This thesis seeks to simulate the impact on the human foot on the car bumper. The opening section deals with requirements as to the current passive safety features aiming to mitigate the consequences of such impact. The thesis also describes the construction of a human foot impactor, its certification via both static and dynamic tests, a simulation of the cash test and its evaluation. The designed model as well as the simulation procedure have been led according to the current Euro NCAP specifications.

This report is a summary of the development of sensor integration for low-cost crash avoidance for over-land commercial trucks. The goal of the project was to build and test a system composed of low-cost commercially available sensors arranged on a truck trailer to monitor the environment around the truck. The system combines the data from each sensor to increase the reliability of the sensor using a probabilistic data fusion approach. A combination of ultrasonic and magnetoresistive sensors was used in this study. In addition, Radar and digital imaging were investigated as reference signals and possible candidates for additional sensor integration. However, the primary focus of this work is the integration of the ultrasonic and magnetoresistive sensors. During the investigation the individual sensors were evaluated for their use in the system. This included communication with vendors and lab and field testing. In addition, the sensors were modeled using an analytical mathematical model to help understand and predict the sensor behavior. Next, an algorithm was developed to fuse the data from the individual sensors. A probabilistic approach was used based on Bayesian filtering with a prediction-correction algorithm. Sensor fusion was implemented using joint a probability algorithm. The output of the system is a prediction of the likelihood of the presence of a vehicle in a given region near the host truck trailer. The algorithm was demonstrated on the fusion of an ultrasonic sensor and a magnetic sensor. Testing was conducted using both a light pickup truck and also with a class 8 truck. Various scenarios were evaluated to determine the system performance. These included vehicles passing the host truck from behind and the host truck passing vehicles. Also scenarios were included to test the system at distinguishing other vehicles from objects that are not vehicles such as sign posts, walls or railroads that could produce electronic signals similar to those of vehicles and confuse the system. The test results indicate that the system was successful at predicting the presence and absence of vehicles and also successful at eliminating false positives from objects that are not vehicles with overall accuracy ranging from 90 to 100% depending on the scenario. Some additional improvements in the performance are expected with future improvements in the algorithm discussed in the report. The report includes a discussion of the mapping of the algorithm output with the implementation of current and future safety and crash avoidance technologies based on the level of confidence of the algorithm output and the seriousness of the impending crash scenario. For example, irreversible countermeasures such as firing an airbag or engaging the brakes should only be initiated if the confidence of the signal is very high, while reversible countermeasures such as warnings to the driver or nearby vehicles can be initiated with a relatively lower confidence. The results indicate that the system shows good potential as a low cost alternative to competing systems which require multiple, high cost sensors. Truck fleet operators will likely adopt technology only if the costs are justified by reduced damage and insurance costs, therefore developing an effective crash avoidance system at a low cost is required for the technology to be adopted on a large scale.

Thesis (Master of Emergency Medical Care (MEMC))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019 / Introduction: Road traffic injuries are the ninth leading cause of death globally. Projections indicate that without new and sustained commitment globally to preventing such injuries, the situation will only worsen. Motor vehicle rescue does not lend itself to the prevention of road traffic incidents but through ensuring that all incidents are managed using sound evidence could contribute in positive outcomes for victims. It is unknown what contribution rescue education makes to the body of medical rescue knowledge in South Africa. Aims: The aim of this research was to investigate the relevance and scope of the principles of physics within medical rescue specifically in the context of motor vehicle rescue. It appears that current traditional methods of presenting rescue training, which is mainly procedural and technical, may contribute to 'segmented' learning. Research Methodology: Using an interpretive research design, multiple qualitative methodologies were employed. This methodological triangulation was intended to improve construct validity and trustworthiness of findings. A modified Delphi process through which questionnaires was repeatedly distributed to rescue experts was employed. Process tracing was used to evaluate the developed typical motor vehicle rescue case scenario narrative for underpinnings of the principles of physics. The Bachelor Emergency Medical Care Physics and Extrication subject guides was evaluated for its educational alignment during the document analysis. Legitimation Code theory as a theoretical framework was utilised to appraise the knowledge gap. Results & Discussion: Motor vehicle rescue incident may not always present in a similar manner due to various factors and influences. Development of the typical motor vehicle case narrative from which its physics principles could be identified was imperative. Most motor vehicle rescue related training occur with the vehicle in the upright orientation on all four wheels. This manner of frequent training may restrict rescue practitioners from moving beyond their 'typical' training knowledge when the situation presents a typical. The thematic document analysis of the BEMC Physics and Extrication subject guides lacked the necessary coherence which is required for a professional degree. It was deemed void of certain threshold concepts and structure which would allow the student to move between the theoretical and contextual knowledge. Motor vehicle rescue subject guides and most textbooks on the topic leaned towards a procedural and very technically detailed pedagogy, to the extent that it could contribute to segmented learning. Conclusion: Developing curricula that is underpinned by a theoretically sound evidence base would promote credibility of a qualification. Curricula by design inform the teaching, learning and the competencies which would ultimately be assessed. Professional degrees are intended to develop practitioners who would graduate with the knowledge and competencies to adapt to situations. In addition, graduate attributes of lifelong learning, reflective practice and the ability to contribute to the development of new knowledge is secondary to the goal of qualification attainment.

