Economists have rejected the popular view that time use is primarily influenced by local customs and law, and instead argue that it is determined by optimal choices of economic agents and the market mechanism. However the analysis of time allocation has been focused on the labor-leisure choice problem which posits a worker who wants more leisure because of his preference for leisure over work. Thus going beyond the standard model, these essays add to the theory of the economics of time use. First I examine why married men earn more. I explore the possibility that differences in household work by marital status can explain the observed male marital wages advantage. Depending on the type and timing of household work, I segregate it into flexible and inflexible household work, using the American Time Use Survey. Empirical results provide strong support for the productivity difference between married and never married men. Household work has significant negative and differential effects on wages. The effects are not only driven by total time spent on household work, but also by types and timing of household work. The result shows that inflexible household work has a stronger negative effect on wages than flexible household work. Second I study how taxes affect time and goods allocation in home production. I claim that an increase in sales taxes encourages households to substitute away from the market goods input in favor of untaxed non-market time input. I explore the substitution response by relating household market purchases and time use. The theory part shows that the size of elasticity of substitution between market goods input and time input is crucial for understanding the government's optimal tax policy. Then I show that it is optimal to impose lower taxes on goods used in the production of commodities with a higher elasticity of substitution. In the empirical part, I estimate sizes of elasticities of substitution of goods for time with the combined survey of Mexican household consumption expenditures and time allocation for 2002. I find that the elasticity of substitution for 'Eating' is lowest. Finally wage compensation for climate is examined. Using the Merged Outgoing Rotation Group File from 2002 to 2007, I find that the North-South wage differential in construction and extraction occupations is much higher than in any other occupations. I claim that this is because weather affects wage determination. If individuals are to locate in both desirable and undesirable locations, undesirable locations must offer higher wages. Using the O*NET database, I obtain information on how often an occupation requires exposure to weather conditions. Estimation results of the wage equation show that wage compensation for living in bad weather amounts to 11.9 percent of hourly wages evaluated at sample means. The difference in wage compensation for working in bad weather between the most exposed (outdoorness index = 5) and least exposed (outdoorness index = 0) occupations is estimated to be 9.6 percent of hourly wages evaluated at sample means. In addition, I find that the occupational injury risk is related to weather conditions in the case of construction and extraction occupations. / text

Whilst congestion in automobile traffic increases trip durations, this is often not the case in rail-based public transport where congestion rather leads to in-vehicle crowding, often neglected in empirical studies. Using original survey data from Paris, this article assesses the distribution of comfort costs of congestion in public transport. Estimating willingness to pay for less crowded trips at different levels of in-vehicle passenger density we cannot reject a simple linear relationship between crowding costs and density. We apply our results to the cost-benefit analysis of a recent Parisian public transport project.

Submitted by Erica Netto (nettoeri@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2012-11-05T17:08:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PPGICS NADJA ARAUJO.pdf: 6737124 bytes, checksum: 6e2550d1c9d741a6751bc0cde7731e2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-05T17:08:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PPGICS NADJA ARAUJO.pdf: 6737124 bytes, checksum: 6e2550d1c9d741a6751bc0cde7731e2f (MD5) / CAPES / Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Gabinete do Ministro. Brasília, DF, Brasil. / Esta dissertação objetiva entender a relação entre os sentidos da promoção da saúde propostos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde e os sentidos propostos pela mídia e de como se dá a mediação entre esses últimos e a população. O principal eixo teórico que permitiu cumprir os objetivos foi o da produção social dos discursos, particularmente a abordagem de uma teoria dos discursos sociais. A partir de um exame das concepções de Promoção da Saúde, foram analisadas algumas das edições do Programa Globo Repórter com temas da Saúde e elaborados Mapas do Mercado Simbólico (fontes e fluxos da comunicação recebida) e Mapas das Redes de Compartilhamento dos sentidos com grupos de pessoas nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro - RJ e na cidade de