Visando a redução de poluentes emitidos pelos motores de combustão interna com ignição por compressão, que operam conforme o ciclo diesel, foram desenvolvidos nos últimos anos dispositivos para a operação destes motores com novos combustíveis, que além da redução de poluentes barateariam o custo de operação, devido à oportunidade de utilização de alguns combustíveis com boa disponibilidade. No presente estudo analisa-se a operação do motor diesel utilizando gás natural como combustível. Neste caso utiliza-se o óleo diesel apenas como combustível piloto, que será responsável pela ignição do segundo combustível, o gás natural. Em diversas publicações constata-se o ganho ambiental e econômico desta aplicação, porém nada é comentado em relação à alteração de índices de confiabilidade e surgimento de novos modos de falha. Neste trabalho verifica-se através de ferramentas de análise de confiabilidade, tais como a análise do tipo FMEA e Árvore de falhas, quais os principais modos de falha que serão inseridos no motor de combustão interna do tipo diesel quando este passa a operar como bi-combustível, com gás natural. Para tanto, necessita-se subdividir o motor diesel em subsistemas mostrando sua estruturação em árvores funcionais e integrando o kit diesel gás neste sistema. A partir da análise de confiabilidade verifica-se a probabilidade de ocorrência de novos modos de falha, que necessitarão da elaboração de novos planos de manutenção ou mesmo alterações no projeto do subsistema de injeção de gás natural. / In order to reduce pollutants emissions from internal combustion engines with compression bend ignition, designed to operate as the Diesel cycle, it has been developed in recent years devices for the addition of new fuels, which in addition to reducing pollutants could lower the cost of operation, due to the possibility of use of some fuels with good availability. In this case it is used only the diesel oil as the pilot flame, which is responsible for the ignition of the second fuel, the natural gas. Many publications discuss the environmental and the economic gain with the use of natural gas as fuel application, however nothing is said about the change of reliability indexes and the appearance of new failure modes in the engine. In this study through system reliability analysis tools such as Faillure Mode Effects and Analisys and Fault tree analysis it is analysed, which are the main failure modes that are inserted into the internal combustion engine when it comes to operate as dual fuel. For that analyses it is necessary to split the engine into subsystems showing its functional trees and integrating diesel gas kit in this system. New failure modes appear with greater severity than the existing in the traditional diesel engine system, leading to new design and maintenance practices. The end user, according to his need, will have one more parameter to choose whether to adopt a Diesel Gas system.

Neste estudo foi avaliado o efeito da restrição de estabilidade imposta por uma tarefa voluntária sobre a adaptação de respostas posturais reativas a perturbações externas em jovens, idosos sadios e idosos com doença de Parkinson (DP). No Experimento 1 participantes com DP e idosos sadios foram perturbados por meio de translação posterior da superfície de apoio, enquanto executavam duas versões de uma tarefa voluntária: segurando uma bandeja com um cilindro apoiado em sua base (BR) ou em seu lado circular (AR). A avaliação foi feita por meio de blocos alternados de baixa e alta restrição. Os resultados indicaram que ambos os grupos mostram menor velocidade da bandeja no contexto de AR em comparação ao de BR. A latência de resposta postural foi maior no contexto de AR apenas para indivíduos sadios. Indivíduos sadios apresentaram diferentes padrões de coordenação ombro-quadril em função da restrição da tarefa, enquanto idosos com DP apresentaram um padrão relativamente invariável. Estes resultados sugerem que a doença de Parkinson prejudica a capacidade de adaptar as respostas posturais às exigências impostas por uma tarefa voluntária. O Experimento 2 teve como objetivo comparar as respostas posturais reativas entre jovens e idosos sadios. O mesmo paradigma do Experimento 1, com exceção do tipo de perturbação, foi utilizado no Experimento 2. Ambos os grupos diminuíram a velocidade da bandeja no contexto de AR em comparação ao contexto