The purpose of this problem is to make a comparative study of the philosophy of the formal discipline concept of the traditional school of thought and the modern progressive movement in order to determine their relative contributions to our present educational system.

Yes / Ancient Chinese herbal texts as far back as the 4th Century Zhou hou bei ji fang describe methods for the use of Qing Hao (Artemisia annua) for the treatment of intermittent fevers. Today, the A. annua constituent artemisinin is an important antimalarial drug and the herb itself is being grown and used locally for malaria treatment although this practice is controversial. Here we show that the ancient Chinese methods that involved either soaking, (followed by wringing) or pounding, (followed by squeezing) the fresh herb are more effective in producing artemisinin-rich extracts than the usual current method of preparing herbal teas from the dried herb. The concentrations of artemisinin in the extracts was up to 20-fold higher than that in a herbal tea prepared from the dried herb, but the amount of total artemisinin extracted by the Chinese methods was much less than that removed in the herbal tea. While both extracts exhibited potent in vitro activities against Plasmodium falciparum, only the pounded juice contained sufficient artemisinin to suppress parasitaemia in P. berghei infected mice. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of malaria treatment using A. annua infusions.

The Seminole people of Florida have used plants as traditional remedies for hundreds of years. After European contact their knowledge was transformed from proto-Muskhogean practices to new hybrids of traditional and modem practices. As a result of European pressure and influence, there is a risk of this knowledge being lost. Traditional Botanical Knowledge (TBK) can shed light on new compounds and healing properties for use in the medical and holistic communities of the U.S. This project systematically examines the connections between extant cosmological knowledge and extant medicinal knowledge among the Seminole. This study uses a number of methods and sources of data: ethnographic interviews, field observations at Seminole and Miccosukee events, demographic information, myths, material culture, artwork, field notes and publications by anthropologists and botanists were used as well to find patterns connecting medicinal flora with metaphysical associations such as animals, directions, colors, and temperatures similar to other Native American cultures. Larger implications of this research include the production of a useful ethno-medical and ethno-botanical research tool and the preservation of cultural practices within a threatened culture.

No / To examine the beliefs and experiences of South Asians with epilepsy and the extent of provision of appropriate information and accessible services for them by health professionals. Methods: Qualitative interviews with 30 South Asians with epilepsy, 16 carers and 10 health professionals. In addition, two focus groups were held with 16 South Asians without epilepsy recruited from community centers. The interview sample was divided by religious groupings (Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims). Fieldwork was conducted in Bradford and Leeds (England Results: Beliefs that epilepsy is caused by spirit possession (Muslims) or attributable to sins committed in a past life (Sikhs and Hindus) were reported as being widely held among South Asians living both in the UK and the Indian subcontinent, although few informants themselves subscribed to such views. Compliance with conventional medication was high; however, those who experienced seizures most often were most likely to turn to traditional South Asian therapies. Most informants used both treatments simultaneously. The main issues regarding the provision of services were: lack of appropriate information and advice; language and communication barriers; problems in interaction with health professionals. Also discussed were the potential merits of attending support groups. Greatest dissatisfaction was expressed in relation to primary care, whereas the highest praise was reserved for specialist epilepsy nurses. Conclusions: Our findings show both similarities and differences between participants¿ experiences, where gender, age or other aspects of personal biography can be as important as religion, culture or country of origin. Furthermore, the impact of being diagnosed with epilepsy can be exacerbated by structural impediments to accessing information and appropriate services.

No / The nature of Higher Education (HE) has seen many changes throughout the last decade. The agenda for widening participation in HE has led to an increase in the number of students with a broader range of educational s. At the same time there has been a surge in the development of digitalisation and the convergence of computing and telecommunications technologies available for use in education. This paper discusses the outcomes of a case study, conducted in a School of Health Studies within a northern English University, which identified the extent to which `non-traditional¿ students access on-line learning facilities, such as virtual learning environments and library networks, and what factors enhanced or formed barriers to access. `Non-traditional¿ students, for the purpose of this study, were defined as mature students who were returning to higher education after a considerable break. The outcomes indicated that skill deficit is a major obstacle for many `non-traditional¿ students. The paper explores this issue in depth and suggests potential ways forward for the delivery of technology supported learning for `non-traditional¿ students in Higher Education.

