Submitted by Fabiany Feitosa (fabiany.sousa@ufba.br) on 2016-04-27T13:34:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus, Daiane Batista de.pdf: 1695330 bytes, checksum: 98abbd10cf3319d1a17591aa65fdc761 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-07-05T20:30:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus, Daiane Batista de.pdf: 1695330 bytes, checksum: 98abbd10cf3319d1a17591aa65fdc761 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-05T20:30:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jesus, Daiane Batista de.pdf: 1695330 bytes, checksum: 98abbd10cf3319d1a17591aa65fdc761 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo central estudar a dinâmica do conflito socioambiental entre os atores Marinha do Brasil e a comunidade remanescente de quilombo do Alto do Tororó, localizada em São Tomé de Paripe, Salvador/Ba, em torno da apropriação e uso do território na extensão da Baía de Aratu, a partir da chegada da Marinha em 1970. A metodologia aplicada foi um modelo de análise, baseado na etnografia dos conflitos socioambientais (Paul Little, 2004), com a finalidade de identificar a dinâmica dos conflitos a partir do território, dos interesses e estratégias de enfrentamento dos seus atores. Identificamos como os processos de desenvolvimento têm contribuído para a exploração dos recursos naturais e dos territórios das comunidades tradicionais, principalmente das comunidades negras, reforçando os estigmas da invisibilidade e da criminalização da identidade desses grupos. Como principais resultados percebe-se a utilização pela Marinha do Brasil das estratégias da soberania e da garantia de segurança nacional, tanto na sobreposição dos seus interesses nos territórios em conflito, como na legitimação das construções de grandes projetos de desenvolvimento do Estado brasileiro, interferindo na reprodução do modo de vida e da cultura das comunidades quilombolas. / This thesis major objective is to study the social environment conflict dynamics between the stakeholders Marinha do Brasil ( Brazilian Navy) and the quilombola community of Alto do Tororó, located in São Tomé de Paripe, Salvador-BA, with regards to the appropriation and use of the territory around the Aratu´s bay, from the arrival of the navy in 1970. Data for this study was obtained through a model of analysis based on the ethnography of social environment conflicts (Paul Little, 2004), aiming to identify the dynamics of the conflicts from the territory, the interest and the fighting strategies of its stakeholders. It was identified how the processes of development has contributed to the exploitation of natural resources and territories of traditional communities , mainly black communities, reinforcing the stigmas of invisibility and identity criminalization of these groups. On the basis of the main results of this research, it can be observed the use of strategies of sovereignty and guarantee of natural security by the Marinha do Brasil (Brazilian Navy), in both the superposition of its interests in the territory under conflict and in the legitimation of building of great projects of development for the Brazilian State, interfering in the reproduction of lifestyle and culture of quilombolas communities.

O Fórum Delta do Jacuí foi criado na busca por respostas efetivas à crise ambiental vigente na pesca artesanal em sua área de abrangência. Observamos que impactos ambientais causados pela pesca predatória e por outras atividades econômicas têm causado a desterritorialização e o concomitante estabelecimento de novos territórios e territorialidades dos pescadores artesanais. Assim, se estabelece um contexto de conflitos e disputas territoriais que influenciam o conteúdo dos conhecimentos tradicionais, que passam a ser entendidos como territoriais. Na assembleia geral do Fórum, ocorre o diálogo de tais conhecimentos com os conhecimentos técnicos e científicos, os quais podem ser compreendidos a partir dos mundos da vida. Esse processo analítico identifica consensos, dissensos e rupturas entre os participantes que dialogam sobre a gestão ambiental e a gestão compartilhada da pesca artesanal. Consideramos que a partir desse diálogo tem se estabelecido um território da ação do referido Fórum, que é substantivado pelos arranjos territoriais que o compõem, bem como corresponde a uma iniciativa de gestão compartilhada territorial da pesca artesanal. / The “Delta do Jacuí” Forum was created in the search for effective responses to the environmental crisis prevailing in artisanal fisheries in their coverage area. We observed that environmental impacts caused by fishing and other economic activities have caused the dispossession and the concomitant establishment of new territories and territoriality of fishermen. Thus, it establishes a context of conflict and territorial disputes that influence the content of traditional knowledge, which are then understood as territorial. At the Forun’s general meeting, occurs the dialogue of such knowledge with the technical and scientific knowledge, which can be understood from the worlds of life. This analytical process identifies consensus, dissent and ruptures among participants that dialogue about environmental management and shared management of artisanal fisheries. We consider that from this dialogue has established a territory of action of this forum, which is the noun territorial by arrangements that compose it, as well as corresponds to an initiative of shared management of territorial fishing.

