L’hypertension artérielle est le facteur de risque le plus important dans les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) et les accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC). L’hypertension artérielle essentielle est une maladie complexe, multifactorielle et polygénique. Même si on a identifié de nombreux facteurs de risque de l’hypertension artérielle, on ne comprend pas encore clairement les mécanismes qui la régissent. Les kinases hépatocytes produisant l’érythropoïétine (Eph) constituent la plus grande famille des récepteurs tyrosine kinase qui se lient à des ligands de surface cellulaire appelés éphrines sur les cellules avoisinantes. On sait que les interactions de Eph et des éphrines sont essentielles aussi bien dans les processus de développement que dans le fonctionnement des organes et des tissus adultes. Cependant on n’a pas encore étudié la relation entre Eph/éphrines et l’hypertension artérielle. Nous avons créé des modèles de souris knockout (K.O.) Ephb6-/-, Efnb1-/- et Efnb3-/- pour cette étude. Dans le modèle EphB6-/-, nous avons observé que les souris K.O. Ephb6 castrées, mais pas les femelles, ainsi que les souris mâles non castrées présentaient une tension artérielle élevée (TA) par rapport à leurs homologues de type sauvage (TS). Ceci suggère que Ephb6 doit agir de concert avec l’hormone sexuelle mâle pour réguler la TA. Les petites artères des mâles castrés Ephb6-/- présentaient une augmentation de la contractilité, une activation de RhoA et une phosphorylation constitutive de la chaîne légère de la myosine (CLM) lorsque comparées à celles de leurs homologues TS. Ces deux derniers résultats indiquent que la phosphorylation de CLM et de RhoA passe par la voie de signalisation de Ephb6 dans les cellules du muscle lisse de la paroi vasculaire (CMLV). Nous avons démontré que la réticulation de Efnbs mais non celle de Ephb6 aboutit à une réduction de la contractilité des CMLV. Ceci montre que l’effet de Ephb6 passe par la signalisation inversée à travers Efnb. Dans le modèle Efnb1-/- conditionnel spécifique au muscle lisse, nous n’avons observé aucune différence entre Efnb1-/- et les souris de TS concernant la mesure de la TA dans des conditions normales. Cependant, la TA des souris K.O. Efnb1 lors d’un stress d’immobilisation est supérieure à celle des souris de TS. Dans les petites artères des souris K.O. Efnb1, le rétrécissement et la phosphorylation de CLM étaient élevés. In vitro, la contractilité et l’activation RhoA de la CMLV des souris TS étaient augmentées quand leur Efnb1 était réticulé. Ces résultats corroborent ceux des souris KO Ephb6 et prouvent que l’effet de Ephb6 dans le contrôle de la TA se produit au moins par l’intermédiaire d’un de ses ligands Efnb1 dans les CMLV. Dans le modèle Efnb3-/-, on a observé une augmentation de la TA et du rétrécissement des vaisseaux chez les femelles Efnb3-/-, mais non chez les mâles; l’échographie a aussi révélé une résistance accrue au débit sanguin des souris K.O. femelles. Cependant la mutation de Efnb3 ne modifie pas la phosphorylation de la CLM ou l’activation de RhoA in vivo. Dans l’expérience in vitro, les CMLV des souris femelles Efnb3-/- ont présenté une augmentation de la contractilité mais pas celle des souris mâles Efnb3-/-. La réticulation des CMLV chez les mâles ou les femelles de TS avec solide anti-Efnb3 Ab peut réduire leur contractilité. Notre étude est la première à évaluer le rôle de Eph/éphrines dans la régulation de la TA. Elle montre que les signalisations Eph/éphrines sont impliquées dans le contrôle de la TA. La signalisation inverse est principalement responsable du phénotype élevé de la TA. Bien que les Efnb1, Efnb3 appartiennent à la même famille, leur fonction et leur efficacité dans la régulation de la TA pourraient être différentes. La découverte de Eph/Efnb nous permet d’explorer plus avant les mécanismes qui gouvernent la TA. / Hypertension is the most important risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and strokes. The essential hypertension is a complex, multifactorial and polygenic disease. Although many hypertension risk factors have been identified, the comprehensive understanding of mechanisms remains elusive. Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte kinases (Ephs) are the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases, which bind to cell surface ligands called ephrins on neighboring cells. Eph and ephrin interactions are known to be essential in developmental processes, as well as in functions of adult organs and tissues. However the relationship between Ephs/ephrins and hypertension has not been studied. Ephb6-/-, Efnb1-/- and Efnb3-/-knockout mice models were established for this study. In the EphB6-/- model, we observed that the castrated Ephb6 KO mice but not female or uncastrated male mice presented heightened blood pressure (BP) compared to the wild type (WT) counterparts. This suggests that Ephb6 needs to act in concert with sex hormone to regulate blood pressure. Small arteries from castrated Ephb6-/- males showed increased contractility, RhoA activation and constitutive myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation compared to their WT counterparts. The latter two findings indicate that RhoA and MLC phosphorylation are in the signaling pathway of Ephb6 in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). We demonstrated that, crosslinking of Efnbs but not Ephb6 resulted in reduced VSMC contractility. This indicates that the effect of Ephb6 is via reverse signaling through Efnbs. In smooth muscle-specific conditional Efnb1-/- model, no difference was observed between Efnb1-/- and WT mice in BP measurement under a normal condition. However, the BP of Efnb1 KO mice during immobilization stress were higher than that of WT mice. In the small arteries from Efnb1 KO mice, the constriction and MLC phosphorylation were elevated. In vitro, the contractility and RhoA activation of WT VSMC were augmented when their Efnb1 was crosslinked. These results corroborate the findings from Ephb6 KO mice, and prove that the effect of Ephb6 in BP control is at least via one of its ligand Efnb1 in VSMC. In the Efnb3-/- model the heightened BP and increased vessel constriction were observed in Efnb3-/-females but not males; the echography also revealed the increased blood flow resistance of female KO mice. However the mutation of Efnb3 doesn’t alter the MLC phosphorylation or RhoA activation in vivo. In in vitro experiment, VSMCs from Efnb3-/- female mice showed increased contractility but did not Efnb3-/- male mice. Crosslinking of VSMCs from WT males or females with solid anti-Efnb3 Ab can reduce their contractility. Our study is the first to assess the role of Eph/ephrins in BP regulation. Eph/ephrins signalings are involved in the regulation of BP. The reverse signaling is mainly responsible for the elevated BP phenotype. Although the Efnb1, Efnb3 belongs to the same family, their function and effectiveness in the regulation of BP might be different. The discovery of Eph/Efnbs allows us to further explore the mechanism in BP.

Understanding the bearing response of the footings on layered soils has always been a challenge for researchers. Due to the limitations of analytical and empirical solutions it had been difficult to understand the true bearing behavior. Some researchers have tried solving this problem by numerical analysis and have found some success. In this study the numerical analysis approach has been applied using a commercial tool FLAC (Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua) to study the bearing response of surface footings on layered clays. First, small deformation analyses were taken up to study the undrained bearing response of strip and circular footings resting on a horizontally layered strong over a soft clay foundation, and then over soft over strong clay foundation. In the end application of large strain mode of FLAC was explored to investigate the large deformation behavior of the strip footing resting on the surface of a strong over soft clay foundation. All models were run by applying velocity loading and a elastic-perfectly plastic Tresca yield criterion has been used. The results are compared with published Finite Element Method (FEM) results, and with analytical, empirical and semi-empirical solutions. It was found that bearing capacity results from the present small-strain FLAC analyses agree well with the FEM results. However, these results in most of the cases tend to differ (as much as 49% for certain layered clay foundations) from those predicted with analytical, empirical and semi-empirical solutions, mainly due to the assumptions made in these solutions. Since no such assumptions are made in the present FLAC analyses, the results and the methodology of this thesis can be applied to predict the bearing capacity of the practical problems. Application of the large-strain mode of FLAC to study the large deformation of shallow foundations has pointed out a limitation of FLAC in completing such analyses. However, it is observed from the early trends of these analyses that whereas the small deformation analysis may under estimate the ultimate bearing capacity for certain cases of layered foundations where the upper clay is moderately stiffer than the lower clay layer, it might also over predict the ultimate bearing capacity for other cases when the upper clay is very stiff in comparison to the lower clay layer.

