A Província Alcalina Rio Verde - Iporá, na borda norte da Bacia do Paraná é caracterizada pela presença de intrusões alcalinas com forte assinatura aeromagnética e gravimétrica, apresentando-se como anomalias quase circulares. O trabalho refinou o levantamento gravimétrico na região sudoeste de Goiás, incluindo um levantamento de detalhe sobre as intrusões de Morro do Engenho (ME) e uma intrusão a poucos quilômetros a NE de Morro de Engenho (A2), com informações gravimétricas e aeromagnéticas, e sobre a anomalia gravimétrica próxima à cidade de Britânia, sem informação de anomalia aeromagnética. As anomalias gravimétricas variam de 15 a 30 mGal com relação ao campo gravimétrico regional, enquanto que as anomalias aeromagnéticas são da ordem de ±3000nT. Foram feitas também medidas das propriedades petrofísicas de amostras da área. Os resultados da inversão 2D e 3D dos dados gravimétricos e 3D dos dados magnéticos indicam que os corpos alongam-se dentro da crosta superior até a profundidade máxima de 10 km e diâmetro da ordem de 8 km, com geometria aproximadamente cilíndrica. Os dados gravimétricos e aeromagnéticos de ME foram tratados de forma conjunta por modelamento direto (2,5D) onde foi incluída a magnetização remanescente, os resultados obtidos indicam que o volume do corpo anômalo é da ordem de 980 km3. / The Alkaline Province Rio Verde - Iporá, in the north border of the Paraná Basin is characterized by the presence of alkaline intrusions with strong gravity and magnetic signature. This project implemented a gravity survey in the Southwest of Goiás, including a detail one on Morro do Engenho Complex (ME), and one a few kilometers towards NE from ME over an aeromagnetic anomaly known as A2, and over a gravity anomaly close to Britânia city. ME and A2 have magnetic anomaly. The gravity anomalies vary from 15 to 30 mGal in relation to the regional gravity field, while the magnetic anomalies are of the order ±3000nT. Measurements of petrophysical properties of samples from the area were also done. The results present the inversion of the gravity and magnetic data, suggesting that the bodies are inside of the superior crust until the maximum depth of 10 km, in a cylindrical form with 8 to 10 km in diameter. 2.5D direct modeling was also done for ME including remanent magnetization and was performed at the two data sets together, the obtained results indicate that the close volume of the anomalous body it is 980 km3.

The aim of inverting artificial neural networks (ANNs) is to find input patterns that are strongly classified as a predefined class. In this project an ANN is inverted by an evolutionary algorithm. The network is retrained by using the patterns extracted by the inversion as counter-examples, i.e. to classify the patterns as belonging to no class, which is the opposite of what the network previously did. The hypothesis is that the counter-examples extracted by the inversion will cause larger updates of the weights of the ANN and create a better mapping than what is caused by retraining using randomly generated counter-examples. This hypothesis is tested on recognition of pictures of handwritten digits. The tests indicate that this hypothesis is correct. However, the test- and training errors are higher when retraining using counter-examples, than for training only on examples of clean digits. It can be concluded that the counter-examples generated by the inversion have a great impact on the network. It is still unclear whether the quality of the network can be improved using this method.

Les agents de contraste sont de petites bulles qui répondent non linéairement lorsqu’ils sont exposés à ultrasons. La réponse non-linéaire donne la possibilité d’images échographiques harmoniques qui a beaucoup d’avantages sur l’imagerie fondamentale. Toutefois, afin d’accroître l’échographie de contraste d’imagerie harmonique de performance nous devons d’abord comprendre la propagation non linéaire d’ultrasons. La non-linéarité du milieu déforme l’onde qui se propage, tels que les harmoniques commencent à se développer. La théorie qui a été prévue est la mise en œuvre, qui a permis une nouvelle méthode de modélisation de propagation des ultrasons non-linéaire. La connaissance acquise au cours de ce processus a été utilisée pour construire un deuxième signal à composantes multiples pour la réduction des harmoniques générées en raison des non-linéarités des tissus. En conséquence, la détection d’agents de contraste ultrasonore aux harmoniques a été augmentée. Une puissante technique d’imagerie échographique (Pulse inversion) a été renforcée avec le deuxième signal pour la réduction des harmoniques. Qu’est-ce qui a été appris pendant l’investigation : le pulse inversion technique a donné une nouvelle phase codée, appelée inversion de seconde harmonique. En outre, il a été noté que pour différents types de médias le niveau de distorsion de l’impulsion à ultrasons est différent. Cela dépend en grande partie du paramètre non linéaire B / A. Les travaux sur ce paramètre n’a pas été fini, mais il est quand même important de continuer dans cette direction puisque B / A imagerie avec des agents de contraste ultrasonore a beaucoup de potentiel. / Ultrasound contrast agents are small micro bubbles that respond nonlinearly when exposed to ultrasound wave. The nonlinear response gives possibility of harmonic ultrasound images which has many advantages over fundamental imaging. However, to increase ultrasound contrast harmonic imaging performance we must first understand nonlinear propagation of ultrasound wave. Nonlinear propagation distorts the propagating wave such that higher harmonics appear as the wave is propagating. The theory that was laid down, was allowed implementing a new method of modelling nonlinear ultrasound propagation. The knowledge obtained during this process was used to construct a multiple component second harmonic reduction signal for reduction of their harmonics generated due to the tissue nonlinearities. As a consequence detection of ultrasound contrast agents at higher harmonics was increased. Further more, a powerful ultrasound imaging technique called Pulse Inversion, was further enhanced with multiple component second harmonic reduction signal. What was learned during investigation of the Pulse Inversion, technique lead to a new phase coded ultrasound contrast harmonic method called second harmonic inversion;. Also it was noted that for different type of media the level of distortion of ultrasound pulse is different. It depends largely on the nonlinear parameter B / A. Although the work on this parameter has not been finished it is very important to continue in this direction since B / A imaging with ultrasound contrast agents has a lot of potential.

