The jury method is a unique social setting in the Criminal Justice system that provides opportunity for social influence to occur. Questions about the formation of jurors’ individual and collective decisions have stimulated a great deal of interest and research. This study is a review of the juror decision-making process and the various sources of influence that can affect it. Mock jurors were asked to review a mock criminal trial as well as the testimony of 2 witnesses. Upon reviewing the case, a predeliberation verdict (guilty or not guilty) and the degree of certainty of that decision was made. Once deliberation had occurred and ended, the jurors were asked to make a postdeliberation verdict. This study was conducted to see if conformity would take place during a mock jury deliberation, and how influential the actual deliberation was on the jurors. The results demonstrated that not only did jury deliberation influence individual juror’s verdicts, but it made their verdict confidence stronger as well.

Aim: To use the extraoral scanner 3D Sense in practice and compare the measurements on scanned material with conventional, direct clinical measurements. This is to evaluate if extraoral scanning can replace a clinical examination and extraoral 2D photography. Material & method: Fifteen adults at the Faculty of Odontology were recruited for the study. Five determined landmarks were marked in the faces of the subjects. Direct clinical measurements were performed between the landmarks of every subject and used as a reference. The subjects' faces were scanned and the same distances were measured in the scans. Differences in measurements of the two methods were conducted in a paired t-test. Intra- and inter operator differences were calculated for all distances. Intraclass correlations were used to describe to what extent subjects in the same group resemble each other.  Results: Conformity of direct clinical measurements and measurements on scanned material varied between the mean difference of 0,22-5,13 mm. Intra- and inter operator ICC was overall excellent. Conclusion: The measurements between the landmarks pronasale (prn) and pogonion (pg) was the only distance with no statistical significant difference between the two methods. The 3D Sense shows decreasing conformity to clinical measurements with increasing distances. Inter operator ICC shows excellent values and measuring on scanned material can be regarded as a reproducible method. The results indicate clinical acceptance for use of 3D Sense for some purposes in odontology. 3D Sense has been validated in-vitro and analyzed in-vivo. The studies have established the 3D Sense’s adequacy in odontology.

We examined how social norms and confrontations by targets of prejudice influence opinions of gay rights. During an experimental discussion participants were assigned to a 2 (Target: gay target present vs. Christian non-target present) x 2 (Social Support: no group support vs. support from 3 confederates) design. Dependent variables included participants’ public votes on gay rights policies, private post-discussion attitudes, and post-discussion reactions toward the discussion. Results showed that participants exposed to a group showed greater public endorsement of gay-rights than those interacting with the target alone. Gay targets facilitated greater public advocacy for gay rights than Christian targets, despite reporting more negative reactions post-discussion. Overall, participants became more pro-gay rights after the discussion, regardless of condition. These results support the role of social norms in reducing prejudice but also suggest that, contrary to the self-interest rule, targets of prejudice may garner greater support by standing up for their rights.

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The primary purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among ideational fluency, conformity, and locus of control in preschool children. Forty-five children (50 to 61 months) from three child care centers were administered the conformity task, the Preschool and Primary Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Scale (PPNS-IE), the Multidimensional Stimulus Fluency Measure CMSFM), and the Information and Picture Completion subtests of the WPPSI. The findings from this study were mixed in their support of previous research. Results indicated that children with an internal locus of control were more often males and gave fewer original responses than children with an external locus of control. Children with high IQ's gave a greater frequency of popular and total responses on the MSFM and were less conforming than children scoring Iowan IQ. No significant relationships existed among the other variables, and no significant interaction was shown to exist between conformity and locus of control as they affected ideational fluency. / Master of Science

To Kill a Mockingbird is the story of Scout and her adolescence in Maycomb, Alabama, in the 1930s. Her social environment is colored by traditional and contemporary gender roles and the demands and expectations that accompany them. Aunt Alexandra is the character in Scout’s closest circle of influence who embodies such ideals. However, Scout also has the nuanced influence of her father, Atticus, and her neighbor, Miss Maudie, two characters that can act as role models for Scout when it comes to conformity to gendered expectations or the rejection of the same. As such, these characters also demonstrate that agency is a factor, even in such instances as gender. Beauvoir, Butler, Wittig, and Jay, to mention some of the research referenced in this essay, contribute to a reading of the novel and of Scout from the perspective of socially constructed gender, or more specifically, socially constructed femininity. Scout is biologically female, but this essay argues, with the aid of the above-mentioned scholars and their work, that this fact does not mean that there is such a thing as inherent femininity. Instead, Scout personifies the agency within socially constructed gender as she chooses to conform or reject the expectations based on her due to her sex. Furthermore, she is able to do so in part because of her tomboy appearance and the insight she gains regarding the stereotypes surrounding her, as well as the role models she finds in Atticus and Miss Maudie and their androgynous approach to life and their surroundings in turn.