Recent developments show that derivative free methods are highly demanded by researches for solving optimization problems in various practical contexts. Although well-known optimization methods that employ derivative information can be very effcient, a derivative free method will be more effcient in cases where the objective function is nondifferentiable, the derivative information is not available or is not reliable. Derivative Free Optimization (DFO) is developed for solving small dimensional problems (less than 100 variables) in which the computation of an objective function is relatively expensive and the derivatives of the objective function are not available. Problems of this nature more and more arise in modern physical, chemical and econometric measurements and in engineering applications, where computer simulation is employed for the evaluation of the objective functions. In this thesis, we give an example of the implementation of DFO in an approach for optimizing stirrer configurations, including a parametrized grid generator, a flow solver, and DFO. A derivative free method, i.e., DFO is preferred because the gradient of the objective function with respect to the stirrer&rsquo / s design variables is not directly available. This nonlinear objective function is obtained from the flow field by the flow solver. We present and interpret numerical results of this implementation. Moreover, a contribution is given to a survey and a distinction of DFO research directions, to an analysis and discussion of these. We also state a derivative free algorithm used within a clustering algorithm in combination with non-smooth optimization techniques to reveal the effectiveness of derivative free methods in computations. This algorithm is applied on some data sets from various sources of public life and medicine. We compare various methods, their practical backgrounds, and conclude with a summary and outlook. This work may serve as a preparation of possible future research.

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Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2007. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 214 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 12, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Ο έλεγχος της έκφρασης των πρωτεϊνών που χαρακτηρίζουν τον Λείο Μυικό Φαινότυπο (ΛΜΦ) είναι εξαιρετικής σημασίας για την κατανόηση, σε μοριακό επίπεδο, διεργασιών που σχετίζονται με πολλές φυσιο-παθολογικές καταστάσεις στον άνθρωπο. Μεταξύ των ασθενειών όπου ο ΛΜΦ είναι καθοριστικής σημασίας για την ανάπτυξη και εξέλιξή τους, είναι η αθηροσκλήρωση, η υπέρταση, η επαναστένωση των αρτηριών μετά από αγγειοπλαστική, η ίνωση οργάνων όπως οι πνεύμονες, το ήπαρ και οι νεφροί, και η ανάπτυξη μεταστάσεων από συμπαγείς όγκους. Επομένως, κατανόηση των κυτταρικών και μοριακών μηχανισμών που οδηγούν σε τροποποίηση του ΛΜΦ είναι βασικής σημασίας για την αναγνώριση στρατηγικών περιορισμού της εξέλιξης των νόσων αυτών και της εκδήλωσης των κλινικών συνεπειών τους. Αρχικό στόχο αποτέλεσε η ανάπτυξη και καθιέρωση ενός in vitro προτύπου συστήματος για την διαφοροποίηση μη διαφοροποιημένων κυττάρων προς φαινότυπο που προσομοιάζει με αυτό των Λείων Μυικών Κυττάρων (ΛΜΚ), ώστε να χρησιμεύσει στη μελέτη του μοριακού καθορισμού και ελέγχου του φαινότυπου των κυττάρων αυτών. Πρώτα-πρώτα, χαρακτηρίσαμε βασικά, σημαντικά «μοριακά εργαλεία» για την διαπίστωση και μοριακή διερεύνηση του ΛΜ-φαινοτύπου. Χρησιμοποιώντας τα, αναπτύξαμε και χαρακτηρίσαμε πρωτογενώς ένα πρότυπο σύστημα διαφοροποίησης σε ΛΜΚ, βασιζόμενο σε Μεσεγχυματικά Βλαστικά Κύτταρα (ΜΒΚ) προερχόμενα από γέλη Wharton ομφάλιου λώρου. Στα κύτταρα αυτά, η έκφραση γονιδίων και πρωτεϊνών που χαρακτηρίζουν τον ΛΜΦ εξαρτάται από την επαρκή έκφραση της πρωτεΐνης Serum Response