No / To compare the effect of traditional and ¿baby-led¿ breastfeeding advice on early infant weight gain and exclusive breastfeeding rates. Design: Longitudinal cohort study: part prospective, part retrospective. Setting: One UK general practice. Participants: 63 exclusively breastfed infants in two cohorts: 32 babies born before and 31 babies born after a change in breastfeeding advice. Intervention: A change from baby-led to traditional breastfeeding advice. Main outcome measures: Primary analysis: comparison of the effectiveness of the intervention (ie, weight gain expressed as standard deviation score gain (SDSG) between birth and 6¿8 weeks) and exclusive breastfeeding rates between babies whose mothers received traditional advice and those whose mothers received baby-led advice. Secondary analysis: relevance of feed length (ie, weight gain expressed as SDSG between birth and 6¿8 weeks in babies feeding for 10 min or less from the first breast and those feeding for longer than 10 min). Results: The two groups were equivalent with respect to birth weight, gestational age, and parity. Primary outcome: babies whose mothers received the traditional advice were more likely to be exclusively breast fed up to 12 weeks (log rank ¿2¿=¿9.68, p¿=¿0.002) and gained more weight up to 6¿8 weeks than those given baby-led advice (mean SDSG 0.41 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.69) vs ¿0.23 (95% CI ¿0.72 to 0.27)). Secondary outcome: irrespective of feeding advice given, babies feeding for 10 min or less from the first breast gained more weight by 6¿8 weeks than babies feeding for longer than 10 min (mean SDSG 0.42 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.73) vs ¿0.19 (95% CI ¿0.64 to 0.26)). Conclusions: In this study, traditional breastfeeding advice resulted in increased weight gain and increased exclusive breastfeeding rates compared with baby-led advice. Exclusively breastfed babies who had shorter feeds (10 min or less from the first breast) gained more weight.

Thesis (M.CUR.) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / Indigenous practices (IPs) are experiences generated by people who are living in a specific region context and a specific cultured group. IPs are shaped by cultural traits that are passed from one generation to the next. The practices are rooted and embedded in such a society and, therefore, the practices become part of the people’s lifestyle. It is difficult to try and change these practices, since people have adhered to them throughout their entire lives. The believe system plays a major role in health care seeking behaviour of individuals because they are informed by the IPs that are observed in their environment (Shaik & Hatcher, 2005). IPs are stored in people’s memories and are expressed in songs, dances, beliefs, rituals, cultural values, myths, and healing of diseases by using herbs. During pregnancy, IPs are still applied worldwide. Ayaz and Efe (2008) indicate that it occurs mostly in Turkey and Africa where women’s reassurance is depending on the local context and meaning of pregnancy. THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To determine indigenous practices of pregnant women at the Dilokong Hospital in the Greater Tubatse Municipality of the Limpopo Province.This was achieved by the exploring and describing the indigenous practices of pregnant women in the antenatal (ANC) clinic of the maternity ward at the Dilokong Hospital.. DESIGN AND METHOD A qualitative, descriptive, explorative and contextual research design was used for the participants to describe the indigenous practices by pregnant women. Data was collected by means of unstructured one-on-one interviews in maternity unit of the ANC clinic at the Dilokong Hospital of the Greater Tubatse Municipality. Ethical considerations as described by Denosa (2000) were adhered to in order to ensure the v quality of the study. The criteria for trustworthiness were observed as stipulated in Babbie and Mouton (2009).Fifteen pregnant women were interviewed. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Four themes with sub-themes emerged from the data analysis by using Tech’ṡ open coding approach (Creswell 2006, Botma, Greef, Mulaudzi & Wright, 2010). Four themes were emerged namely; indigenous practices based on ancestral knowledge; indigenous practices based on spiritual diviners versus church principles; restricted practices versus instructions followed during pregnancy and labour and indigenous practices during labour and delivery. It is recommended that a national IP strategy needs to be developed to provide a framework and platform to support and promote grass roots IPs into mainstream development in the health care system in relation to midwifery practice. CONCLUSION The study findings indicated that IPs were regarded as an honourable health intervention by THPs, families, and pregnant women. They showed trust in methods used to preserve pregnancy, labour, and delivery, although, the indigenous practices by pregnant women still continue. Indigenous practices such as cords around their waists, are still observed during physical examinations. However, there is a reduction of prescribed potions mixed with cool drinks for use to accelerate labour and to prevent negative consequences because the potential toxicity has been explained during the provision of health education. These findings call for health care professionals to emphasise training and workshops for the THPs church diviners that are the fundamental principle of effective implementation of IPs to enhance improvement in the prevention of complications during pregnancy, labour and delivery. KEYWORDS Pregnant women Indigenous practice Indigenous knowledge Antenatal care

