ABSTRAKT Bakgrund: Cirka hälften av de patienter som fått diagnosen psykos sjukdom fullföljer inte sin medicinering trots att psykofarmaka visat sig vara den mest effektiva behandlingen för att reducera symtom. För de som inte följer behandlingen kan symtomen förvärras. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva sjuksköterskornas roll i den medicinska behandlingen av patienter med psykos, deras uppfattningar om sjuksköterskans roll, samt beskriva olika arbetsmetoder som kan vara ett stöd för sjuksköterskor och patienter i att uppnå följsamhet av ordinerad behandling. Metod: Litteratur har sökts i databaserna PubMed, Cinahl, PsykINFO och Blackwell synergy. Elva artiklar analyserades med hjälp av latent och manifest innehållsanalys. Utifrån analysen framkom sex subkategorier och tre kategorier. Resultat: Det framkom att bristen på information till patienten, biverkningar av läkemedel samt sjuksköterskans behov av utbildning påverkade patienters följsamhet. Det visade sig att det fanns flera olika modeller att tillgå för hjälp i följsamhetsproblem. Modellerna ger mer eller mindre gott resultat i medicinsk följsamhet. Diskussion: Patienter ansåg att sjuksköterskor brast i att informera om läkemedelsbehandling och biverkningar. Sjuksköterskorna borde uppmärksamma och förändra detta för att uppnå medicinsk följsamhet hos patienter med psykos sjukdom. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor är medvetna om patienters behov och vad som påverkar den medicinska följsamheten men de behöver riktlinjer.

Securities legislation in Canada and around the world does not mandate firms to fulfill announced share repurchase programs. As such, a firms repurchase program completion rate can be interpreted as a measure of the firms voluntary compliance, which communicates to investors the degree to which the firm is responsible, reliable and makes good faith efforts to fulfill its announced programs. We therefore expect that the voluntary compliance may reduce the riskiness of a firm and thus its cost of capital. In a sample of Canadian repurchase programs announced between 1995 and 2004, surprisingly, we find little evidence to suggest that a significant relationship exists between the firms repurchase program completion rate and the cost of equity. We present a number of explanations for this result.

Patient noncompliance to treatment regimen is a common problem for health service providers. Five personality variable subscales of the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory were related to trainer-judged adherence to treatment plans of 50 injured athletes. Multiple regression analysis showed only Somatic Anxiety was a significant predictor of adherence (r = -.427); injured athletes with high scores are less likely to adhere to treatment recommendations. Results suggest the promise of the MBHI as a diagnostic instrument for evaluating injured athletes and enhancing their treatment, and provide evidence for construct validity of the Somatic Anxiety subscale using a previously unstudied population.