O Fórum Delta do Jacuí foi criado na busca por respostas efetivas à crise ambiental vigente na pesca artesanal em sua área de abrangência. Observamos que impactos ambientais causados pela pesca predatória e por outras atividades econômicas têm causado a desterritorialização e o concomitante estabelecimento de novos territórios e territorialidades dos pescadores artesanais. Assim, se estabelece um contexto de conflitos e disputas territoriais que influenciam o conteúdo dos conhecimentos tradicionais, que passam a ser entendidos como territoriais. Na assembleia geral do Fórum, ocorre o diálogo de tais conhecimentos com os conhecimentos técnicos e científicos, os quais podem ser compreendidos a partir dos mundos da vida. Esse processo analítico identifica consensos, dissensos e rupturas entre os participantes que dialogam sobre a gestão ambiental e a gestão compartilhada da pesca artesanal. Consideramos que a partir desse diálogo tem se estabelecido um território da ação do referido Fórum, que é substantivado pelos arranjos territoriais que o compõem, bem como corresponde a uma iniciativa de gestão compartilhada territorial da pesca artesanal. / The “Delta do Jacuí” Forum was created in the search for effective responses to the environmental crisis prevailing in artisanal fisheries in their coverage area. We observed that environmental impacts caused by fishing and other economic activities have caused the dispossession and the concomitant establishment of new territories and territoriality of fishermen. Thus, it establishes a context of conflict and territorial disputes that influence the content of traditional knowledge, which are then understood as territorial. At the Forun’s general meeting, occurs the dialogue of such knowledge with the technical and scientific knowledge, which can be understood from the worlds of life. This analytical process identifies consensus, dissent and ruptures among participants that dialogue about environmental management and shared management of artisanal fisheries. We consider that from this dialogue has established a territory of action of this forum, which is the noun territorial by arrangements that compose it, as well as corresponds to an initiative of shared management of territorial fishing.

This thesis looks at the impact of migration and place on the traditional healing knowledge and practices of a Mexican immigrant mother from Guanajuato, Mexico: Sofia Perez. Through the use of oral history methodology and the application of the Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom (TEKW) model and the Social Ecological Model (SEM) to analyze the narratives, this study looks at the origin of Sofia's healing knowledge and practices and at how she has managed to keep these traditions alive despite migrating to the United States and living in a society that may not believe in the efficacy of these healing traditions. The application of the Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom (TEKW) model provided insight into the healing traditions of Sofia's home community and the ways in which these were learned, practiced, and preserved and proved useful in looking at how this was done by Sofia before and after migrating. Next, the Social Ecological Model (SEM) proved useful in looking at how place and its various social, cultural, and ecological aspects have influenced Sofia's use of traditional medicine since she migrated. Overall, Sofia's knowledge and practices have been impacted by migration and place; however, she continues to practice these traditions as best as she can.