de BR. Os resultados mais expressivos mostraram que, enquanto os jovens adaptaram a latência muscular, magnitude muscular, nível de coativação muscular e coordenação interarticular de acordo com a sequência, os idosos foram mais sensíveis ao contexto atual de restrição da tarefa voluntária. Estes resultados sugerem que o envelhecimento leva à mudança de uma adaptação mais generalizada para uma mais específica das respostas posturais reativas / This study assessed the effect of stability constraints imposed by a voluntary task on the adaptation of postural responses to an external perturbation in healthy adults and in elderly individuals with Parkinsons disease (PD). In Experiment 1 subjects with PD and age-matched controls were perturbed through a backward translation of the support surface while standing and performing two versions of a voluntary task: holding a tray with a cylinder placed with the flat side down (LC) or with the rolling round side down (HC). Participants performed alternating blocks of low and high constraint trials. Parkinsons disease participants accomplished the voluntary task as well as controls, showing slower tray velocity in the high, as compared with the low, constraint context. Latency of postural responses was longer in the high constraint context only for control subjects. Control subjects presented different patterns of hip-shoulder coordination as a function of task constraint, whereas PD subjects had a relatively invariable pattern. These results suggest that Parkinsons disease impairs the capacity to adapt postural responses to constraints imposed by a voluntary task. Experiment 2 aimed at comparing postural reactive responses between healthy young and elderly individuals in response to unexpected load release. Results showed that while the young group adapted muscular latency, muscular magnitude, coactivation level and interjoint coordination according to task-constraint sequence, the elderly group was more sensitive to the current context of voluntary task constraint. These results suggest that aging lead to more specific postural reactive responses adaptation

本研究旨在探讨工作家庭交互作用与匹配领域的变量之间的关系，即，工作家庭交互作用与一开始引发它的领域中的两个结果变量(满意度和绩效)之间的关系。本研究共有三个研究问题:(1)这种匹配领域的关系是否能推广到中国样本中? (2)工作家庭交互作用和满意度/绩效之间，到底谁是因谁是果? (3)在这个过程中，情绪是否有中介作用? 研究一在一个教师群体中采用横断面研究，并发现在控制了交互领域(即工作家庭交互作用的被影响的领域)的作用之后，匹配领域的关系在满意度上仍然显著，但是在绩效这个因变量上不显著。研究二在一个以孩子家长组成的样本中采用一个周期为两周的日记法以及间隔时间为一周的跨时间的数据进行交互验证，并发现是匹配领域中的满意度导致了工作家庭交互作用，而不是反过来。并且发现对于绩效来说，只有交互领域的关系是显著的，并且在这个关系中，绩效是果而不是因。对于情绪的作用，研究结果并不一致。基于以上结果，对研究意义、不足和展望进行了讨论。 / This study focused on the matching-domain relationship in work-family interface (WFI), i.e., the relationship between WFI and two outcome variables of satisfaction and performance in the originating domain. There were three research questions:(1) whether such relationship could be generalized in Chinese samples;(2) what was the causal relationship between the variables; and (3) whether emotions could mediate such relationship. Study 1 was a cross-sectional research conducted with Chinese teacher. We found that after controlling the cross-domain (i.e., the receiving domain) relationship, the matching-domain effect of WFI was still significant on satisfaction but not on performance. Study 2 consisted of a two-week daily diary data and a one-week interval cross-time data on a group of Chinese parents. It cross-validated that it was the matching-domain satisfaction caused WFI but not the reversed. Also, we found that performance was only significant in the cross-domain relationship and WFI was the cause rather than the result in this relationship. Finding on the role of emotions on the aforesaid relationship was inconsistent. Implications, limitations and future directions were discussed based on the above findings. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Cao, Hui. / "November 2011." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-123). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; appendixes in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.IV / Table of Contents --- p.V / List of Tables --- p.VII / List of Figures --- p.IX / English Abstract --- p.II / Chinese Abstract --- p.III / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Concept of work-family interface --- p.2 / Summary on the concept of work-family interface --- p.10 / Framework of Work-family Interface --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Present Study --- p.23 / Research question 1: the phenomenon of matching-domain relationship between WFI and outcome variables --- p.23 / Hypotheses on the phenomenon of matching-domain hypothesis in Chinese sample --- p.29 / Research question 2: the causal relationship between WFI and matching-domain satisfaction/performance --- p.30 / Hypotheses on the causal relationship between WFI and matching-domain satisfaction/performance --- p.35 / Research question 3: the mediation effect of emotion --- p.36 / Design of the present study --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Study 1: Cross-Sectional Study --- p.41 / Method --- p.42 / Results --- p.46 / Discussion --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Study 2: Daily Diary Study --- p.61 / Methods --- p.61 / Results --- p.73 / Discussion --- p.94 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General Discussion --- p.100 / Summary of the Results --- p.100 / Implications --- p.103 / Limitations --- p.106 / Future directions --- p.108 / References --- p.112 / Chapter Appendix 1 --- The Chinese Version of Work-family Interface Scale used in Study I and Posttest of Study 2 --- p.124 / Chapter Appendix 2 --- The Chinese Version of Work Satisfaction Scale, Family Satisfaction Scale, Work performance Scale, and Family Performance Scale used in Study 1 and Posttets of Study 2 --- p.125

É crescente a aplicação dos cimentos à base de resina em próteses em cerâmica por exibirem propriedades estéticas e biomecânicas superiores aos cimentos convencionais. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o grau de conversão (GC) de quatro cimentos resinosos, sendo um com modo de polimerização físico (ChoiceTM 2/Bisco Inc), 2 com modo de polimerização dual (DuolinkTM/ Bisco Inc; VariolinkII®/Ivoclar-Vivadent) e um cimento com modo de polimerização químico (C&BTM/Bisco Inc), empregados na cimentação de coroas confeccionadas em cerâmica. Foram utilizados 42 pré-molares humanos que foram preparados para receber coroas totais confeccionadas com 2 sistemas cerâmicos: cerâmica de dissilicato de lítio (IPS e.MaxPress/Ivoclar-Vivadent®) e cerâmica de óxido de Zircônia estabilizada por Itrio (IPS e.maxZirCAD/Ivoclar-Vivadent®) para confecção dos copings, tendo uma cerâmica a base de fluorapatita como cobertura (IPS e.maxZirPresss/Ivoclar-Vivadent). Para a cimentação os dentes/coroas/cimento foram subdivididos aleatoriamente e, a foto ativação dos cimentos dual e físico, foi realizada com dois protocolos: foto-ativação nas faces vestibular, oclusal e lingual, com o tempo de exposição de 20s sequencialmente e foto-ativação somente por oclusal pelo tempo de 60s. O cimento químico foi mantido sem aturdimento por 15 minutos. Após a cimentação, os espécimes foram armazenados em água deionizada em estufa com temperatura de ±36oC e seccionados transversalmente após 7 dias em 3 regiões: cervical, no centro da coroa e 2mm aquém da face oclusal. O grau de conversão foi determinado pela técnica da espectroscopia Micro-Raman ao longo da linha de cimento nas face vestibular, mesial, lingual e distal. Os resultados foram submetidos a uma análise estatística ANOVA os quais mostraram que o GC dos cimentos com ativação em três faces sequencialmente depende da interação entre o tipo da cerâmica e da marca comercial do cimento; o GC sob a cerâmica de dissilicato de lítio é maior do que sob as cerâmicas de zircônia; em relação as faces e terços, o GC mostrou ser material dependente. Conclui-se que, o protocolo de ativação e a composição da cerâmica tem influência no GC dos cimentos analisados. / There is a growing application of resin-based cements in ceramic prostheses for displaying aesthetic and biomechanical properties superior to conventional cements. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree conversion (DC) of four resin cements, one with physical curing mode (ChoiceTM 2/Bisco Inc), two dualcuring mode (DuolinkTM / Bisco Inc; VariolinkII® / Ivoclar-Vivadent) and one chemical curing mode (C&BTM / Bisco Inc) employed in the cementation of crowns made of ceramic. We used 42 human premolars were prepared to receive full crowns made with two ceramic systems: lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS eMaxPress/Ivoclar- Vivadent®) and Yttrium oxide stabilized zirconia (IPS e.maxZirCAD / Ivoclar - Vivadent®) for the fabrication of copings, with a ceramic veneer as fluorapatite based (IPS e.maxZirPresss / Ivoclar-Vivadent). For cementation, teeth/crowns/cement were randomly divided, and the photo activation of dual cements and physical, was performed with two protocols: photo-activation in the buccal, occlusal and lingual, with an exposure time of 20s in each face and photo-activation only by occlusal for 60s. The cement chemical was maintained for 15 minutes without stunning. After cementation, specimens were stored in deionized water in an oven at a temperature of 37°C and sectioned after 7 days in three regions : cervical, in the center of the crown and 2 mm below the occlusal surface. The degree of conversion was determined along the cement line in the buccal, mesial, lingual and distal by micro- Raman spectroscopy. The results were submitted to statistic analysis by ANOVA which showed that the DC of cements with activation in three sequentially faces depends on the relationship by ceramic composition and cement trademark; the DC under lithium dissilicate ceramic is greater than in the zirconia; regarding the faces and thirds, DC proved to be material dependent. In conclusion, curing protocol and ceramic composition has a influence on DC of the cements analyzed.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a aprendizagem em uma tarefa dual em comparação à aprendizagem de tarefas singulares e a respectiva variação de demanda atencional em função da prática. Participaram do estudo 27 estudantes universitários destros, divididos em três grupos de acordo com a tarefa praticada: prática da tarefa singular de traçar uma estrela com a mão esquerda recebendo feedback invertido (EST), prática da tarefa singular de toques sequenciais dos dedos da mão direita (TOQ) e prática dual consistindo na prática simultânea das duas tarefas singulares (T+E). A demanda atencional foi mensurada por meio do tempo de reação probatório, com estímulo auditivo e resposta vocal. As tarefas foram praticadas em 200 tentativas, distribuídas em 4 sessões executadas em diferentes dias. O efeito de aprendizagem foi avaliado após um dia e após uma semana a última sessão de prática. Os resultados mostraram que a demanda atencional foi maior na tarefa dual em comparação com as tarefas singulares e houve diminuição persistente da demanda atencional após o período de prática somente para a tarefa dual. A análise da fase de aquisição mostrou que o ganho proporcional de desempenho do grupo T+E foi equivalente ao encontrado para os grupos singulares, apesar de ter havido vantagem de desempenho favorável aos grupos singulares. A avaliação da retenção revelou que a prática na tarefa dual induziu resultados equivalentes à prática nas tarefas singulares quando avaliado o desempenho em cada tarefa motora separadamente. Para desempenho na tarefa dual, o grupo T+E atingiu valores superiores ao grupo EST e valores equivalentes ao grupo TOQ nas respectivas tarefas praticadas por estes dois grupos. Tais resultados mostram que o compartilhamento dos recursos atencionais durante a tarefa dual não prejudicou a aprendizagem motora em comparação com a prática com atenção focal em uma tarefa singular / This study aimed to evaluate learning of a dual task in comparison to learning of single tasks and the respective variation of attentional demand as a function of practice. Twenty-seven right-handed university students participated of the study. They were assigned to one of three groups: practice of a single task requiring drawing of a star based on inverted visual feedback with the left hand (EST); practice of a single task requiring fast sequential fingers movements with the right hand (TOQ); and practice of a dual task requiring performance of both single tasks simultaneously (T+E). To evaluate attentional demand we used a probe reaction time task, consisting of auditory stimuli and vocal responses. The experimental tasks were practiced for 200 trials, during four sessions distributed on different days. The learning effect was evaluated after one day and after one week the last practice session. Results showed that attentional demand was higher when performing the dual task in comparison with the two single tasks and reduced attentional demand persisted after the practice period only for the dual task. Analysis of the acquisition phase showed that the proportional performance gain of