This dissertation proposes a multi-level explanatory framework that strengthens explanations of variation in European Union member states’ compliance with the Anti-Discrimination Directives, and offers novel approaches to testing relationships between key constructs situated at multiple levels of analysis. The framework entails three different yet inter-related levels: system structure, organizational design of public agencies, and the attitudinal and behavioral attributes of civil servants. The theoretical model, proposed in this dissertation, conceptualizes compliance from an integrative approach, and also enables more accurate explanations of the role of information in modifying compliance behavior. This dissertation relies on a multi-method empirical approach, and a combination of secondary and primary sources (i.e. surveys, interviews, observations, and primary documents) to provide answers to the research questions raised in this dissertation.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund: Antipsykotika utgör grunden i behandling av psykossjukdomar. Bristande följsamhet till läkemedelsbehandlingen är dock vanligt förekommande och en stor anledning till att patienter återinsjuknar i psykos och behöver vårdas inom slutenvård. Syfte: Dels att beskriva hur patienter som vårdas inom sluten psykiatrisk psykosvård uppfattar läkemedelsadministrering och dels att beskriva om patienterna uppfattar att sjuksköterskors bemötande i samband med läkemedelsadministrering har betydelse för deras inställning till att medicinera. Metod: Kvalitativ ansats. Intervjustudie med fenomenografi som metod i datainsamling och analys. Resultat: Tio beskrivningskategorier identifierades: Läkemedel befogat och bra, tar läkemedel trots ambivalens/motstånd, läkemedelsadministrationen – ett odramatiskt moment, tvångsmedicinering, behov av information om läkemedel, att vilja ha kontroll eller överlåta ansvar, en stressig situation, belöning för medverkan i medicinering, bemötandet spelar ingen roll och bemötandet spelar stor/viss roll.  Slutsats: Patienter som vårdas inom sluten psykiatrisk psykosvård uppfattar medicinering med antipsykotika och momentet läkemedelsadministration olika. Dessa individuella uppfattningar skulle troligtvis kunna identifieras om rutiner för samtal med patienter kring dessa frågor utarbetas på avdelningar där sådan vård bedrivs. Sannolikheten för att frivilliga lösningar och en bättre individuellt anpassad vård lättare skulle kunna bedrivas borde då öka. Strävan måste vara att så långt det är möjligt undvika tvångsmedicinering och situationer och bemötande som i denna studie identifierats som mindre positiva då de kan utgöra en risk att patienter blir negativt inställda till att medicinera. Ambitionen måste vara att hitta arbetssätt som syftar till långvarig följsamhet. / ABSTRACT Background: Antipsychotics are the basis of the treatment of psychotic illnesses. Lack of adherence to medication is common and a major reason why patients recurrence of psychosis and need to be cared for in hospital. Purpose: To describe how patients with psychosis, cared for in inpatient psychiatric wards, understand medication administration and also to describe if the patients perceive that nurses treatment in the moment of medication administration has an impact on their attitudes to medicate. Method: Qualitative approach. An interview study with phenomenography as a method of data collection and analysis.  Results: Ten categories were identified: medicines justified and well, take medicine despite ambivalence/resistance, administration of medicine – an undramatic moment, coerced medication, need for information about medicines, want to have control or assign responsibility, a stressful situation, reward for participation in the medication, treatment don´t  matter and treatment play a major/some role. Conclusion: Patients with psychosis, who are cared for in inpatient psychiatric wards, understand medication with antipsychotics and the moment of drug administration different. These individual understandings would likely be identified if routines for dialogue with patients about these issues were developed at wards where such care is conducted. The probability of voluntary solutions and better individualized care should then be increased. The ambition must as far as possible be to avoid forced medication and situations identified as less positive in this study as they may pose a risk to cause negative attitudes to medication among patients.  The ambition must be to find ways of working aimed at long-term adherence.

In this paper, a view of non-compliance in practical healthcare is provided that identifies certain non-compliant behaviours as rational. This view of rational non-compliance is used to update a current form of doctor patient relationships with the aim of reducing non-compliance. In addition to reforming one standard doctor patient relationship model, the normative implications of understanding non-compliance as a rational form of human behaviour are described.

Securities legislation in Canada and around the world does not mandate firms to fulfill announced share repurchase programs. As such, a firms repurchase program completion rate can be interpreted as a measure of the firms voluntary compliance, which communicates to investors the degree to which the firm is responsible, reliable and makes good faith efforts to fulfill its announced programs. We therefore expect that the voluntary compliance may reduce the riskiness of a firm and thus its cost of capital. In a sample of Canadian repurchase programs announced between 1995 and 2004, surprisingly, we find little evidence to suggest that a significant relationship exists between the firms repurchase program completion rate and the cost of equity. We present a number of explanations for this result.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva patienters inställning till sin antipsykotiska medicinering och orsaker till varför läkemedelsordinationer inte följs. Metod: Enkätstudie med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Två teman och 13 kategorier framkom för att beskriva patienters inställning till läkemedlet. Dessa teman är Läkemedel som hjälp och Läkemedel som belastning. Antalet kategorier under temat läkemedel som hjälp är nio stycken och antalet kategorier under temat läkemedel som belastning är fyra. För att beskriva varför ordinationer inte följts framkom fyra kategorier. Slutsats: Huvudresultaten i denna studie är de två teman som framkom, Läkemedel som hjälp och Läkemedel som belastning. Deltagarna i denna studie uppgav både positiva och negativa attityder till sin antipsykotiska medicin. Medicinen förbättrade sjukdomsbilden och ökade deras välbefinnande, men den var också förknippad med biverkningar och att man var bunden till att äta ett läkemedel. Inställningen till antipsykotiska läkemedel var dock övervägande positiv i denna studie. Deltagare som någon gång valt att sluta med medicinen uppgav att de gjort det på grund av glömska, biverkningar och en önskan om att få vara frisk. / Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe patients’ attitude to their medication and reasons why they may not be compliant to the medical treatment. Method: Data was collected using questionnaires and the data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Two themes and 13 categories emerged to describepatients’ attitude to their medication. The themes are Medication as an aid and Medication as a burden. There were nine categories describing the theme Medication as an aid and four to describe Medication as a burden. For reasons why patients did not adhere to medication treatment four categories emerged. Conclusion: The main results in this study are the two themes that emerged, Medication as an aid and Medication as a burden. The participants in this study expressed both positive and negative attitudes towards their antipsychotic medication. The medicine improved the clinical picture and their well-being, but it was also associated with side effects and that they were tied to a drug. Participants who stated that they had quit taking their medication one time or another had done so because of forgetfulness, side effects and a desire to be healthy.

