Species prescriptions are developed for revegetating abandoned acidic coal overburden seepage sites in the Collie region of Western Australia. The research involved selecting appropriate plant species and determining successful methods of enhancing revegetation. Candidate species were screened for tolerance to acidic overburden materials, local climate conditions and metal toxicity. Methods tested included improving spoil conditions and trialing an alternative method for seeding.Twelve species of native plants were tested for tolerance in two acid overburden materials in pot and field trials. Eucalyptus robusta is the most tolerant, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus cladocalyx are highly tolerant, Eucalyptus rudis and Melaleuca hamulosa demonstrate potential, provided adequate soil moisture is available.An important growth restriction factor in acid soils is the presence of free aluminium ions. A glasshouse trial performed on seven species for tolerance to aluminium toxicity revealed E. robusta as most tolerant and E. camaldulensis and Kunzea ericifolia a highly tolerant. E. rudis and M. hamulosa are moderately tolerant, but E. cladocalyx and Eucalyptus diversicolor are very sensitive to aluminium.Various methods were trialed to increase growth of seedlings transplanted on to acidic overburden sites. Both commercial cow manure and slow-release fertiliser tablets increase growth, whereas commercial potting mix and lime do not. Inoculation of plants with the ectomycorrhiza fungus Pisolithus tinctorius increases the amount of infection in roots but does not enhance plant growth.Supplementary fertilisation is necessary to maintain growth (nitrogen) and restore chlorophyll production (phosphorus) in fast growing eucalypt seedlings planted into typical acidic spoils. Poor levels of nutrient availability in such acidic sites appear to be the primary factor in ++ / retarding growth. In the absence of supplementation, foliage reddening is observed in several species.An alternative method of seeding dumps is fascining. Prepared dump surfaces may be covered with capsule-laden branchwood of myrtaceous species. Material of the locally available Kunzea ericifolia is effective in producing many seedlings. Subsequent seedling growth is enhanced with fertiliser and lime addition.

Habitat fragmentation and biological invasions are widely considered to be the most significant threats to global biodiversity, and synergistic interactions between these processes have the potential to cause even greater biodiversity loss than either acting alone. The objective of my study was to investigate the effects of fragmentation on plant communities in native forest fragments, and to examine potential interactions between these effects and invasions by exotic plants at multiple spatial scales. I examined edge, area and landscape effects on plant invasions using empirical data from fragmented landscapes on the West Coast of New Zealand. My research revealed significant interactions between the amount of native forest cover in the landscape and the strength of edge and area effects on plant communities in forest fragments. The dominance of exotic plants in the community was highest at forest edges and decreased towards fragment interiors, however the interiors of very small fragments were relatively more invaded by exotic plants than those in larger fragments, reflecting a significant interaction between edge and area effects. Similarly, exotic dominance increased in more heavily deforested landscapes, but this effect was only apparent in very small fragments (<2 ha). The combined effects of small fragment size and low forest cover in the landscape appear to have promoted invasions of exotic plants in very small remnants. I explored the mechanisms underlying edge-mediated invasions in forest fragments and examined whether propagule availability and/or habitat suitability may be limiting invasions into fragments. Experimental addition of exotic plant propagules revealed that landscape forest cover interacted with edge effects on germination, growth and flowering rates of two short-lived, herbaceous species, and this appeared to be driven by elevated light and soil phosphorus levels at edges in heavily deforested landscapes. I also examined the role of traits in influencing plant responses to forest fragmentation. Different traits were associated with exotic invasiveness in edge and interior habitats of forest fragments, indicating that the traits promoting invasiveness were context dependent. Traits also had a major influence on responses of native plants to forest fragmentation, with generalist species appearing to benefit from fragmentation, as they can utilise both forest and open habitats, whereas native forest specialists have been negatively impacted by fragmentation.