Factor (SRF), από την ύπαρξη αλληλουχιών Serum Response Element (SRE) στον υποκινητή των εξεταζόμενων ΛΜΚ-ειδικών γονιδίων, και επάγεται από εξωγενή έκφραση της Μυοκαρδίνης. Επομένως, όπως έχει περιγραφεί και για άλλα πρότυπα συστήματα, η διαφοροποίηση των κυττάρων αυτών σε κύτταρα που προσομοιάζουν ΛΜΚ στηρίζεται στην συνέργεια δύο μεταγραφικών παραγόντων, του SRF και της Μυοκαρδίνης. Το πρότυπο αυτό θα είναι χρήσιμο για να διερευνήσουμε τους μοριακούς μηχανισμούς δράσης φυσιολογικών και φαρμακολογικών παραγόντων στον έλεγχο του ΛΜΦ. Επί πλέον, το πρότυπο σύστημα αυτό δύναται να αποβεί χρήσιμο για την κατανόηση εν γένει διεργασιών που οδηγούν στην βασική κυτταρική αλλαγή γνωστή ως Επιθηλιακή-Μεσεγχυματική Μετάβαση (ΕΜΤ) και κατ’ επέκταση για την κατανόηση μηχανισμών παθογένειας πλείστων νόσων που χαρακτηρίζονται από ΕΜΤ. Παράλληλα, έγινε προσπάθεια διερεύνησης αν η κυτταρική σειρά A7r5 αγγειακών ΛΜΚ αποτελεί βιώσιμο φαρμακολογικό σύστημα για την διερεύνηση των μηχανισμών μέσω των οποίων η έκφραση του ΛΜΦ ελέγχεται σε μοριακό επίπεδο από τους αδρενεργικούς υποδοχείς, μία οικογένεια υποδοχέων που διαδραματίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην ομοιόσταση του αγγειακού τοιχώματος και στην αρτηριακή παθοφυσιολογία. Δείξαμε ότι ο κυτταρικός πληθυσμός A7r5 δεν απαντά σε α1-αδρενεργική διέγερση διότι στερείται α1-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων. Διέγερση αποκτάται με εισαγωγή μέσω πλασμιδίου α1-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων, άρα το ενδογενές σηματοδοτικό σύστημα είναι παρόν και λειτουργικό. Επιπρόσθετα, ανακαλύψαμε ότι τα κύτταρα A7r5 εκφράζουν ενδογενώς λειτουργικούς β-αδρενεργικούς υποδοχείς. Θέτουμε έτσι τα θεμέλια για μία σε βάθος διερεύνηση του τυχόν ρόλου των β-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων στον έλεγχο του φαινοτύπου των αγγειακών ΛΜΚ, ο οποίος είναι καθοριστικός για την γένεση και πορεία των καρδιαγγειακών νοσημάτων εν γένει. Συμπερασματικά λοιπόν α) τα μεσεγχυματικά βλαστικά κύτταρα προερχόμενα από τη γέλη Wharton ανθρώπινου ομφάλιου λώρου αποτελούν κατάλληλο πρότυπο σύστημα διερεύνησης της ρύθμισης των μοριακών μηχανισμών που εμπλέκονται στη διαφοροποίηση προς ΛΜΚ από μόρια φαρμακολογικής σημασίας, και β) τα κύτταρα A7r5 αποτελούν καλό πρότυπο σύστημα για την διερεύνηση του τυχόν ρόλου των β-αδρενεργικών υποδοχέων στον έλεγχο του φαινοτύπου των ΛΜΚ των αγγείων. / The control of the genes that specify the Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype is of great importance for our understanding, at a molecular level, of the processes central in a number of human pathologies. Among the diseases whose onset and progress is influenced by alterations in Smooth Muscle-Like (SM-L) phenotype are atherosclerosis, organ fibrosis (lung, liver and kidney), and metastasis associated with solid tumors. For these reasons, the understanding of the cell and molecular mechanisms that lead to changes in the SM phenotype expression are of central importance in our efforts to identify new approaches in limiting the progress of these diseases and the manifestation of the associated clinical symptoms. The first Aim of this work was the development and initial characterization of an in vitro model of differentiation towards a Smooth-Muscle-Like phenotype, to serve for the study of its molecular control. Initially, we characterized basic important molecular tools useful in determining the SM-L phenotype. With their aid, we developed and characterized a model system based on Wharton’s Jelly-derived Mesenchymal stem Cells (MSCs). In these cells, the expression of genes and proteins characteristic of the SM Phenotype depends on the protein levels of Serum Response Factor (SRF) and on the existence of SRF-binding elements on the promoters of the SM-specific genes; it