Cette thèse étudie le rôle du conformisme social dans un contexte de vote. Dans le premierchapitre, nous présentons la définition, en psychologie sociale, du conformisme. Nous passons enrevue les éléments cl´es de la littérature afin de montrer l’influence du conformisme. Dans le deuxièmechapitre, nous procédons `a une revue de la littérature sur le rôle économique du conformisme, quirassemble des travaux en économie expérimentale et en psychologie sociale. Dans le troisième chapitre,nous présentons des modèles théoriques en économie comportementale étudiant le rôle du conformisme.Sur cette base, le quatrième chapitre est consacré `a une approche économique de la modélisation despréférences conformistes lorsque les électeurs souhaitent voter pour le candidat vainqueur, lors d’uneélection sujette `a la règle de la majorité. Concrètement, nous proposons d’expliquer comment le désirdes électeurs de voter pour le gagnant peut dissuader le candidat sortant de prendre des décisionsinefficaces pendant son mandat `a des fins de réélection. Dans le cinquième chapitre, nous présentonsun modèle intégrant des préférences conformistes, comme le désir de faire le même choix que lamajorité, lors d’un vote `a l’unanimité. La résolution du modèle permet de mettre en évidence qu’unepréférence pour se conformer au comportement d’autrui peut améliorer le bien-être social des votantset atténuer le problème du passager clandestin. Bien que le conformisme ait toujours eu une mauvaiseréputation, tous nos résultats mettent en lumière son utilité dans divers contextes de vote. / This thesis studies the role of social conformity in voting. In the first chapter, we presentthe definition of social conformity in social psychology. We review key elements of literature in order toshow the influence of conformity. In the second chapter, we conduct a literature review on the economicrole of conformity, which brings together work in experimental economics and social psychology. In thethird chapter, we present theoretical models in behavioral economics studying the role of conformity.On this basis, the fourth chapter is devoted to an economic approach to modeling the preferencesof conformity as voters’ desire to win in a re-election under Majority rule. Concretely, we offer anexplanation about how voters’ desire to win can deter incumbents from inefficient decisions while inoffice. In the fifth chapter, the thesis comes to model conformity preferences as desire to make the samevote as the majority in voting for collective decision-making under the unanimity rule. The findingsof the model highlight that conformity preferences can improve the sum of voters’ social welfare andalleviate the free-rider problem. Though conformity has always had a bad reputation, all our resultsshed light on its usefulness in various contexts to vote.

The topic of my diploma thesis is removing the technical barriers of the trade of goods via harmonization of the essential requirements on the products -- mainly the legal aspects and practical consequences of the conformity assessment and the CE conformity marking. The goal of my thesis is firstly to find out what the main objective of the CE marking is and whether it really fulfills its role. Secondly, I want to find out how the process of conformity assessment looks like in practice. Thirdly I want to find out how the market surveillance is organized and how effective it is. My thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter depicts the situation as it had been before the marking was introducted. The second describes the statutory regulation of the CE marking system. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the process of the conformity assessment. The fifth chapter is about the market surveillance. The final sixth chapter explores problems that are related to the CE marking system.

Depuis les réformes fiscales du 20ème siècle, l’alignement de principe du droit fiscal sur le droit privé et la comptabilité s’est progressivement imposé en droit fiscal français. En matière de fiscalité des entreprises, un principe de connexion entre le droit fiscal et la comptabilité a été consacré sur le fondement de textes épars, de la jurisprudence, de la doctrine majoritaire et du pragmatisme de l’administration fiscale ; mais surtout au nom de l’unité opératoire du droit considérée en phase avec les impératifs du droit fiscal telles la simplicité, la sécurité juridique, l’imposition selon la capacité contributive. A l’aune des principaux impôts commerciaux, la connexion présente une portée très large qui se dédouble en connexion matérielle et formelle. A l’épreuve de l’adoption mondiale du référentiel comptable de l’IASB et de l’harmonisation de la fiscalité directe des entreprises au sein de l’Union Européenne, le droit français, bien que tiraillé, a fait le choix du maintien de la connexion dans le cadre de la convergence du PCG avec les normes IAS-IFRS sans le secours d’une véritable politique fiscale optimale devant tendre vers l’élargissement de l’assiette des impôts en contrepartie d’une réduction des taux et vers la réduction des coûts de conformité de l’impôt au moins au sein de l’Union Européenne. Mais, à la lumière de ces impératifs fiscaux, de la logique juridique et du droit fiscal américain, les potentialités de la déconnexion doivent être explorées notamment le projet d’ACCIS soutenu par la France et reposant sur une assiette autonome et élargie, l’admission optionnelle du bilan fiscal et la réduction des concepts fiscaux transversaux. / Since the tax reforms of 20th century, the alignment of tax law on private law and accounting gradually became the imperative principle under French law.Concerning business taxation, the principle of book and tax conformity has been established based on scattered provisions, the case law, the majority of tax scholars and the pragmatism of the tax authorities; but specially in the name of the operating unity of the law matching with the tax values such simplicity, legal certainty, taxation in accordance with ability to pay.With regard to the main business taxes, the book tax conformity has very wide reach which is both material and formal.Facing the worldwide adoption of the IASB accounting standards and the harmonization of the direct tax on businesses within the European Union, the French law, despite tension, chose the preservation of the book tax conformity in the process of the convergence of the General accounting plan toward the IAS-IFRS without the account of the optimal tax policy that must aim at broadening the tax base with rates reduction and the reduction of tax conformity costs at least within the EU.In the light of theses canons, legal logic, the example of the US law, the potentialities of a disconnection must be explored namely the current EU project of CCCTB, backed by France, based on a broad and autonomous tax base ; a fiscal balance sheet election; the reduction of transversal tax concepts.