<p></p>Traffic safety management on interstates is crucial during adverse winter weather. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), there are over 5,891,000 vehicle crashes each year in the United States. Approximately 21% of these crashes are weather-related. INDOT spends $60 million on winter operations each year to minimize the weather impacts on driver capability, vehicle performance, road infrastructure, and crash risk. Several studies have sought to investigate the relationship of crash counts with weather, speed, traffic and roadway data during snow events, in order to help agencies, identify needs and to distribute the resources effectively and efficiently during winter weather events. The limitation of these studies is that weather variables are often correlated to each other, for example, visibility may be correlated to snow precipitation and air temperature may be correlated to net solar surface radiation. The randomness of crash occurrence also increases difficulty in such studies. In this study, a random parameter negative binomial model was used for Interstate I-465 in Indianapolis in winter 2018 and 2019.The results show that during snow events in Indiana, air temperature, wind speed, snow precipitation, net solar surface radiation, and visibility significantly impact the number of crashes on I-465. Driving over the speed limit (55 mph), especially on wet pavements are more likely to lose control of vehicles and cause crashes. Travel speed between 45 mph to 55 mph and travel speed between 15 mph to 25 mph are both strong factors. Somewhat surprising was that speeds between 25mph and 45mph were not found to be significant. The number of interchanges is also positively related to crash counts due to the high number of conflict points at ramp merging sections. Also, travelling over speed limit is a random parameter with unobserved heterogeneity which is intuitive since speeding could be more dangerous in certain areas with complex road geometry and narrower lanes. Traffic counts have a negative correlation with crash counts, likely due to faster speeds when fewer vehicles are travelling on the loop. Crash counts increased about70% during severe storm days on I-465, and visibility and air temperature are highly correlated to crash counts. These key findings can help the agency to deploy warnings when visibility is low, or temperature falls sharply.help the agency to deploy warnings when visibility is low,or temperature falls sharply.

Can the law of the natural distribution of random numbers expose malice in financial markets? This thesis aims to analyze the indices S&amp;P 500 and STOXX 600, in an effort to identify days in which behavior in the market was the result of financial manipulation or non normal market movements. What was discovered by extending a previous study [10], was that we could accurately identify many days in which the market crashed or was affected by malpractice similar to the events in the 2007-2008 financial crisis.

Innerorts-Knotenpunkten gilt aufgrund der vielen Unfälle eine hohe Aufmerksamkeit in der Unfallforschung und -prävention. Die vorliegende Arbeit identifiziert und quantifiziert Einflüsse, welche die Komplexität von Knotenpunkten bestimmen und sich so auf Fehlerraten und somit Unfallzahlen auswirken. Dazu werden verallgemeinert lineare Modelle verwendet. Dabei erweisen sich neben der Verkehrsstärke vor allem die Anzahl der Konfliktpunkte an nichtsignalisierten Knotenpunkten sowie die Links- und Rechtsabbiegersignalisierungen an signalisierten Knotenpunkten als signifikante Einflüsse auf die Unfallzahlen. Entsprechend können komplexitätsverringernde Maßnahmen abgeleitet werden. / A great deal of research on road safety and accident prevention focuses on urban intersections due to high crash frequencies. In this paper urban intersection complexity is broken down into single quantifiable effects that determine crash counts using generalised linear models. Besides traffic volumes it can be shown that the number of conflict points explain crash counts at non-signalised intersections. Whereas crash counts at signalised intersections are effected by protected left- and right-turn signalling. Practical measures can be deduced from this work in order to manage intersection safety.

In this master thesis it have been investigated how the stiffness of a seat affect the risk of neck injuries, e.g whiplash associated disorders, in a rear end low velocity car collision using a female human body model, HBM, and if dividing the seat into several sections with different stiffnesses. The project is performed in collaboration with CEVT, China Euro Vehicle Technology, a innovation center of the Geely Holding Group. The HBM used is the VIVA open source HBM developed by Chalmers University of Technology together with Volvo Cars, The Swedish National Road and Transport ResearchInstitute (VTI) and Folksams forskningsstiftelse. Two different seats were investigated, a generic seat and the seat of the existing Lynk&amp;Co 01. The stiffness of the seat had a significant impact on the risk of neck injuries, but does not seem to be a good idea to divide the seat into several sections since the height of the individual in the seat influence what stiffness is optimal for each section. It was also discovered that the relative distance between the head and the headrest at the moment of impact has a great affect on the risk of neck injuries.