Abstract This thesis is devoted to methods of analyzing optical spectra obtained from turbid liquids, i.e., liquids that are optically very thick and/or scatter light. Data for spectral analysis were obtained with a new, multifunction spectrophotometer developed for industrial liquid samples. One characteristic of the spectrophotometer is that spectral analysis methods can be implemented into the software. Here, the emphasis was on data inversion methods, particularly the Kramers-Kronig analysis and the maximum entropy method, which can be used to gain information on the wavelength-dependent complex refractive index of liquid samples. Relating to such characteristics as density and colour, the complex refractive index also helps to identify the species that form a liquid. The methods were applied to study the internal reflection of light from the prism-liquid interface of the probe and to analyze surface plasmon resonance spectra. This study provided new methods of investigating the optical properties of relatively difficult objects, like offset inks, and of assessing adhesion forces between ink and the substrate system. Another important part of the thesis was the exploration of spectral analysis methods to obtain optical properties of nanoparticles in a liquid matrix. Bounds for the optical properties of multi-component structures in a liquid were considered with the aid of Wiener bounds.

Abstract This work is devoted to the theory of joint interpretation of multimethod geophysical data and its application to the solution of real geophysical inverse problems. The targets of such joint interpretation can be geological bodies with an established dependence between various physical properties that cause anomalies in several geophysical fields (geophysical multiresponse). The establishing of the relationship connecting the various physical properties is therefore a necessary first step in any joint interpretation procedure. Bodies for which the established relationship between physical properties is violated (single-response bodies) can be targets of separate interpretations. The probabilistic (Bayesian) approach provides the necessary formalism for addressing the problem of the joint inversion of multimethod geophysical data, which can be non-linear and have a non-unique solution. Analysis of the lower limit of resolution of the non-linear problem of joint inversion using the definition of e-entropy demonstrates that joint inversion of multimethod geophysical data can reduce non-uniqueness in real geophysical inverse problems. The question can be formulated as a multiobjective optimisation problem (MOP), enabling the numerical methods of this theory to be employed for the purpose of geophysical data inversion and for developing computer algorithms capable of solving highly non-linear problems. An example of such a problem is magnetotelluric impedance tensor inversion with the aim of obtaining a 3-D resistivity distribution. An additional area of application for multiobjective optimisation can be the combination of various types of uncertain information (probabilistic and non-probabilistic) in a common inversion scheme applicable to geophysical inverse problems. It is demonstrated how the relationship between seismic velocity and density can be used to construct an algorithm for the joint interpretation of gravity and seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction data. The relationship between the elastic and electrical properties of rocks, which is a necessary condition for the joint inversion of data obtained by seismic and electromagnetic methods, can be established for solid- liquid rock mixtures using theoretical modelling of the elastic and electrical properties of rocks with a fractal microstructure and from analyses of petrophysical data and borehole log data.

