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Simple network models that focus only on graph topology or, at best, basic interactions are often insufficient to capture all the aspects of a dynamic complex system. In this thesis, I explore those limitations, and some concrete methods of resolving them. I argue that, in order to succeed at interpreting and influencing complex systems, we need to take into account  slightly more complex parts, interactions and information flows in our models.This thesis supports that affirmation with five actual examples of applied research. Each study case takes a closer look at the dynamic of the studied problem and complements the network model with techniques from information theory, machine learning, discrete maths and/or ergodic theory. By using these techniques to study the concrete dynamics of each system, we could obtain interesting new information. Concretely, we could get better models of network walks that are used on everyday applications like journal ranking. We could also uncover asymptotic characteristics of an agent-based information propagation model which we think is the basis for things like belief propaga-tion or technology adoption on society. And finally, we could spot associations between antibiotic resistance genes in bacterial populations, a problem which is becoming more serious every day.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse ou ce mémoire a été dépouillée, le cas échéant, de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse ou du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Le travail réalisé dans cette thèse porte sur l’étude du mouvement Brownien d’une suspension colloïdale sous champ de force optique faible et l’étude fondamentale des effets convectifs et de diffusion anormale. Nous avons construit un microscope à fond noir afin de suivre les particules et de reconstruire leurs trajectoires avec une résolution spatiale de 20 nm et une résolution temporelle de 8 ms. Ces trajectoires sont analysées statistiquement afin d’en extraire la contribution balistique induite par la force de pression de radiation appliquée par le laser d’illumination. En plus de l’effet mécanique du laser sur les particules, le fluide absorbe les radiations ce qui le chauffe et crée ainsi une différence de température entre la partie illuminée et la partie non illuminée de l’échantillon.Nous validons aussi les hypothèses de stationnarité et d’érgodicité qui sont fondamentales pour notre stratégie de mesure de force faible. L’analyse statistique fine de notre système nous permet de mettre en évidence et de caractériser des effets de diffusion anormale brownienne. Nos expériences révèlent en effet la présence de trajectoires anormales dont l’origine se comprend comme un effet d’interaction entre la particule suivie et le reste de l’ensemble colloïdal. / The work presented in this thesis deals with the study of the Brownian motion of a colloidal suspension under an external weak optical force, the study of convective effects and anomalous diffusion. We have built a dark field microscope in order to track the particles and reconstruct the Brownian trajectories with a spatial resolution of 20 nm and a temporal resolution of 8 ms.Statistical analysis of the trajectories has allowed us to extract the ballistic contribution induced by the radiation pressure force exerted by irradiating a laser on the particles. In addition to the mechanical effect of the laser on the particles, the fluid absorbs the radiation. Consequently, the temperature of the fluid rises and results in a thermal difference between the illuminated and the non-illuminated areas of the sample. In order to validate our weak force measurement, we have investigated two fundamental hypotheses in statistical physics: ergodicity and stationary aspect. A closer statistical analysis enables us to demonstrate and characterize the effect of anomalous Brownian diffusion. Our experiments have revealed the existence of anomalous trajectories, which can be understood as an effect of the interactions between the particles.

Seja f : T2 -> T2 um homeomorfismo homotópico a identidade e F : R2 -> R2 um levantamento de f tal que seu conjunto de rotação rho(F) é um segmento vertical não degenerado contido em 0 × R. Provamos que se f é ergódico com respeito a medida de Lebesgue no toro e se o vetor de rotação médio (com respeito a mesma medida) é da forma (0, alpha) para alpha em R\\Q então existe M > 0 tal que |(Fn (x) - x)1| <= M para todo x em R2 e n em Z (onde (.)1 :R2 -> R é definida por (x,y)1 =x). / Let f : T2 -> T2 be a homeomorphism homotopic to the identity and F : R2 -> R2 a lift of f such that the rotation set rho(F) is a non-degenerated vertical line segment contained in 0 × R. We prove that if f is ergodic with respect to the Lebesgue measure on the torus and the average rotation vector (with respect to same measure) is of the form (0, alpha) for alpha in R\\Q then there exists M > 0 such that |(Fn (x) - x)1| <= M for all x in R2 and n in Z (where (.)1 :R2 -> R is defined by (x, y)1 = x).

A Hidden Markov Model generates two basic stochastic processes, a Markov chain, which is hidden, and an observation sequence. The filtering process of a Hidden Markov Model is, roughly speaking, the sequence of conditional distributions of the hidden Markov chain that is obtained as new observations are received. It is well-known, that the filtering process itself, is also a Markov chain. A classical, theoretical problem is to find conditions which implies that the distributions of the filtering process converge towards a unique limit measure. This problem goes back to a paper of D Blackwell for the case when the Markov chain takes its values in a finite set and it goes back to a paper of H Kunita for the case when the state space of the Markov chain is a compact Hausdor space. Recently, due to work by F Kochmann, J Reeds, P Chigansky and R van Handel, a necessary and sucient condition for the convergence of the distributions of the filtering process has been found for the case when the state space is finite. This condition has since been generalised to the case when the state space is denumerable. In this paper we generalise some of the previous results on convergence in distribution to the case when the Markov chain and the observation sequence of a Hidden Markov Model take their values in complete, separable, metric spaces; it has though been necessary to assume that both the transition probability function of the Markov chain and the transition probability function that generates the observation sequence have densities.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal / Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse ou ce mémoire a été dépouillée, le cas échéant, de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse ou du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_ag_me_sjrp.pdf: 367017 bytes, checksum: 7f6e068667f2c81f80e87e474b0e7f14 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Uma substituicão é uma aplicação de um conjunto nito A (alfabeto) ao conjunto das palavras nitas sobre A. Neste trabalho, estudaremos propriedades topológicas e métricas dos sistemas din amicos associados a substituicões. Em particular, mostraremos que, para uma classe de substituicões, o sistema dinâmico associado é minimal e ergódico. / A substitution is a map from a nite set A (alphabet) to the set of nite words whose letters belong to A. In this work, we study some topological and metrical properties of the dynamical system associated to a substitution. In particular, we prove that for a class of substitutions, the associated dynamical system is minimal and ergodic.

Seja f : T2 -> T2 um homeomorfismo homotópico a identidade e F : R2 -> R2 um levantamento de f tal que seu conjunto de rotação rho(F) é um segmento vertical não degenerado contido em 0 × R. Provamos que se f é ergódico com respeito a medida de Lebesgue no toro e se o vetor de rotação médio (com respeito a mesma medida) é da forma (0, alpha) para alpha em R\\Q então existe M > 0 tal que |(Fn (x) - x)1| <= M para todo x em R2 e n em Z (onde (.)1 :R2 -> R é definida por (x,y)1 =x). / Let f : T2 -> T2 be a homeomorphism homotopic to the identity and F : R2 -> R2 a lift of f such that the rotation set rho(F) is a non-degenerated vertical line segment contained in 0 × R. We prove that if f is ergodic with respect to the Lebesgue measure on the torus and the average rotation vector (with respect to same measure) is of the form (0, alpha) for alpha in R\\Q then there exists M > 0 such that |(Fn (x) - x)1| <= M for all x in R2 and n in Z (where (.)1 :R2 -> R is defined by (x, y)1 = x).