Background: Stock ownership has been increasing in Sweden, with 2,7 million individual owners in 2022, up from 2,1 million in 2018. A trend shows that younger individuals are becoming more involved in stock ownership, while those over 40 are decreasing in numbers. Traditional finance theories, such as neoclassical finance, assume rational decision-making and advocate for diversified portfolios, but behavioral finance acknowledges the impact of psychological factors and biases on investment decisions. Evidence suggests that households tend to reduce diversification levels during stock market crashes, which may be influenced by demographic factors.   Purpose: The aim is to investigate whether the Covid-19 stock market crash influenced the portfolio allocation and asset preferences of Swedish private investors. Specifically, we examine whether there were changes in diversification levels and whether demographic factors such as gender, age, education, and portfolio wealth impacted investment behavior. The research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how Swedish private investors responded to the stock market crash.   Method: We adopt a deductive approach, rooted in the positivistic philosophy. The data for our research was collected through a quantitative survey involving 232 participants. However, only 127 were used for the data analysis. Building upon prior research, seven alternative hypotheses were formulated and examined using the binary logistic model with the statistical tool SPSS and STATA.   Conclusion: Findings from this study show that 30% of participants reported an increased diversification in response to the Covid-19 stock market crash. The only demographic factor that had a significant impact on investors’ likeliness to alter their diversification levels were gender. Women were found to be more likely to increase their diversification levels in response to a stock market crash than men. There has been a shift in asset allocation preferences, with a growing preference for safer options such as mutual funds and ETFs, and a decrease in riskier assets such as stocks. However, we do not find any flight to liquidity.

[pt] Ao considerarmos a Geografia como uma ciência que contribui para a interpretação da realidade com a finalidade de construir contribuições sobre o entendimento do mundo, percebemos que o cinema torna-se uma importante representação nessa interpretação. A inserção da cidade na relação entre cinema e Geografia, leva-nos a perceber que os fatos narrados não têm a cidade apenas como palco de seu desenvolvimento. Esse desenrolar de situações é construído também pela vida cotidiana na metrópole e pelas relações sociais em ato, ou seja, as práticas sociais. Diante disso, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os conflitos sociais e as tensões que se dão no espaço urbano a partir das representações vistas no filme Crash – No Limite, uma vez que a própria imagem do cinema apresenta essencialmente analogias com a espacialidade. Pretendemos responder: como podemos pensar essas tensões, os conflitos sociais e, sobretudo, as representações do espaço urbano a partir da representação cinematográfica? / [en] By considering Geography a science that contributes to the interpretation of reality in order to build approaches towards the understanding of the world, we notice that cinema becomes an important representation in this interpretation. Inserting the city in the relation between cinema and Geography leads us to perceive that the narrated facts do not have the city just as stage for its development. Such development of situations is also build by the daily life in the metropolis and by the social relations on , that is, the social practices. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the social conflicts and tensions that occur in urban space from the representations watched in the movie Crash , since cinema s own image essentially presents some analogies with spatiality. We intend to answer: how can we think this tensions, the social conflicts and, most of all, the representations of urban space from the cinematographic representation.

Arguably the greatest issue facing the transportation profession is the ability to provide social equity with regards to both safety and mobility given the aging population. Given the overall dominance of the automobile within the transportation system, the ability to provide feasible alternatives is daunting. This fact, when coupled with the well-documented challenges of older drivers, underscores the need for improved safety features and system-wide safety approaches with a focus on the older driver. This paper describes an application of spatial crash analysis and road safety investigations that were employed in Massachusetts with a direct focus on the older driver. Specifically, the paper outlines an approach for identifying high crash locations for older drivers and presents the results of older driver focused road safety investigations for selected locations. The research approach targets both intersections and roadway segments identifying locations where older drivers are overrepresented in crashes. The road safety investigations resulted in recommended countermeasures aimed at mitigating the older driver crash problem at the identified locations. Although the resulting countermeasures, which were based upon established literature such as the Older Driver Design Handbook, included a full spectrum of recommendations, a specific emphasis was placed upon short-term and low cost measures that could be readily employed. Techniques to identify relationships between high crash location identification methods and the recommended countermeasures for the identified locations are considered. Ultimately the application of these techniques may provide transportation professionals with a means to associate specific older driver focused countermeasures with the results of particular methods of high crash location identification.