Habitat fragmentation and biological invasions are widely considered to be the most significant threats to global biodiversity, and synergistic interactions between these processes have the potential to cause even greater biodiversity loss than either acting alone. The objective of my study was to investigate the effects of fragmentation on plant communities in native forest fragments, and to examine potential interactions between these effects and invasions by exotic plants at multiple spatial scales. I examined edge, area and landscape effects on plant invasions using empirical data from fragmented landscapes on the West Coast of New Zealand. My research revealed significant interactions between the amount of native forest cover in the landscape and the strength of edge and area effects on plant communities in forest fragments. The dominance of exotic plants in the community was highest at forest edges and decreased towards fragment interiors, however the interiors of very small fragments were relatively more invaded by exotic plants than those in larger fragments, reflecting a significant interaction between edge and area effects. Similarly, exotic dominance increased in more heavily deforested landscapes, but this effect was only apparent in very small fragments (<2 ha). The combined effects of small fragment size and low forest cover in the landscape appear to have promoted invasions of exotic plants in very small remnants. I explored the mechanisms underlying edge-mediated invasions in forest fragments and examined whether propagule availability and/or habitat suitability may be limiting invasions into fragments. Experimental addition of exotic plant propagules revealed that landscape forest cover interacted with edge effects on germination, growth and flowering rates of two short-lived, herbaceous species, and this appeared to be driven by elevated light and soil phosphorus levels at edges in heavily deforested landscapes. I also examined the role of traits in influencing plant responses to forest fragmentation. Different traits were associated with exotic invasiveness in edge and interior habitats of forest fragments, indicating that the traits promoting invasiveness were context dependent. Traits also had a major influence on responses of native plants to forest fragmentation, with generalist species appearing to benefit from fragmentation, as they can utilise both forest and open habitats, whereas native forest specialists have been negatively impacted by fragmentation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE COMPORTAMENTO ECOFISIOLOGICO.pdf: 1820060 bytes, checksum: cc63b18f41fa04014c546ac63af492df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-17 / It was used the "transpirometer of balance" for planting of five tree species to evaluate the physiological behaviour regarding: total transpiration, stomatal conductance and transpiration leaf, growth, partition of phytomass, study the fluorescence of chlorophyll a e anatomical study of leaves of the species : Tabebuia serratifolia Nichols (Ipê yellow), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne (Jatobá), Myroxilum balsamum (Linn) Harms (Balsamo), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn and Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (eucalyptus). The equipment consisted of a hydraulic system, composed of three elements: a reservoir of water (R1), another with a buoy (R2) to control the level of water in vessels (V) where the tree species were planted. The soil was analyzed by LASF / UFG-AGRO. It recommended, for pot, dolomitic lime (50g) and 88g of NPK (4-14-8). This study is subdivided parcels of split plot in time (split-plot in time), at a significance level of 5%, analyzed by SAS / STAT. E. camaldulensis and E. citriodora showed similar transpiration. Ipê, jatobá and balsamo showed no significant difference between them. The porometric measures suggested that the species obey strict control stomatic, with the closing of the stomates in the light of high evaporative demand of the air, changing the rates transpiration and stomatal conductance along the hours of the day. Evaluations biophysical showed that the growth in height, diameter and leaf area of E. camaldulensis was superior to other species. To partition of biomass, this species showed significant difference in dry stems, leaves and roots. The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv / Fm) was statistically similar to the species E. citriodora, E. camaldulensis, ipê and balsamo, with a significant difference between the ratio (Fv / Fm), E. camaldulensis and jatobá, suggesting that the jatobá showed greater susceptibility of photosystem II in this experiment because of the high brightness. The study of the anatomy leaf showed that E. camaldulensis and E. citriodora have leaves amphistomatic with stomatestype anomocytic, ipê and balsamo have leaves hypostomatics with