Thesis (Ph.D. (Nursing))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Résumé En République Démocratique du Congo, la crise économique nationale, la dévaluation du franc Congolais et les guerres de ces dernières années ont entraîné une dépendance croissante des populations des villes et des campagnes vis-à-vis de la médecine traditionnelle. Deux types de médecines traditionnelles sont pratiqués par les bantous et les pygmées de Bikoro. La médecine traditionnelle populaire, c'est-à-dire celle connue de la majorité de la population du village et la médecine traditionnelle spécialisée, c'est-à-dire pratiquée par les spécialistes (Guérisseurs). Une enquête ethnobotanique sur l’utilisation des plantes en médecine traditionnelle par les bantous et les pygmées a été réalisée dans 10 villages du territoire de Bikoro, durant 11 mois. Dans chaque village, l’enquête s’est déroulée en deux étapes : la première sur les maladies soignées, les plantes et les recettes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle populaire et la seconde sur les maladies soignées, les plantes et les recettes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle spécialisée. Les informations relatives à la médecine traditionnelle populaire ont été récoltées au cours d’entretiens collectifs en utilisant un questionnaire semi-structuré, tandis que celles relatives à la médecine traditionnelle spécialisée ont été collectées au cours d’entretiens directs en utilisant le même type de questionnaire. Au total, 133 affections sont soignées en médecine traditionnelle par les pygmées et les bantous de Bikoro. Elles font intervenir 205 espèces botaniques et 976 recettes. En médecine traditionnelle populaire, les pygmées soignent 42 affections, utilisent 73 espèces botaniques et emploient 150 recettes. Les bantous soignent 41 affections, utilisent 62 espèces botaniques et 128 recettes. En médecine traditionnelle spécialisée, les pygmées soignent 54 affections, utilisent 74 espèces botaniques et 151 recettes. Les spécialistes bantous soignent 119 affections, utilisent 185 espèces botaniques et 704 recettes. En médecine traditionnelle populaire de Bikoro, les bantous et les pygmées utilisent souvent les mêmes organes végétaux, les mêmes modes de préparation des drogues et les mêmes modes d’administration de recettes. Ils soignent en général les mêmes maladies. Les différences s’observent au niveau des plantes utilisées et des recettes préparées par chaque communauté. Si les pygmées Twa et leurs voisins Oto utilisent les mêmes organes des plantes et emploient les mêmes modes de préparation et d’administration de recettes en médecine traditionnelle spécialisée, il existe une différence significative entre les maladies soignées, les plantes utilisées et les recettes préparées par ces deux communautés. Cette étude a permis de caractériser le territoire de Bikoro concernant son recours à la médecine traditionnelle et a mis en évidence l’existence des flux d’utilisations des plantes entre la médecine traditionnelle populaire (bantoue et pygmée) et la médecine traditionnelle spécialisée (bantoue et pygmée). Mots clés : Plantes, Médecine traditionnelle populaire, Médecine traditionnelle spécialisée, Bantous, Pygmées, Bikoro. Abstract In the Democratic republic of Congo, the national economic crisis, the devaluation of the Congolese franc and the wars of the last decades involved an increasing dependence of the populations of the cities and rural areas with respect to traditional medicine. Two types of traditional medicines are practiced by the bantus (Oto) and the pygmies (Twa) of Bikoro. Popular traditional medicine, that is to say the one known to the majority of the village population, and specialized traditional medicine, which is only practiced by specialists (Healers). An ethnobotanic investigation on plant use in traditional medicine by the Bantus and the pygmies was carried out in 10 villages of the territory of Bikoro, during 11 months. In each village, the investigation proceeded in two stages: the first concerning the treated diseases, as well as the plants and the recipes used in popular traditional medicine and the second concerning the treated on the looked after diseases, as well as the plants and the recipes used in specialized traditional medicine. The information relative to popular traditional medicine were collected during collective meetings with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire, while those relating to specialized traditional medicine were collected during direct interviews with the same type of questionnaire. On the whole, 133 affections are treated in traditional medicine by the pygmies and the Bantu of Bikoro. They make use of 205 botanical species and 976 recipes. In popular traditional medicine, the pygmies Twa address 42 affections, use 73 botanical species and employ 150 recipes. The Bantu (Oto) address 41 affections use 62 botanical species and 128 recipes. In specialized traditional medicine, the pygmies address 54 affections, use 74 botanical species and 151 recipes. The specialists Bantu address 119 affections use 185 botanical species and 704 recipes. In the Bikoro region, both Bantus (Oto) and pygmies (Twa) do use the same plant parts, the same modes of preparing drogues and the same processes of administering drogues in their respective popular traditional medicine. There are differences in plant species used and drogue types prepared by each community. If the Twa pygmies and their neighbors Oto use the plant parts and the same processes in administering drogues in their specialized medical practices, there is, nevertheless, a significant difference between types of treated diseases, utilized plant species and prepared drogues between the two communities. This study made possible the characterization of the territory of Bikoro concerning its recourse to traditional medicine and highlighted the existence of flows of plant uses between popular traditional medicine (bantu and pygmy) and specialized traditional medicine (bantu and pygmy). Key words: Plants, popular traditional Medicine, specialized traditional Medicine, Bantus, Pygmies, Bikoro.

Title: Think inside the Guerrilla box? – A quantitative study of how consumers perceive guerrilla marketing in contrast to traditional marketing Course: European Business, Undergraduate thesis at C-level, 15 Hp. Authors: Jennifer Lundström and Madeleine Sjöbom Question: Based on consumer’s perception, is guerrilla marketing more beneficial than traditional marketing? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyse how consumers perceive guerrilla marketing in contrast to traditional marketing, looking at a gender perspective. This to be able to determine whether it is more beneficial for a company to invest in extra energy and time with less money spent and choose guerrilla marketing over traditional marketing. Methodology: A quantitative study, with a deductive approach and extensive structure Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework includes theories concerning the twomethods and gender marketing. A communication stream model has furthermore been developed and modified from existing theories within the concept of marketing and communication. The AIDA model has been used to determine the buying behaviour. Empirical framework: The empirical framework presents the outcome of the primary research such as findings and statistics. Conclusion: Guerrilla marketing shows a clear advantage in most cases except when it comes to credibility. If companies can over win the issue with trust, guerrilla marketing is to prefer over traditional marketing, based on consumer perception. Major gender differences were none to be found.