Geophysical methods are non-invasive and allow an effective way of understanding subsurface structures and their physical properties. One of the main challenges is the often non-uniqueness of the geophysical models and that several different models can explain a dataset to an agreeable fit. Moreover, noise and limitations in resolution, which are inherent to field data, are additional obstacles for obtaining a true physical property model of the subsurface. Facing all these challenges, geophysicists have dedicated their efforts for decades to recover models that represent, as close as possible, the true subsurface. Joint inversion and integration of multiple geophysical data are two main approaches that I studied to better resolve subsurface structures. I further used these approaches, together with new software and hardware implementations for data acquisition and inversion, for near-surface applications.  In this thesis, radio-magnetotelluric (RMT), boat-towed RMT, boat-towed controlled source MT (CSMT), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and first-arrival traveltime tomography are jointly used for quick clay investigations and fracture zone delineation under shallow water-bodies. The joint approach, as compared with any individual method, shows a better ability to both resolve the geological targets and to assist in understanding the subsurface geology that hosts these targets. For examples: by performing the joint inversion of lake-floor ERT and boat-towed RMT data, a fracture zone is better delineated with greater details compared with single inversion; by employing boat-towed CSMT measurements and jointly inverting with boat-towed RMT data, the subsurface structures, especially at greater depth, are better resolved than by inverting each dataset alone. During my PhD studies, two types of new implementations were employed. (1) Boat-towed data acquisition system was implemented to expand the RMT and CSMT method from land to shallow-water applications. This is significant since many large-scale underground infrastructures are likely to cross these water zones (for example multi-lane train or bypass tunnels, such as the Stockholm bypass). (2) The modification of a well-structured code EMILIA allows joint inversion of boat-towed RMT and lake-floor ERT datasets, and the modification of another well-structured code MARE2DEM can accurately model high frequency CSMT data and handle joint inversion of boat-towed RMT and boat-towed CSMT datasets. Thus, the code modification as another type of new implementation guarantees the success of near-surface applications using the boat-towed RMT and CSMT data acquisition systems. Studies conducted during my PhD work, included under the SEG-GWB (the Society of Exploration Geophysicists - Geoscientists Without Borders) program and the TRUST (TRansparent Underground STructure) umbrella project, are useful for near-surface applications including, for examples, engineering purposes such as planning of underground infrastructures, site characterization in connection with energy or waste storage, and geohazard investigations.

Le développement de la commande d’un véhicule à pile à combustible et supercondensateurs doit prendre en compte les contraintes liées à l’association de ses composants. La commande par inversion apporte une solution. Elle utilise une approche systémique et cognitive afin d’identifier la cause qui produit l’effet désiré et inverse les modèles des éléments associés pour obtenir une structure de commande. Ainsi, les commandes déduites de la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) et du Backstepping font partie de la catégorie des commandes par inversion. Le Backstepping déduit une commande stable de la plupart des systèmes non-linéaires. Cependant, il ne permet pas de gérer de façon claire et efficace les couplages énergétiques. Il est alors possible de décomposer physiquement le système suivant les règles de la REM. La REM permet également de séparer explicitement la commande et la stratégie de gestion de l’énergie. Dans cette thèse en cotutelle franco-québécoise, les caractéristiques des deux commandes ont été soulignées. Les deux méthodes apparaissent alors complémentaires. L’intégration du Backstepping apporte à la REM l’assurance d’une stabilité intrinsèque. Les principes de la REM, quant à eux, permettent au Backstepping de gérer les couplages énergétiques. Le développement d’une commande par inversion stable d’un véhicule à pile à combustible et supercondensateurs est donc proposé par la combinaison de ces deux méthodes de commande, suivant une procédure d’inversion combinée. La répartition des puissances du véhicule est ainsi réalisée en temps réel, sur dispositif expérimental, suivant une stratégie de filtrage et la commande stable par inversion combinée développée. / The development of the control of a fuel cell/supercapacitor vehicle must take into account the constraints related to the associations of its components. Inversion based control can solve this problems. This use a systemic and cognitive approach to find the cause which produce the desired effect and inverse the associated component models to obtain a control structure. In this way, Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) and Backstepping have inversion based control approach. The Backstepping method deduces stable control of most classes of nonlinear systems. However, it don’t effectively and simply manage the energetic couplings. A physical decomposition of the studied system following the EMR rules bring a solution. EMR enables a systematic deduction of control schemes, specifically a clear distinction between the local control and the energy management strategy level. In this franco-quebecer co-tutorial thesis, similarities between the both control methods has been shown. EMR and Backstepping can complement each other. The integration of the Backstepping bring intrinsic stability to the EMR. The Backstepping can manage the energetic couplings thanks to EMR. The development of a fuel cell/supercapacitor vehicle stable inversion based control is then proposed using the combination of the both control methods. Thus, the power distribution is achieve in real time using a filtering strategy and the stable proposed combined inversion based control.