stomates anomocytic. Jatobá leaves hypostomatics with paracytic stomates. Given the results, it is suggested that the leaf anatomy influenced the rate transpiration resulting in differences in growth and biomass of partition. Ipê, jatobá and balsamo had more layers of lacunary parenchyma than eucalyptus, adaptive characteristics that allow those species colonize places of lesser brightness. All species showed secretory cavities. The stomatic density estimated average of each species indicated proximity of the values found in sclerophylly plants (100-500/mm ²). This work showed the importance of the physiological responses of the tree species, on the consumption of water, helping in the definition of strategies for management of natural environments, guided information for reflorestations with native and exotic species in the savanna in Goias states. / Utilizou-se o Transpirômetro de equilíbrio para plantio de cinco espécies arbóreas para avaliar o comportamento fisiológico quanto à: transpiração total, transpiração e condutância estomática foliar, crescimento, partição de fitomassa, estudo da fluorescência da clorofila a e estudo anatômico de folhas das espécies: Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Nichols (Ipê amarelo), Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. Ex Hayne (Jatobá), Myroxilum balsamum (Linn) Harms (Balsamo), Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn e Eucalyptus citriodora Hook (eucaliptos). O equipamento consistiu de um sistema hidráulico, composto de três elementos: um reservatório de água (R1), outro com uma bóia (R2) para controlar o nível de água nos vasos (V) onde foram plantadas as espécies arbóreas. O solo foi analisado por LASF/UFG-AGRO. Recomendou-se, por vaso, calcário dolomítico (50g) e 88g de NPK (4-14-8). Configurou-se experimento de parcelas subdivididas no tempo (split-plot in time), a um nível de significância de 5%, analisados por SAS/STAT. E. camaldulensis e E. citriodora apresentaram transpiração semelhantes. Ipê, jatobá e bálsamo não apresentaram diferença significativa entre si. As medidas porométricas sugeriram que as espécies obedecem a rigoroso controle estomático, com o fechamento dos estômatos em função da alta demanda evaporativa do ar, alterando as taxas transpiratórias e de condutância estomática ao longo das horas do dia. As avaliações biofísicas evidenciaram que o crescimento em altura, diâmetro e área foliar de E. camaldulensis foi superior às outras espécies. Para partição de fitomassa, essa espécie apresentou significativa diferença em matéria seca de caule, folhas e raiz. A eficiência fotoquímica do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm) foi estatisticamente semelhante para as espécies E. citriodora, E. camaldulensis, ipê e bálsamo, havendo diferença significativa entre a razão (Fv/Fm) de E. camaldulensis e do jatobá, sugerindo que o jatobá apresentou maior susceptibilidade do fotossistema II nesse experimento em razão da alta luminosidade. O estudo da anatomia foliar revela que E. camaldulensis e E. citriodora têm folhas anfiestomáticas com estômatos tipo anomocítico, T. serratifolia e M. balsamum têm folhas hipostomáticas com estômatos anomocíticos, Hymenaea stigonocarpa folhas hipostomáticas com estômatos paracíticos. Diante dos resultados, sugere-se que a anatomia foliar influenciou a taxa transpiratória resultando em diferenças no crescimento e partição de fitomassa. Ipê, jatobá e bálsamo apresentaram mais camadas de parênquima lacunoso do que os eucaliptos, características adaptativas que permitem essas espécies colonizar locais de menor luminosidade. Todas as espécies estudadas apresentaram cavidades secretoras. A densidade estomática média estimada de cada espécie indicou proximidade dos valores encontrados em plantas esclerófilas (100-500/mm²). Este trabalho evidencia a importância das respostas fisiológicas das espécies arbóreas, quanto ao consumo de água, contribuindo na definição de estratégias de manejo de ambientes naturais, norteando informações para reflorestamentos com espécies exóticas e nativas no Cerrado goiano.

Ações de recuperações de áreas degradadas têm sido amplamente empregadas, tanto por exigências legais como por iniciativas de grupos preocupados com a qualidade ambiental, assim não havendo uma padronização destas ações. Surgindo então a necessidade de avaliar se as metodologias empregadas estão alcançando seu objetivo e proporcionando uma auto-sustentação da comunidade florestal formada. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever a comunidade arbustivo-arbórea de uma área restaurada, por meio de um plantio com alta diversidade, após 18 a 20 anos de sua implantação. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) no município de Iracemápolis estado de São Paulo Sudeste do Brasil (22°35\'S e 47°31\'W). O clima regional é do tipo Cwa segundo a classificação de Köppen, com precipitação variando de 1.100 a 1.700mm por ano. O plantio foi realizado entre 1988 e 1990, em aproximadamente 50ha. Foi realizado um levantamento florístico e fitossociológico de duas áreas com 1,0ha cada, foram amostrados todos os indivíduos com perímetro a altura do peito igual ou maior que 10cm para calculo dos parâmetros fitossociológicos e dos índices de diversidade e de equidade. As espécies amostradas foram classificadas quanto a classe sucessional e a síndrome de dispersão. Foi verificada fisionomia florestal nas duas áreas estudadas. Foram encontrados 2.532 indivíduos vivos, distribuídos em 52,05% na área 1 e 47, 95% na área 2, e estavam distribuídos em 143 espécies, compondo 40 famílias. A altura do dossel foi inferior ao encontrado em remanescentes de FES, porém os índices de diversidade e equidade, bem como a densidade absoluta estiveram entre os valores obtidos para FES. As espécies que apresentaram maior crescimento foram Lafoensia glyptocarpa, Melia azedarach, Pterocarpus violaceus, Centrolobium tomentosum, Cariniana estrellensis, Triplaris americana, Cariniana legalis e Balfourodendron riedelianum na área 1 e Luehea divaricata, Pterogyne nitens, Citharexylum myrianthum e Triplaris americana na área 2. Foram verificados indivíduos com forma de vida vegetais diferentes dos introduzidos assim como espécies arbustivo-arbóreas diferentes das implantadas. A maior parte dos indivíduos regenerantes foi de espécies secundárias iniciais e pioneiras, sendo que as maiores espécies, tanto em altura como em área basal, foram provenientes das espécies plantadas. As duas áreas foram consideradas como restauradas e apresentam características de vegetação secundária. A composição inicial das espécies utilizadas e suas classes sucessionais influenciaram a composição da floresta formada com 18 e 20 anos. A utilização de alta diversidade em plantios de restauração apresenta-se de grande importância para o restabelecimento da estrutura, possibilitando o desenvolvimento dos processos existentes em florestas naturais nas áreas restauradas, especialmente em áreas não conectadas a fragmentos florestais naturais. / Restoration actions in degraded areas have been widely used, as much for legal requirements as for initiatives of groups worried about the ambient quality, in this way not having an standardizing of this actions. Appearing the necessity to evaluate if the employed methodologies are reaching its objective and providing a self-sustentation of the formed forest community. The present work had as objective to describe the community of tree and shrub from restored area, by a high diversity plantation, after 18 and 20 years of your implementation. The study was developed in Semideciduous Seasonal Forests (FES) at Iracemápolis City in São Paulo, Southeastern of Brazil (22°35\'S and 47°31\' W). The regional climate is Cwa, according to Köppen classification, with precipitation varying from 1.100 to 1.700mm per year. The plantation was realized between 1988 and 1990, in approximately 50ha. It was realized a floristic and phytosociological survey from two areas with 1,0ha each, where had been sampled individuals with perimeter at breast height equal or bigger than 10cm for calculate phytosociological parameter and diversity indices of equability. The showed species had been classified according to sucessional class and the syndrome of dispersion. Forest physiognomy was verified in the two studied areas. It has been found 2,532 individuals alive, distributed in 52,05% at area 1 and 47, 95% at area 2, and were distributed in 143 species, composing 40 families. The canopy heights had been less than found in FES remained, however, the diversity and equability index, and the absolute density has been among the value obtained to FES. The species that had presented greater growth had been Lafoensia glyptocarpa, Melia azedarach, Pterocarpus violaceus, Centrolobium tomentosum, Cariniana estrellensis, Triplaris americana, Cariniana legalis and Balfourodendron riedelianum in the area 1 and Luehea divaricata, Pterogyne nitens, Citharexylum myrianthum and Triplaris americana in area 2. Had been verified individuals with different vegetal life forms from introduced species as well as tree and shrub species different from implemented. Most of the regenerate individual was from pioneering and initial secondary species, and the biggest species, in height and in basal area had been coming from the planted species. It is concluded that the two areas are restored and present characteristic of secondary vegetation, the initial composition from used species and respective sucessional class had influenced the forest composition formed with 18 and 20 years. The use of high diversity in plantations of restoration present with high importance to re-establishing of the structure, enabling the development of existing process in a natural forests, especially in areas not connected with fragments of natural forests.