the T+E group was equivalent to that found for groups practicing single tasks, despite the performance advantage favoring the latter. Evaluation of the retention phase showed that practice of the dual task led to similar results to practicing single tasks when performance was measured on each motor task separately. For performance on the dual task, the T+E group was superior in comparison with the EST group and equivalent to the TOQ group on the specific tasks practiced by these two groups. The results evidenced that sharing attentional resources in the practice of a dual task did not hinder motor learning in comparison to situations of focused attention to the practice of a single task

"December 2003." / Thesis (Ed.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 441-475). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

La ferrite allotriomorphe est une des morphologies de la ferrite dont la répartition spatiale influe fortement sur les propriétés mécaniques dans les aciers dual-phase. En fonction des traitements qu'ils subissent, la ferrite peut s'y répartir suivant les bandes de ségrégation en manganèse, issues de l'étape de solidification. Pour établir le rôle que joue le processus de croissance de la ferrite allotriomorphe sur la mise en place de la structure en bandes, nous avons développé un modèle de champ de phases possédant deux spécificités originales, imposées par le problème. D'une part, ce modèle est capable de reproduire les différents régimes cinétiques observés dans les alliages ternaires Fe-C-X, pilotés par la présence concomittante du carbone diffusant rapidement,et d'un élément substitutionnel X diffusant lentement. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence la transition d'un régime initial rapide de paraéquilibre vers une croissance lente en orthoéquilibre, en bon accord avec des résultats expérimentaux de la littérature. D'autre part, notre modèle incorpore de manière économe la présence des joints de grains austénitiques, dont le rôle dans l'élimination des structures en bande est souligné par nos calculs. Nous observons ainsi qu'il existe un seuil d'intensité deségrégation en manganèse en dessous duquel le mouillage de la ferrite le long des joints de grain de plus grande énergie peut contrecarrer la croissance dans les bandes ségrégées négativement / The growth of allotriomorphic ferrite plays a major role in the formation of martensite bands in Dual-Phase steels. We have thus developed a phase field model to study the ferritic growth in different ternary Fe-C-X alloys, incorporating two necessary features. First, we have paid a particular attention to recover the different growth regimes due to the huge difference between the diffusion rates of Cand X substitutional species. Our calculations have exhibited a transition from fast paraequilibrium to slow orthoequilibrium in good agreement with experimental measurements in the literature. Second, austenite grain boundaries have been included in the model because they can conterbalance the manganese segregation bands, as shown in our calculations. Indeed, our results show that the bands can be broken bythe wetting of ferrite along the austenite grain boundaries, provided that the segregation is below a threshold value, and provided that the grain boundary energies are sufficiently high

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoIvanWerncke.pdf: 1495599 bytes, checksum: ca73f0189d2d92f4cd32410397e6fb1f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The constant search for new energy sources leads to need for new technological solutions, which require the analysis of some of the options for energy generation. This search assessed the behavior of an internal combustion engine in what concerns to the influence of gradual to total substitution of commercial diesel for crambe biodiesel and the influence of the use of biogas, with the engine running on dual mode. The items assessed were the diesel, biodiesel and biogas calorific power; the power generated according to the load (kW.kW-1); the specific consumption of liquid fuel (g.kWh-1); the energetic consumption (kJ.h-1); return/yield (%); the reduction of diesel-biodiesel consumption (%); gas emission: nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxides (CO), and the variation of engine gas temperature. The experiment was performed at the Gas and