Aracaju - SE. A pesquisa apontou que os sentidos da promoção da saúde articulados pela mídia apresentam uma abordagem comportamental e individualista e deixam de levar e conta as condições de vida dos indivíduos e coletivos. A construção dos mapas mostrou, porém, que apesar da centralidade da mídia, outras instituições constroem também sentido de saúde e concorrem com esta por uma melhor posição discursiva, dentre elas as instituições públicas de saúde. A audiência, por sua vez, se apodera desse discurso a partir de seu próprio repertório, de acordo com os contextos e articula e compartilha estes sentidos em seus ambientes de convivência, compondo uma rede de semiose com possibilidades infinitas de desdobramentos. / This dissertation aims to understand the relationship between the senses of health promotion proposed by the Brazilian public health system (SUS) and those proposed by mass media and also the mediation processes between the latter and the audience. The main theoretical axis that allowed us to achieve our goal was the social production of discourses, specially the approach to a theory of social discourses. From an examination of the concepts of Health Promotion, some editions of a TV news program, Globo Repórter - which featured stories about health issues - were analyzed, and Symbolic Market Goods (sources and flows of incoming messages) and Senses Sharing Networks maps were designed by groups of residents of the cities of Rio de Janeiro - RJ and Aracaju – SE. The survey showed that the senses of health promotion presented by the mass media have a behavioral and individualistic approach and fail to take into account the life conditions of individuals and communities. However, the construction of the maps showed that, despite the centrality of the mass media, other institutions also build senses of health and compete with it for a better discursive position, among them public health institutions. The audience, in turn, takes hold of this discourse from its own repertoire, according to the contexts, and articulates and shares these senses in their own environments, creating a network of semiosis with limitless possibilities unfolding.

This paper aims to determine the value of the product based on the mathematical concept of Differential Privacy, by assessing the value of the business opportunities it enables and the value of the possible GDPR-fines it prevents. To delimit the scope of the research the analysis will focus on what the value of personal data is for companies within the mobility sector. Mobility is a cross-industrial sector consisting of companies within connectivity-technology, transportation, and automotive. The method used to assess the final value of anonymizing personal data, such as consumer data, using a DP-solution (meaning, an implementation of the theory) has consisted of both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The quantitative analysis aims to assess the ‘Cost of Risk’ for mobility companies that are exposed to personal integrity regulation due to data processing. To further conclude the true cost of the financial impact caused by getting fined for infringing on privacy regulation because of unlawful data processing is done through a complementary qualitative assessment. Lastly, the 'Opportunity Cost', or rather the cost of missed financial opportunities, is determined qualitatively for a case study company within Sweden’s mobility ecosystem to conclude the overall value of a DP-solution for a specific company. The final product of this research paper is to provide a framework assessing the total value, for specifically companies in the mobility sector, of implementing differential privacy solutions. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att fastställa värdet av anonymisering baserat på det matematiska konceptet Differential Privacy, genom att bedöma värdet av de affärsmöjligheter det skapar, samt värdet av de möjliga GDPR- böter det förhindrar. För att avgränsa studiens omfattning består analysen endast av att uppskatta dessa värden för företag inom mobilitetssektorn. Mobilitetssektorn är en tvärindustriell sektor som består av företag inom uppkoppling-, transport- och bilindustrin. Metoden som använts för att ta fram det slutliga värdet av att anonymisera persondata genom en differential privacy lösning, består både av en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ analys. Målet med den kvantitativa analysen är att estimera kostnadsrisken för företag inom mobilitetssektorn som exponeras mot GDPR-böter med avseende på dess datahantering. För att vidare ta reda på den totala finansiella inverkan av sådana böter, kompletteras analysen av en kvalitativ studie, som delvis omfattas av de finansiella möjligheterna ett företag går miste om i en sådan situation. Den kvalitativa analysen består också av en fallstudie av ett svenskt företag inom mobilitetssektorn, med målet att estimera värdet av de affärsmöjligheter som uppstår med hjälp av anonymisering av data. Slutligen är målet med denna uppsats att förse läsaren med att ramverk för att estimera det totala värdet av att implementera differential privacy lösningar i företag inom mobilitetssektorn.