is also potently induced by the exogenous expression of the transcription factor Myocardin. Therefore, this population of MSCs behaves as other characterized model systems, in that their differentiation to a SM-L phenotype is supported by the synergistic action of SRF and Myocardin. This novel model system based on Wharton’s Jelly MSCs will be useful to study the role of specific physiological and pharmacological agents in the control of the SM phenotype. In addition, such a system can offer insights in the basic cellular process of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and by extent, in the pathological mechanisms of diseases characterized by EMT. In parallel, we investigated whether the differentiated SMC line A7r5 is a viable pharmacological model system to investigate the control of the SMC phenotype by adrenergic receptors, a family of receptors that plays a crucial role in the homeostasis of the vessel wall. We showed that A7r5 cells do not express functional α1-adrenergic receptors; however, the intracellular signaling system linked to α-adrenergic receptors is present and functional. In contrast, A7r5 cells endogenously express functional β-adrenergic receptors, and A7r5 cells are therefore an attractive model to study the role of these receptors in the control of the SMC-phenotype. In conclusion, a) Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Wharton’s Jelly surrounding the human umbilical cord are a suitable in vitro model for the study of the molecular mechanisms that modulating Smooth Muscle Cell differentiation, and b) A7r5 cells are a good in vitro model system to investigate the role of the β-adrenergic receptor in controlling the phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle cells.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1945153 bytes, checksum: 2c1abc7e6111c3fc75af32ff4400e496 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / From Xylopia langsdorfiana A. St-Hil. & Tul. stem bark was isolated the diterpene of trachylobane class, ent-7α-hydroxytrachyloban-18-oic acid (trachylobane-318) that in previous studies showed to be able to relax guinea-pig trachea pre-contracted by carbachol (CCh). Thus, we aimed to investigate the action mechanism underlying in this trachylobane-318 relaxant activity. Trachea rings were suspended in organ baths, containing Kreb s solution, at 37 ºC and aired with carbogenic mixture. Isometric contractions were registered using a digital acquisition system. In order to evaluate a direct effect of the diterpene in Ca2+-calmodulin complex was used chlorpromazine (CPZ) (10-6 M), a calmodulin inhibitor, and we observed that trachylobane-318 relaxation effect (pD2 = 4.38 ± 0.07, n = 5) was not significantly altered in presence of this inhibitor (pD2 = 4.25 ± 0.07, n = 5). Then, was performed a protocol using different potassium (K+) extracellular concentrations which indicated that trachylobane-318 would be acting as a possible potassium channels activator since its relaxation was more potent when guinea-pig trachea was pre-contracted by KCl 18 mM (pD2 = 4.90 ± 0.25, n = 5) than by KCl 60 mM (pD2 = 3.88 ± 0.01, n = 5). To confirm the potassium channels participation was used a non-selective potassium channels blocker, tetraethylammonium (TEA+) 10 mM, that was pre-incubated before CCh addition, that resulted in an attenuation of diterpene relaxation (pD2 = 4.01 ± 0.06, n = 5). To determinate which potassium channels subtypes would be involved in the trachylobane-318 action, the diterpene relaxation curve was assessed in the presence of several potassium channels selective blockers. The fact of the trachylobane-318 relaxation curve was shifted to the right in a significant manner in the presence of 4-AP, a selective blocker of voltage activated K+ channels (Kv) (pD2 = 4.00 ± 0.06, n = 5); glibenclamide, a selective blocker of ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) (pD2 = 3.91 ± 0.003, n = 5); apamin, a selective blocker of small conductance calcium-activated K+ channels (SKCa) (3.45 ± 0.14, n = 5) and big conductance calcium-activated K+ channels (BKCa) (3,80 ± 0,05, n = 5) is suggestive that the diterpene is modulating positively these channels to exert its relaxant effect. On the other hand, the inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir) was discarded since the relaxation curve was not altered (pD2 = 4.15 ± 0.10, n = 5) in the presence of BaCl2, selective blocker of these channels. Cyclic nucleotides participation was discarded since the relaxation curve obtained with aminophylline on guinea-pig contracted by CCh (pD2 = 4.27 ± 0.09, n = 5), a phosphodiesterases (PDEs) non-selective inhibitor, was not altered in trachylobane-318 presence (pD2 = 4.46 ± 0.08, n = 5). Thus, trachylobane-318 relaxant effect seems to involve the positive modulation of potassium channels subtypes Kv, KATP, SKCa and BKCa on guinea pig trachea. / A partir das cascas do caule de Xylopia langsdorfiana A. St-Hil. & Tul. foi isolado o diterpeno da classe dos traquilobanos, ent-7α-hidroxitraquiloban-18-oico (traquilobano-318) que em estudos anteriores mostrou-se capaz de relaxar a traqueia de cobaia pré-contraída com carbacol (CCh). Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o mecanismo de ação envolvido nesta atividade relaxante do traquilobano-318. Os anéis de traqueia foram suspensos em cubas para órgão isolado, contendo solução de Krebs, a 37º C e aerados com carbogênio. As contrações isométricas foram registradas com o auxílio de um sistema de aquisição digital. Para avaliar uma possível ação direta do diterpeno sobre o complexo Ca2+-calmodulina foi utilizado a clorpromazina (CPZ) (10-6 M), um inibidor da calmodulina, e observou-se que o efeito relaxante do traquilobano-318 (pD2 = 4,38 ± 0,07, n = 5) não foi significantemente alterado na presença deste inibidor (pD2 = 4,25 ± 0,07, n = 5). Em seguida foi realizado um protocolo usando diferentes concentrações extracelulares de potássio (K+) que indicaram que o traquilobano-318 estaria agindo como um possível ativador dos canais de K+, uma vez que seu efeito relaxante mostrou-se mais potente quando a traqueia era pré-contraída por 18 mM de KCl (pD2 = 4,90 ± 0,25, n = 5) do que quando pré-contraída por 60 mM de KCl (pD2 = 3,88 ± 0,01, n = 5). Para confirmar a participação dos canais de K+ utilizou-se um bloqueador não seletivo destes canais, tetraetilamônio (TEA+) (10 mM) que foi pré-incubado antes da adição de CCh, o que resultou na atenuação do relaxamento promovido pelo diterpeno (pD2 = 4,01 ± 0,06, n = 5). Com o objetivo de se determinar quais subtipos de canais de potássio estariam envolvidos na ação relaxante do traquilobano-318, a curva de relaxamento do diterpeno foi avaliada na presença de vários bloqueadores seletivos destes canais. O fato da curva de relaxamento do traquilobano-318 (pD2 = 4,38 ± 0,07) ter sido desviada para direita, de maneira significante, na presença de 4-AP, bloqueador dos canais de K+ sensíveis a voltagem (Kv) (pD2 = 3,91 ± 0,003); glibenclamida, bloqueador dos canais de K+ sensíveis ao ATP (KATP) (pD2 = 4,00 ± 0,06); apamina, bloqueador dos canais de K+ ativados pelo cálcio de pequena condutância (SKCa) (pD2 = 3,45 ± 0,14) e na presença de iberiotoxina, bloqueador dos canais de K+ ativados pelo cálcio de grande condutância (BKCa) (pD2 = 3,80 ± 0,05) sugere que o diterpeno está modulando positivamente estes canais para exercer seu efeito relaxante. Por outro lado a participação dos canais de potássio retificadores de entrada (Kir) foi descartada pois a curva de relaxamento do traquilobano-318 não foi