 items were created to provide a basis for this measurement. In Study 1 Part 2, responses from six non-binary expert judges were collected that included feedback and thoughts pertaining to the 40 measurement items created in Study 1 Part 1 and thematic analysis was conducted. In Study 1 Part 3, the 40 measurement items were either omitted, kept as is, or revised. Furthermore, additional measurement items were created based on the feedback from the non-binary expert judges. In Study 2, 400 cisgender, heterosexual women and men responded to 50 items from the revised measurement, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted, and reliability was assessed. An independent samples t-test was conducted to examine gender differences between women and men regarding their attitudes toward non-binary individuals, and no gender differences were observed. In Study 3, 400 participants responded to 47 items, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and both reliability and validity were assessed. Additionally, an independent samples t-test was conducted to examine gender differences between women and men regarding their attitudes toward non-binary individuals, and these results were identical to the results in Study 2. Implications of the Attitudes Toward Non-Binary Individuals Measurement, strength of the studies, limitations, and future directions were discussed. Ultimately, this measurement is the first within the field of psychology to assess attitudes toward non-binary individuals.

Theory and methods of processing speckle interferometry data from close visual binary stars are presented and implemented. The effects of the optical systems used for observing close visual binary stars are explained and simulated from both the geometrical and physical optical viewpoints. The atmospheric phase distortion and shot noise responsible for the observed speckle patterns are simulated. The deconvolution technique originally presented by Labeyrie is implemented to extract astrometric data from close visual binary stars. This method is applied to both simulated and experimental data from Kitt Peak National Observatory as validation. Parts of the deconvolution process are optimized to allow for near real time calculations in an automated observatory.

There are many diverse applications that are mathematically modelled in terms of mixed discrete-continuous variables. The optimization of these models is typically difficult due to their combinatorial nature and potential existence of multiple local minima in the search space. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are powerful tools for solving such problems. GAs do not require gradient or Hessian information. However, to reach an optimal solution with a high degree of confidence, they typically require a large number of analyses during the optimization search. Performance of these methods is even more of an issue for problems that include continuous variables. The work here enhances the efficiency and accuracy of the GA with memory using multivariate approximations of the objective and constraint functions individually instead of direct approximations of the overall fitness function. The primary motivation for the proposed improvements is the nature of the fitness function in constrained engineering design optimization problems. Since GAs are algorithms for unconstrained optimization, constraints are typically incorporated into the problem formulation by augmenting the objective function of the original problem with penalty terms associated with individual constraint violations. The resulting fitness function is usually highly nonlinear and discontinuous, which makes the multivariate approximation highly inaccurate unless a large number of exact function evaluations are performed. Since the individual response functions in many engineering problems are mostly smooth functions of the continuous variables (although they can be highly nonlinear), high quality approximations to individual functions can be constructed without requiring a large number of function evaluations. The proposed modification improve the efficiency of the memory constructed in terms of the continuous variables. The dissertation presents the algorithmic implementation of the proposed memory scheme and demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed multivariate approximation procedure for the weight optimization of a segmented open cross section composite beam subjected to axial tension load. Results are generated to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed improvements to a standard genetic algorithm. / Ph. D.