由於社會變遷迅速，文化資產保存工作，無論在有形或無形資產方面均面臨了嚴苛的挑戰。許多為保存歷史建物、遺址、文物或技藝之民間組織或政府文化機構無不極力爭取以獲得必要的經費資源，以防止文化資產的快速流逝。近年來政府對文化資源的投入程度受到廣泛關注，在財政緊縮下，政府削減各項支出中有關文化設施之補助，或限縮地方政府的文化預算，引起各界對文化預算資源配置問題的熱烈討論，導致以經濟觀點衡量文化產出或文化設施之評價日顯重要。在俱歷史性之藝術或文化資源領域，由於其價值無法快速藉由市場價格機制訂出來，衡量文化政策之最適資源投資一直引起激烈爭議，在各部會資源競爭之下，為了獲得足夠的預算分配，政府各部門必須彰顯其對整體經濟效益之貢獻，因此近年來越來越多研究針對非市場財貨之公共投資進行經濟效益評估。調查民眾對文化公共財的願付價格，除可顯示民眾對文化公共財偏好強度以進行成本效益分析外，亦可作為該文化機構自行籌措財源擬訂定價策略之參考，並可提供政府當局財政配置及公共投資之依據，本篇研究將以非市場財貨評估中之條件評估法，以文建會所屬文化機構國立傳統藝術中心為例，求算民眾對該機構之願付價格。 / 實證結果，在估計參數值部份，發現文化資產保存重要性認同度、文化資產遺贈價值認同度、文化資產預算擴編認同度、年齡、文化產業消費頻率等變數，對受訪者的支付意願均有顯著影響；第一階段與第二階段的詢價金額係數估計值為負並且顯著，表示當詢價金額提升時，受訪者會傾向於不願意支付。在單界二元選擇問答下，Logit模型估算其值為181.56元，Probit模型估算其值為199.12元，在95％信心水準下區間估計值Logit模型其值為191.56元到171.56元之間，Probit模型其值為205.90元到192.34元之間；在雙界二元選擇問答下以Bivariabe Probit 估算結果得到第一次詢價的願付價格為145.69元，第二次詢價的願付價格為218.42 元，實證結果單界與雙界二元選擇模型願付價格差異不大。 / Nowadays, historic building, monument, and artifacts, facing difficult issue of damaging, are quickly dying away. Agencies and organizations whose mission is to protect and preserve historic and culturally important building, monument, and artifacts from the ravages of weather, pollution, development, and even use by the general public must compete urgently for needed resources. Government funding of the cultural arts has received considerable attention in recent years. Efforts to cut funding to the national endowment for the culture and declining budgets for public cultural organizations and art institution have raised questions about how much individuals value the culture and arts. Measuring the economic value of particular arts policies or public cultural organizations is difficult and important. The hard case for measuring economic value of cultural resources is that they are not captured readily by market prices. The appropriate resources to be allocated in public cultural or art institutions often get heated and considerable debate. Valuing the willingness to pay for cultural public goods, not only can be applied for measuring economic value to be used in benefit-cost analysis of public project, but also more efficient in the selection of investment program if the total value（use value and non-use value）can be estimated. The purpose of this study is using one of the non-market goods valuation method, contingent valuation method, to elicit a willingness to pay from individual for hypothetical changes in some situation, further more to value the use value and non-use value of the“National Center for Traditional Art ”. / The variables such as the IMPO,BEQU, BUDG, AGE, FRE1, have a significant positive effect on the WTP for a cultural public good valuing. The table broadly indicates that as the bid level is increased, the number of willing to pay the amount decreased. The empirical results show that under the single-bounded dichotomous choice model, the estimated WTP for Logit model is NT$181.56 and for Probit model is NT$199.12. Under the 95％ confidence, for Logit mode the estimated WTP is between NT $191.56 and NT $171.56, and for Probit model is between NT $205.90 and NT $192.34. Under the double-bounded dichotomous choice model, Bivariate Probit model was adopted to estimate the WTP. The first-estimated WTP is NT $145.69, and second-estimated WTP is NT $218.42. The estimated WTP under double bounded dichotomous choice model is not much different from the estimated WTP under single bounded dichotomous choice model.