Recruiting talented student-athletes is integral to the success of an athletics program. Yet, some universities and individuals therein have been willing to violate National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) recruiting regulations to lure talented athletes to play at their institution. Institutional and isomorphic pressures of discouraging unethical recruiting behavior and practice rely heavily upon the rationalization and institutionalizing of social phenomena through written policy in NCAA Bylaw 13. These policies may be identified as cartel agreements, where a group creates rules to control actions that assure economic profit. Although recruiting top talent may lead to increased victories and revenues, most NCAA athletic departments do not make a profit and being sanctioned for violating NCAA recruiting rules may lead to damaged institutional reputation. In response, universities have invested resources to protect institutional prestige through a comprehensive NCAA rules compliance program. Nevertheless, undisclosed recruiting violations transpire because there are financial incentives to violate NCAA rules. Three separate works were utilized to examine the economic, institutional, and individual factors of NCAA institutional control. First, institutional factors of reported NCAA recruiting violations were analyzed through a series of chi-square tests. Correlative institutional factors were found in particular types of Bylaw 13 violations including conference affiliation, geographic region, sports involved in a major infraction, and size of full-time athletic compliance staff when the violation occurred. Second, hierarchical loglinear regression was used to analyze the results from a survey of 7,200 current student-athletes regarding undisclosed recruiting violations. Various violation types of Bylaw 13 correlatively involved institutions from Bowl Championship Series (BCS) conferences, based on geographic regions, revenue sports, and individual factors of race, sex, and income level. Third, a qualitative instrumental case study examined the economic, administrative, and individual relationships regarding NCAA institutional control of athletics recruiting at a perceivably compliant Division I (FBS), BCS conference-affiliated institution. Findings from this study suggested that the systemic pressure to win championships and maintain institutional control become difficult to balance with the added pressure of high stakes recruiting that can influence the financial stability of an athletic department. The conclusion of this work will assess systemic alternatives regarding NCAA recruiting violations and propose legal remedies to curtail future recruiting violations.

This is a study on the compliance of China to the World Trade Organization¡¦s (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) before and after China¡¦s accession to WTO. The study on pre-accession period focuses on the enactment of China¡¦s patent, copyright and trademark laws in the light of the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. It also focuses China¡¦s adoption, revisions and amendments of the constitution, administrative, criminal, civil, judicial, and legal professional laws and procedures to make enforcements of the intellectual property rights law effective. It likewise shows how the enactment of these laws consistent with the TRIPS Agreement is contributing to the development of the institutions of private property and the rule of law. The result shows that while the pre-accession to WTO would indicate China¡¦s substantial compliance to the TRIPS Agreement, it also focuses on some weaknesses in the laws on the determination of what violation would constitute a criminal act. This problem would manifest later after accession. The post-accession period sharply focuses on the performance of China in the enforcement of their obligations under the TRIPS regime after 2001. The assessment of China¡¦s performance in enforcement focuses on the infringement cases, the complaints filed against China before the dispute settlement mechanisms of WTO, and the multilateral and bilateral reviews on China¡¦s laws and enforcement effort after its accession to WTO. The result shows the over-reliance of China on the administrative rather than the judicial remedies in its internal enforcement effort which resulted in the weak performance of infringement deterrence. The result also notes the shift from the reliance on internal to external measures in the enforcement of intellectual property rights by the trading partners headed by US. The result of the study which shows continuing reforms in the intellectual, civil, criminal and administrative laws after WTO accession to precisely address the issues raised against China in its enforcement effort is an indication of China¡¦s willingness to play by the international rules. While the reforms have not been met with optimism, the WTO¡¦s TRIPS regime provides a sufficient mechanism to deal with China¡¦s TRIPS violations, and more importantly China is positively responding to it.