Micro-seismology is attracting more and more attention in the exploration seismology community. The main goal in micro-seismic imaging is to find the source location and the ignition time in order to track the fracture expansion, which will help engineers monitor the reservoirs. Conventional imaging methods work fine in this field but there are many limitations such as manual picking, incorrect migration velocity and low signal to noise ratio (S/N). In traditional surface survey imaging, full waveform inversion (FWI) is widely used. The FWI method updates the velocity model by minimizing the misfit between the observed data and the predicted data. Using FWI to locate and image microseismic events allows for an automatic process (free of picking) that utilizes the full wavefield. Use the FWI technique, and overcomes the difficulties of manual pickings and incorrect velocity model for migration. However, the technique of waveform inversion of micro-seismic events faces its own problems. There is significant nonlinearity due to the unknown source location (space) and function (time). We have developed a source independent FWI of micro-seismic events to simultaneously invert for the source image, source function and velocity model. It is based on convolving reference traces with the observed and modeled data to mitigate the effect of an unknown source ignition time. The adjoint-state method is used to derive the gradient for the source image, source function and velocity updates. To examine the accuracy of the inverted source image and velocity model the extended image for source wavelet in z-axis is extracted. Also the angle gather is calculated to check the applicability of the migration velocity. By inverting for the source image, source wavelet and the velocity model simultaneously, the proposed method produces good estimates of the source location, ignition time and the background velocity in the synthetic experiments with both parts of the Marmousi and the SEG Overthrust model. On the other hand, a new imaging condition of natural Green’s function has been implemented to mitigate the effect of the unknown velocity model. It is based on putting receivers in a horizontal well close to the micro-seismic events so that only a small part of the velocity model is required for the imaging. In order to focus the multi scattering energy to the source location, as well as to suppress the influence of the noise in the data, we introduced a new method to compensate the energy in the receiver wavefield. It is based on reflection waveform inversion (RWI) theory. We simply migrate for the scatters (reflectors) in the medium, and set the image as a secondary source to compensate for the multi scattering energy in the receiver wavefield. By applying the same imaging condition, the energy of those scattering events can be traced to the source location. Thus the source point has higher energy in the source image. A simple two-layer medium test demonstrates the features.

This thesis describes new interferometric imaging methods for migration and waveform inversion. The key idea is to use reflection events from a known reference reflector to ”naturally redatum” the receivers and sources to the reference reflector. Here, ”natural redatuming” is a data-driven process where the redatuming Green’s functions are obtained from the data. Interferometric imaging eliminates the statics associated with the noisy overburden above the reference reflector. To mitigate the defocussing caused by overburden errors I first propose the use of interferometric least-squares migration (ILSM) to estimate the migration image. Here, a known reflector is used as the reference interface for ILSM, and the data are naturally redatumed to this reference interface before imaging. Numerical results on synthetic and field data show that ILSM can significantly reduce the defocussing artifacts in the migration image. Next, I develop a waveform tomography approach for inverting the velocity model by mitigating the velocity errors in the overburden. Unresolved velocity errors in the overburden velocity model can cause conventional full-waveform inversion to get stuck in a local minimum. To resolve this problem, I present interferometric full-waveform inversion (IFWI), where conventional waveform tomography is reformulated so a velocity model is found that minimizes the objective function with an interferometric crosscorrelogram misfit. Numerical examples show that IFWI, compared to FWI, computes a significantly more accurate velocity model in the presence of a nearsurface with unknown velocity anomalies. I use IFWI and ILSM for 4D imaging where seismic data are recorded at different times over the same reservoir. To eliminate the time-varying effects of the near surface both data sets are virtually redatumed to a common reference interface before migration. This largely eliminates the overburden-induced statics errors in both data sets. Results with synthetic and field data show that ILSM and IFWI can suppress the artifacts caused by non-repeatability in time-lapse surveys. This can lead to a much more accurate characterization of the movement of fluids over time. In turn, this information can be used to optimize the extraction of resources in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations.

Application of composite materials to structures has presented the need for engineering analysis and modeling to understand the failure mechanisms. Unfortunately, composite materials, especially in a tubular geometry, present a situation where it is difficult to generate simple stress states that allow for the characterization of the ply-level properties. The present work focuses on calculating the mechanical characteristics, both on a global and local level, for composite laminate tubes. Global responses to axisymmetric test conditions (axial tension, torsion, and internal pressure) are measured on sections of the material. New analysis techniques are developed to use the global responses to calculate the ply level properties for tubular composite structures. Error analyses are performed to illustrate the sensitivity of the nonlinear regression methods to error in the experimental data. Ideal test matrices are proposed to provide the best data sets for improved accuracy of the property estimates. With these values, the stress and strain states can be calculated through the thickness of the material, enabling the application of failure criteria, and the calculation of failure envelopes. / Ph. D.