micro-generation of electricity laboratory at the State University of West Parana (UNIOESTE), and in a pig fattening unit in the city of Medianeira PR. The diesel used in the experiment was composed of 95% mineral diesel and 5% biodiesel, according to current standards. Both diesel and biodiesel s inferior calorific power were assessed with an E2K calorimeter. Biogas was analyzed with DRAGER X-AM 7000. In order to assess the fuel, an OVAL flowmeter model M-III LSF41L0-M2 was used. Data was recorded by means of a FIELD LOGGER data logger, by NOVUS. The assessment of biogas consumption happened with the aid of a gas meter, by SCHIMBERGER, model GALLUS 1000. Data were transferred to an electronic spreadsheet. The electricity generated was measured by analyzer AE-200, by INSTRUTHERM. The equipment used in the analysis of gas emission and temperature was BACHARACH s PCA-3. The Inferior Calorific Power (PCI) found was 40141 kJ.kg-1 for diesel and 36853 kJ.kg-1 for crambe biodiesel. Methane concentration in biogas was 66% and its PCI was 23.7 MJ.m-3. The electric power generated in normal mode was up to 33% lower than in dual mode for the trial with B100. The specific consumption of the liquid fuel was lower in dual mode than in normal mode. The maximum efficiency in normal mode was 23.32% with diesel at a load of 5 kW and 14.58% in dual mode with B75 and load of 4 kW. Maximum economy was 87% for loads of 2 and 3 kW of the trial with B100. NOx emission was lower with the insertion of biogas. Regarding CO emission, there wasn t a trend on the interference of biodiesel proportions and biogas insertion. The gas exhaustion temperature increased with the insertion of biogas and with load raise, reaching values over 500°C. / A constante busca pela diversificação das fontes de energia traz consigo a necessidade de novas soluções tecnológicas e para que isso seja possível, é preciso avaliar algumas opções de geração de energia. O presente estudo avaliou o comportamento do motor de combustão interna quanto à influência da substituição gradual até total de diesel comercial por biodiesel a partir de óleo de crambe e a influência do uso de biogás, operando o motor em modo Dual. Foram avaliados o poder calorífico do diesel, do biodiesel e do biogás, a potência gerada em função da carga imposta (kW.kW-1), o consumo específico de combustível líquido (g.kWh-1), consumo energético (kJ.h-1), rendimento (%), redução de consumo de diesel-biodiesel (%), emissão de gases: óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx) e monóxido de carbono (CO) e a variação de temperatura dos gases gerados no motor. O experimento foi realizado no laboratório de Gaseificação e Microgeração de eletricidade da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná e em uma unidade de engorda de leitões em Medianeira - PR. O diesel utilizado era composto de 95 % de Diesel mineral e 5 % de biodiesel, conforme normas vigentes. Foi analisado o PCI do diesel e do biodiesel com uma bomba calorimétrica E2K. A composição do biogás foi analisado com o DRAGER X-AM 7000. Para a mensuração de combustível utilizou-se um fluxometro OVAL M-III LSF41L0-M2 e os dados foram gravados pelo datalogger FIELD LOGGER. Para a mensuração do consumo de biogás foi utilizado um medidor de gás marca SCHIMBERGER, modelo GALLUS 1000. Os dados de consumo de biogás foram anotados em planilha eletrônica. A energia elétrica gerada foi mensurada pelo equipamento AE-200, marca INSTRUTHERM. A emissão e temperatura dos gases de exaustão foi analisada pelo equipamento PCA-3, marca BACHARACH. O PCI do diesel foi de 40141 kJ.kg-1 e do biodiesel de crambe foi de 36853 kJ.kg-1. A concentração de metano no biogás foi de 66 % e o PCI foi de 23,7 MJ.m-3. A potência elétrica gerada no modo normal foi menor que no modo Dual. O consumo específico de combustível líquido foi menor no modo Dual que no modo normal. A máxima eficiência no modo normal foi de 23,32 % com diesel na carga de 5 kW e no modo dual foi de 14,58 %, com B75 e carga de 4 kW. A máxima economia foi de 87% para as cargas de 2 e 3 kW do ensaio com B100. A emissão de NOx foi menor com a inserção de biogás. Para a emissão de CO não houve uma tendência sobre a interferência das proporções de biodiesel e a inserção de biogás. A temperatura de exaustão dos gases elevou com a inserção de biogás e com o aumento da carga, chegando a valores acima de 500 oC.

El trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal: determinar la influencia de la configuración estructural de los elementos de soporte (columnas y placas) del sistema aporticado y del sistema dual en el diseño de la cimentación de un edificio de 4 pisos de uso comercio, ubicado en el distrito de Huancayo, sobre un suelo arcilloso con capacidad portante de 1.27 kg/cm2. A partir del plano de arquitectura se plantearon tres configuraciones estructurales para los soportes: una para el sistema aporticado, una para el sistema dual tipo I y una para el sistema dual tipo II. Se continuó con el análisis estructural para cargas de gravedad y sismo, utilizando el programa SAP2000 V19, para así obtener las fuerzas y momentos de diseño de cada elemento de soporte. Tomando en cuenta la norma E.060 capítulo 21, se diseñaron las columnas y placas. Luego se plantearon las alternativas de cimentación para cada configuración que satisfaga adecuadamente la transmisión de cargas axiales y momentos flectores de las columnas y placas al suelo, eligiendo las más óptimas para realizar su diseño y un comparativo en cuanto a costos de cimentación tomando en cuenta las partidas más representativas de: concreto, acero y encofrado, seleccionando así el tipo de cimentación más económica para cada configuración estructural. Finalmente se realizó un comparativo entre las tres configuraciones estructurales evaluando los criterios de desplazamientos, cimentación y metrados, para así obtener que estructura cumple mejor con los requisitos de seguridad, economía y durabilidad.

Dual-host combinations of cation and anion sensors have unique potential for selective detection of ion pairs, such as NH4NO3, via solvent extraction. Selective sensors for NH4+ and NO3- were synthesized and used together for ion-pair sensing of ammonium nitrate both in organic solvents (using Bu4N+NO3 - and NH4+PF6-) and in extraction of NH4NO3 from water into dichloromethane. A fluorescent sensor for NH4+ based on 1,3,5-triethylbenzene shows remarkable binding and sensing selectivity for NH4+ vs. K+. Fluorescence and 1H-NMR titrations reveal surprising differences in sensing properties and binding constants for the tris-(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazole vs. the tris(3,5-diphenyl)pyrazole. The role of ion pairing and solvation is revealed by X-ray and theoretical DFT studies. We have also demonstrated a unique dual-host extraction-based ion-pair sensing paradigm using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), showing selectivity for NH4NO3. The fluorescence emission of the NH4+ sensor tris-(3,5-dimethyl)pyrazole (305-340 nm), is compatible with the excitation wavelength of the dansyl fluorophore of the nitrate sensor 1,3,5-Tris-(5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonamido)methyl]-2,4,6-triethylbenzene, thus resulting in FRET emission upon combined use of these two sensors for the NH4NO3 ion pair. Contact of dichloromethane solutions containing the two hosts with aqueous solutions of NH4NO3 (1 x 10-5 M to 1 x 10-4 M ), resulted in FRET fluorescence enhancements at 510 nm, with increasing concentrations of NH4NO3, while NaNO3, KNO3, NaCl and KCl showed only minimal fluorescence responses, under identical conditions. The ability of the tris-pyrazole to bind cations, such as NH4+, was also exploited in a detailed fluorescence and 1H-NMR Ln(III), binding study using tris-pyrazoles with varying substitution patterns. The dependence of fluorescence responses on pyrazole substitution that had been observed for NH4+ was also observed for different Ln(III), indicating the significant role of ion pairing for Ln(III) binding and fluorescence sensing. Likewise, the tris-dansyl nitrate receptor, in its deprotonated form, was also found to be an efficient Hg(II) fluorescent sensor. An X-ray crystal structure showed the ability of the trianionic version of this receptor to bind three Hg(II) atoms, also containing three CH3COO- counteranions. The X-ray crystal structure of the same receptor with HgCl2 gave a 2:1 complexation pattern, with one Hg atom complexed by two bis-deprotonated receptor molecules