Orientadores: Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues, Flavio Antonio Maes dos Santos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T20:07:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_LeticiaCouto_D.pdf: 4213297 bytes, checksum: 251e5ae3edee734a1c9d00ebaa020ca4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A busca pela restauração de ambientes degradados tem sido um desafio em todas as regiões do planeta e há consenso de que estudos ecológicos podem contribuir para o aprimoramento da prática da restauração. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre a trajetória dos ecossistemas em processo de restauração, especialmente quanto ao restabelecimento da diversidade de espécies e de suas funções nos processos ecológicos. O objetivo da pesquisa proposta foi verificar se há ou não a previsibilidade da recuperação de atributos ao longo do tempo, no que tange à diversidade de espécies, estrutura da vegetação, grupos funcionais, diversidade e redundância funcional e oferta de recursos para a fauna, em comunidades vegetais de matas ciliares em restauração em comparação com um ecossistema de referência. O objeto de estudo foram matas ciliares em região de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, na região central do Estado de São Paulo, cujos plantios utilizaram elevada diversidade inicial. Foram amostrados mensalmente todos os indivíduos em reprodução de todas as formas de crescimento e a sua fenologia durante dois anos (353 espécies). Nestes indivíduos foram levantadas as características estruturais e reprodutivas, como: formas de crescimento, altura e área basal, fenologia, tipos florais, cores e tamanho das flores, índice de originalidade floral, síndromes de dispersão, cores e tamanhos dos frutos. Partiu-se da premissa de que o restabelecimento dos descritores estudados indica uma evolução positiva e autônoma dos ecossistemas em processo de restauração rumo à sua sustentabilidade. Alguns desses descritores se restabeleceram com o tempo, tais como a estrutura da vegetação, proporção de grupos sucessionais, diversidade de espécies arbóreas e sua funcionalidade e originalidade floral, quantidade de flores e frutos produzidos. Porém, ações de manejo adaptativo podem ser necessárias com vistas a suprir eventuais lacunas funcionais, principalmente no que tange às formas de vida não-arbóreas, devendo essas serem introduzidas, já que foram insuficientemente representadas, principalmente em áreas bastante fragmentadas. Desse modo, o manejo adaptativo dessas áreas poderá auxiliar na recuperação desses descritores. Para as futuras áreas que serão implantadas, a consideração desses fatores e o planejamento prévio de quais espécies, características funcionais e formas de vida a serem plantadas serão de grande relevância. Para completar o trabalho, acreditamos que aliar o conhecimento adquirido com políticas públicas e com a legislação ambiental nacional é indispensável. Desse modo, discutimos também o projeto de alteração da lei do Código Florestal brasileiro e os efeitos que poderão ocorrer na conservação e restauração dos ecossistemas nacionais / Abstract: Throughout the world there is large scale environment degradation. Hence, restoration of degraded areas has been a challenge. There is a consensus that ecological studies can contribute to improve the practice of restoration. However, there is a knowledge lack about the trajectory of ecosystems' under restoration; in particular, regarding re-establishment of species diversity and its function in the ecological process. The aim of the present study is to verify whether riparian forest communities under restoration recover their attributes over time, such as species diversity, structure, plant functional groups, functional diversity and redundancy and resource provision for fauna compared to a reference forest. We studied riparian forests of the seasonal semideciduous forest domain, in the Atlantic Forest Biome, São Paulo State, SE, Brazil. These areas were restored using a high diversity of species during the planting process. We sampled all reproductive individuals of all growth forms and followed their phenology monthly for two years (353 species). We measured reproductive and structural plant traits such as growth form, size, basal area, reproductive phenology, floral types, flower color and size, dispersal syndrome, fruit color and size. We assumed that recover of the studied descriptors indicates positive and autonomous advancement in ecosystem restoration towards its sustainability. Several of these attributes were re-established over time, such as the vegetation structure, ecological sucessional group proportion, species diversity of trees and their flower functionality and originality, as well as the amount production of flowers and fruits. On the other hand, adaptive management actions may be necessary in order to afford any functional gaps, especially in regard to forms of non-tree species that should be introduced since they have been underrepresented, particularly in landscapes very fragmented. Thereby, adaptive management of these areas may assist the recovery of these descriptors. Consideration of these factors and prior planning of which species and grow forms should be planted will be of great relevance for areas that will be implemented in the future. We also believe that combining the knowledge acquired with public policy and the national environmental legislation is essential. Hence, we discussed the proposal bill to the Brazilian Forest Code and the effects that may occur in conservation and