alterada (pD2 = 4,15 ± 0,10, n = 5) na presença do BaCl2, bloqueador seletivos destes canais. A participação dos nucleotídios cíclicos foi descartada, uma vez que a curva de relaxamento em traqueia pré-contraída por CCh obtida com aminofilina (pD2 = 4,27 ± 0,09, n = 5), um inibidor não seletivo das fosfodiesterases (PDEs), não foi alterada na presença do traquilobano-318 (pD2 = 4,46 ± 0,08, n = 5). Assim, o efeito relaxante do traquilobano-318 parece envolver a modulação positiva dos subtipos de canais de potássio KATP, Kv, SKCa e BKCa em traqueia isolada de cobaia.

This dissertation studies the cost of carry relationship and the international dynamics of mispricing, price and volatility in the three Nikkei futures markets - the Osaka Exchange (OSE), the Singapore Exchange (SGX) and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). Previous research does not fully consider the unique characteristics of the triple-listed Nikkei futures contracts, or the price and volatility dynamics in the three Nikkei futures exchanges at the same time. This dissertation makes a significant contribution to the existing literature. In particular, with a comprehensive new 19-year sample period, this dissertation helps deepen the understanding of the Nikkei spot-futures equilibrium and arbitrage behaviour, cross-border information transmission mechanism, and futures market integration. The first topic of the dissertation is to study the cost of carry relationship, mispricing and index arbitrage in the three Nikkei markets. The standard cost of carry model is adjusted for each Nikkei futures contract by allowing for the triple-listing nature and key institutional differences. Based on this, the economic significance of the Nikkei mispricing is explored in the presence of transaction costs. The static behaviour of the mispricing suggests that it is difficult especially for institutional investors to make arbitrage profits in the OSE and SGX, and that index arbitrage in the CME is not strictly risk-free due to the exchange rate effect. Smooth transition models are used to study the dynamic behaviour of the mispricing in the three markets. The results show that mean reversion in mispricing and limits to arbitrage are driven more by transaction costs than by heterogeneous arbitrageurs in the Nikkei markets. The second topic of the dissertation is to investigate the price discovery process in individual Nikkei markets and across the Nikkei futures markets. With smooth transition error correction models, this dissertation reports the leading role of the futures prices in the pre-crisis period and the leading role of the spot prices in the post-crisis period, in the first-moment information transmission process. Moreover, there is evidence of asymmetric adjustments in the Nikkei prices and volatilities. The cross-border dynamics suggest that the foreign Nikkei markets (the CME and SGX) act as the main price discovery vehicle, which implies the key functions of the equivalent, offshore markets in futures market globalisation. The third topic of the dissertation is to study the volatility transmission process in individual Nikkei markets and across the Nikkei futures markets, from the perspectives of the volatility interactions in and across the Nikkei markets and of the dynamic Nikkei market linkages. This dissertation finds bidirectional volatility spillover effects between the Nikkei spot and futures markets, and the information leadership of the foreign Nikkei markets (the CME and SGX) in the second-moment information transmission process across the border. It further examines the dynamic conditional correlations between the Nikkei markets. The results point to a dramatic integration process with strongly persistent and stable Nikkei market co-movements over time.