restoration of national ecosystems, where several current protected areas may lose protection and it will be a setback for conservation and restoration of Brazilian forests / Doutorado / Biologia Vegetal / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Sur le site de la friche industrielle de l'Escalette dans le parc national des Calanques (Marseille), une réflexion alliant écologie de la restauration et phytoremédiation est menée dans le but d'optimiser les fonctions écosystémiques qui limitent les transferts d'éléments traces métalliques et métalloïdes (ETMM) des sols. Une caractérisation in situ de la composition et la structure des communautés végétales natives et spontanées a été menée sur des sites fortement contaminés, permettant de sélectionner des plantes tolérantes. La réponse de deux espèces pérennes natives à l'hétérogénéité de la contamination des sols en ETMM a été évaluée in situ, notamment via l'analyse des interactions sol-plantes microorganismes de la zone rhizosphérique. Enfin, des essais de restauration écologique des communautés végétales natives, basés sur la capacité de plantes natives tolérantes à stabiliser les ETMM et les dynamiques de résilience des communautés végétales, ont été menés sur une zone fortement contaminée. Les résultats indiquent qu'un siècle de contamination en ETMM a affecté de façon significative les communautés végétales en terme de composition, diversité et structure. Ils mettent en évidence une tolérance des plantes natives impliquant des microorganismes symbiotiques. Les résultats préliminaires des essais de restauration écologique confirment le choix d'espèces natives pour relancer une dynamique de végétation sur sols très contaminés et l’importance de créer des microsites favorables dans des milieux (semi-)arides hétérogènes. Ils apportent une contribution au développement d'écotechnologies pour la restauration des sols contaminés dans un contexte méditerranéen. / On the Escalette brownfield, included in the area of the Calanques National Park (Marseille, southeastern France), a research project combining restoration ecology and phytoremediation is carried out, in order to optimize the ecosystem functions which limit the transfers of metals and metalloids (MM) and to restore the functions of the contaminated soils. We developed an in situ characterization approach of the composition and structure of plant communities that grow on MM contaminated sites. This enabled the selection of native plants, tolerant to high concentrations of MM. In a second step, the response of two native perennial species to surface and depth heterogeneity of MM soil contamination was evaluated in-situ, regarding the soil-plant-microorganism interactions at the rhizosphere level. Finally, ecological restoration trials of native plant communities were carried out in a polluted hotspot, based on the ability of native plants to stabilize MM and the resilience dynamics of plant communities.The results indicated that a century of MM pollution pressure produced a significant correlation with plant community dynamics in terms of composition, diversity and structure. They showed that the tolerance of native plants involves symbiotic microorganism interactions. Preliminary results from ecological restoration trials confirmed the method for native plants species selection to recover a vegetation dynamic on highly polluted soils and the importance of creating favorable microsites in heterogeneous (semi-)arid environments. They contribute to the development of ecotechnologies for the restoration of contaminated soils in a Mediterranean context.

En la siguiente tesis se explica la viabilidad del negocio de almohadillas terapéuticas que contienen semillas aromatizantes, hojas de plantas nativas peruanas. Estas hojas tienen propiedades relajantes y aliviadoras de tensión muscular, que permitirán reducir los dolores musculares causados por la tensión. Los segmentos por abarcar en este proyecto son los niveles socioeconómicos A y B de Lima Metropolitana cuyo rango de edad se encuentre entre 20 y 40 años. Nuestra idea de negocio consiste en la venta de una almohadilla  terapéutica, la venta se realizará a través de los canales de Facebook e Instagram. Nuestro producto será entregado en una bolsa ecológica el cual contendrá nuestra almohadilla terapéutica a un precio de 50 soles.  En cuanto a lo desarrollado en nuestro plan de negocio se ha obtenido los siguientes resultados: Respecto a nuestro flujo de caja anual proyectado por lo próximos 3 años se obtiene que Almohadish si está siendo rentable. En cuanto a nuestro margen neto tenemos un crecimiento del 9% del año 2 al año 3, debido a que nuestras ventas aumentan más de lo que aumentan nuestros gastos en Marketing y RRSS. Finalmente, en cuanto a los indicadores financieros tenemos que nuestro VAN es positivo, cabe recalcar que la industria tomada para el beta es Healthcare products. La TIR, nos muestra que esperamos que nuestro proyecto rinda mínimo un 10%, sin embargo como nuestro proyecto es rentable,  nos está rindiendo un 48% es decir más de lo esperado, por último tenemos como resultado que en 2 años aprox. se recuperará la inversión. / The following thesis explains the viability of the business of therapeutic pads containing flavoring seeds, leaves of native Peruvian plants. These leaves have relaxing and muscle tension relieving properties, which will reduce muscle aches and pains caused by tension.  The segments to be covered in this project are the socioeconomic levels A and B of Metropolitan Lima whose age range is between 20 and 40 years. Our business idea consists of the sale of a therapeutic pad, the sale will be made through the channels of Facebook and Instagram. Our product will be delivered in an ecological bag which will contain our therapeutic pad at a price of 50 soles. As for the development of our business plan, we have obtained the following results: With respect to our annual cash flow projected for the next 3 years, we have obtained that Almohadish is profitable. As for our net margin, we have a 9% growth from year 2 to year 3, due to the fact that our sales are increasing more than our Marketing and HR expenses. Finally, as far as financial indicators are concerned, our NPV is positive; it is worth noting that the industry taken into account for the beta is Healthcare products. The IRR shows that we expect our project to yield at least 10%; however, since our project is profitable, it is yielding 48%, which is more than expected. / Trabajo de investigación

Plantas acumulam elementos químicos devido aos mais variados fatores como atendimento às necessidades estruturais e fisiológicas e características ambientais. Em estudos de biomonitoração, é comum a seleção de uma espécie para a avaliação da qualidade ambiental. A bioacumulação de vários elementos químicos já foi demonstrada para as espécies arbóreas mais abundantes da Mata Atlântica na parcela permanente do Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), uma das áreas mais preservadas da Mata Atlântica. Contudo, dado o elevado nível de alteração ambiental e a alta biodiversidade do bioma, torna-se necessário avaliar os padrões de bioacumulação em outras regiões da Mata Atlântica. Uma das areas mais significativas da Mata Atlântica para o Estado de São Paulo é o Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM), com exemplos de áreas bem preservadas e outras sob grande pressão antrópica. O núcleo Picinguaba é um dos núcleos mais conservados do parque que alcança a zona costeira. Por outro lado, o núcleo Itutinga-Pilões tem sido constantemente impactado por atividades humanas. Por exemplo, há muitos relatos sobre os efeitos da poluição na vegetação próxima aos centros urbanos e complexos industriais de São Paulo e Cubatão. Assumindo-se a hipótese de que a proximidade das unidades de conservação com o oceano e grandes centros urbanos pode influenciar a absorção de elementos químicos por plantas, este trabalho objetivou estudar a complexidade da acumulação de elementos químicos por espécies arbóreas dos núcleos Picinguaba e Itutinga-Pilões do PESM. Folhas de sete espécies arbóreas Alsophila sternbergii, Bathysa australis, Garcinia gardneriana, Guapira opposita, Euterpe edulis, Hyeronima alchorneoides e Virola bicuhyba - foram coletadas em diferentes épocas, assim como o solo sob a projeção das copas das árvores para estimar o índice de bioacumulação solo-folha (IBASF). A quantificação dos elementos químicos foi realizada por meio da análise por ativação neutrônica instrumental (INAA). A bioacumulação foi avaliada pela composição química elementar de solos, folhas e IBASF para todas as espécies. Os solos do núcleo Itutinga-Pilões apresentaram pontos críticos de As nas proximidades das rodovias, os quais podem ser importantes para a sustentabilidade a longo-prazo do ecossistema. As árvores do núcleo Itutinga-Pilões apresentaram um aporte maior de Fe, Th, Zn, Ce, La, Sm e Sc quando comparadas ao núcleo Picinguaba, que apresentou valores mais elevados de Na devido à influência do oceano. Um forte efeito de sazonalidade foi observado para a composição química elementar de folhas, associado à deposição de particulado atmosférico. Este estudo demonstrou a potencialidade do emprego da composição química elementar de árvores nativas e do solo para a avaliação da qualidade ambiental da Mata Atlântica. / Plants accumulate chemical elements due to several factors such as structural and physiological requirements and environmental characteristics. For biomonitoring studies, it is usual to select one species for monitoring the availability of chemical elements. The bioaccumulation of chemical elements has been demonstrated for the most abundant tree species in the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), one of the most preserved areas of the Atlantic Forest. However, due to the high level of environmental alterations and the high biodiversity of this biome, it becomes necessary to assess the bioaccumulation patterns in other regions of the Atlantic forest. A significant area of the Atlantic Forest for the São Paulo State is the Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar (PESM) with well preserved areas as well as regions under heavy anthropogenic pressure. Picinguaba is one of the most conserved PESM bases, reaching the costal zone. On the other hand, the Itutinga-Pilões base has been constantly impacted by human activities. For instance, there are many reports about the pollution effects on vegetation near urban centers and industrial complexes of São Paulo and Cubatão. Assuming the hypothesis that the proximity of the conservation units to the ocean and huge urban and industrial areas can influence the uptake of chemical elements by plants, this study investigated the complexity of the accumulation of chemical elements in tree species of the Picinguaba and Itutinga-Pilões bases of PESM. Leaves of seven tree species Alsophila sternbergii, Bathysa australis, Garcinia gardneriana, Guapira opposita, Euterpe edulis, Hyeronima alchorneoides and Virola bicuhyba - were collected in different periods. Soil under the tree crown projection at the 0-10 cm depth was sampled for estimating the soil-leaf bioaccumulation index (SLBAI). Chemical elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). By comparing the soil and leaf mass fractions of chemical elements and SLBAI values, bioaccumulation was assessed for all species from the studied areas. Itutinga-Pilões soil presented As hotspots near roads, which might be important for long-term ecosystem sustainability. Trees from the Itutinga-Pilões base also showed higher uptake of Ce, Fe, La, Sc, Sm and Th compared to the Picinguaba base, which showed high Na values because of the sea influence. A strong effect of seasonality on the leaf chemical element composition was observed, related to the deposition of atmospheric particulate. This study has demonstrated the potentiality of using the chemical composition of native tree and soil for the assessment of environmental quality in the Atlantic Forest.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:55:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6339.pdf: 1320900 bytes, checksum: ceafdc5598f1fbb6c687c57d58657bc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-07 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The seasonal semideciduous forests from southeastern Brazil have high plant species richness, but have been strongly affected by human interferences, which let them very degraded: nowadays they are represented by small isolated fragments, immersed in a landscape dominated by agriculture and large urban centers. In this sense, the ecology of restoration arises in order to facilitate, accelerate and direct the processes of secondary succession to manage such areas, considering the knowledge about theoretical concepts that aim to review the effectiveness of natural ecosystem management techniques and practices. In such a perspective, we aimed in this experiment to test the following question: During de production of seedlings of the native forest tree species, Ceiba speciosa (Malvaceae) and Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Bignoniaceae), different dilutions of hydrogel associated to irrigation with reused water, could improve their development? To answer this question, we selected three treatments (1g, 4g and 8g of hydrogel), beyond the witness (no hydrogel). The seedlings of both species were irrigated during one month with water reused and water supply. After this period, we estimated the growth of seedlings: roots, height and diameter. We used ANOVA (p = 0.001), and Tukey s test to verify significative differences between the mean of the treatments. We found significative differences in both height and diameter growth from 4g of hydrogel as to C. speciosa as H. heptaphyllus. In relation to the growth of root system of both tree species, the mean of superficial root area differed significantly from 4g of hydrogel when compared to the witness, confirming our initial assumption that the roots would grow in a lower proportion of area because they are in their hydric comfort zone. With such results added to theoretical knowledge in the ecology of restoration, the association of hydrogels with reused water comes to stand up for the sustainable use of water in the irrigation of native seedlings. / Apesar das florestas estacionais semideciduais do interior do estado de São Paulo possuir elevada riqueza de espécies, as interferências humanas deixaram esses ecossistemas degradados e representados por pequenos fragmentos isolados, imersos numa paisagem dominada pela agricultura e centros urbanos. Diante essa problemática, a restauração ecológica surge com o objetivo de facilitar, acelerar e direcionar os processos sucessionais naturais a fim de manejar essas áreas, considerando os novos teóricos da ecologia de comunidades vegetais tropicais, que pretendem revisitar a eficácia de técnicas de manejo em restauração ecológica. Nesta perspectiva, surge como objetivo desse trabalho, testar a pergunta científica: O uso de polímeros hidrogéis em diferentes concentrações na produção de mudas nativas de Ceiba speciosa (Malvaceae) e de Handroanthus heptaphyllus (Bignoniaceae), associados à irrigação com água de reúso tratada, interfere significativamente no crescimento de seu sistema radicular, sua altura e diâmetro, e aumenta a longevidade das mudas? Para responder a essa pergunta, utilizou-se mudas das duas espécies nativas, em três tratamentos (1g, 4g e 8g de hidrogel), além da uma testemunha, contendo apenas o solo. As mudas foram irrigadas por um mês com água de abastecimento e água de reúso tratada; depois de cessadas as irrigações, foram avaliadas os estimadores citados. Foram realizadas análises de variância (p = 0,001), seguidas do teste de Tukey para verificar diferenças significativas entre as médias dos tratamentos. Verificaram-se diferenças significativas no crescimento em altura e diâmetro a partir do uso de 4g de hidrogel, tanto para C. speciosa quanto para H. heptaphyllus. Em relação ao sistema radicular, as médias de área superficial diferiram-se estatisticamente a partir de 4g de hidrogel quando comparadas às testemunhas, tanto para C. speciosa quanto para H. heptaphyllus, confirmando a expectativa inicial de que com hidrogel, as raízes cresceriam em menor proporção em área porque estariam na zona de conforto hídrico. Com esses resultados aliados aos conhecimentos teóricos da ecologia da restauração, a associação de polímeros hidrogéis com água de reúso vem defender a racionalização do uso da água na irrigação de mudas de espécies nativas, reaproveitando águas de reúso que seriam descartadas em águas superficiais.