This thesis examines health care choices patients make when illness and misfortune occur. Research on health seeking behaviour was conducted in Katutura (the African township outside of Windhoek in Namibia) during 1996 and 1997. Due to the availability of a wide range of health care options from both the western and the traditional medical systems, utilisation of traditional medicine represents a conscious choice by patients and is not due to a lack of other alternatives. The use of traditional medicine can therefore be attributed to social, cultural, and personal factors rather than access, cost, and distance to modern health care facilities. A set of theoretical postulates is constructed to explain health seeking behaviour, including western and African concepts of ill health, which integrates both macro and micro-level analysis. Through macro-level analysis, this model postulates that western and traditional medical systems are able to exist within a single society due to the presence of co-existing ideologies (Medical Systems Theory). This model further postulates that social change is a significant attribute of post-colonial Namibian society (Post-colonial Theory). Rapid social change causes social disequilibrium leading to insecurities within the population which increase traditional health care utilisation, especially due to witchcraft accusation. Thus, macro-level theories are used to explain the existence and form of health care alternatives in Katutura; while micro-level analysis is used to examine how people make rational health care choices based on individualised variables within the enabling and constraining umbrella of Namibia's social structure. These variables include the individual's means, goals, desires, and environment of physical and social objects. Health seeking behaviour is influenced by the individual's previous experiences (history), personal constraints, and access to information. Based on data from the 1996 Tradition and Health Survey administered as part of the research for this dissertation, a model for health seeking behaviour is developed to guide the analysis of qualitative data. This model postulates that different patterns of utilisation depend on perceived causes, reasons and origins (aetiology) as well as manifestations of illness. Some illnesses are perceived of as clearly African and some are seen to be clearly western (both of these perceptions result in a single utilisation pattern). Some illnesses have a social/spiritual aetiology but universally recognised manifestations (resulting in a simultaneous utilisation pattern), and some illnesses are of indeterminate aetiology until treatment begins (resulting in a multi-faceted utilisation pattern). In addition to a utilisation pattern based on the aetiology and manifestation of illness, previous health seeking experiences influence, to a certain extent, subsequent health care choices; whereby the failure of one medical system to produce satisfactory results can cause health seekers to shift to another treatment regimen. In Katutura choices patients make are also influenced, to a certain extent, by the urban nature of the health seeking environment. Urban patients seek traditional medicine for a range of social/spiritual aetiologies, due to rapid social change and the experience of new and threatening situations. Urban patients also have more knowledge and experience with the western concept of contagious transmission as opposed to the traditional concept of social/spiritual contamination. In addition, health seeking patterns vary slightly between the different ethnic groups in Katutura. Traditional aetiological beliefs of the different ethnic groups in Katutura are reflected in current cultural beliefs about the cause of illness.

This thesis explored the role of traditional leaders in the promotion of municipal service delivery. The study focuses on three main areas, namely the history and development of public administration, the effects of government environment on traditional leaders and a case study of the Royal Bafokeng Administration. To achieve the objectives of the study, it is necessary to indicate the objective of local government outlined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. The Constitution states the following objectives: the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner, the promotion of social and economic development, as well as the involvement of communities and community organisations in the matters of local government. The quest for a better municipal service delivery cannot be achieved in isolation from the integration of traditional leaders into the South African Public Service. The integration of traditional leaders into the South African Public Service is to ensure that municipal services are rendered equitably, efficiently and effectively. A comparative analysis of the role of traditional leaders in the Republic of South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland, Lesotho and Botswana shows that, should African traditional leadership and governance be fully integrated into the South African Public Service structures, municipal service delivery will be accelerated. The study suggests that recognition of the role of traditional leaders in the promotion of service delivery will help to expedite the redress of municipal service delivery imbalances and inequities in the rural disadvantaged communities in South Africa. The study analyses the following question: to what extent can traditional leaders provide and add value in the promotion of municipal service delivery which will contribute to the new constitutional democracy in South Africa? The study examines the present state of the role of traditional leaders in the promotion of municipal services by studying three local government cases namely, Botswana tribal authorities, the Modjadji Tribal Authority and the Royal Bafokeng Administration. The study suggests that there is an urgent need to integrate traditional leaders into the local government structures to assist in clearing the municipal service delivery backlog. This thesis also suggests that the South African traditional leadership system be compared with its Southern African counterparts such as Botswana. / Thesis (DAdmin)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / Unrestricted

Thesis (M. Sc. (Microbiology)) --University of Limpopo, 2019 / Informal street traders and traditional health practitioners at Ga Maja (Limpopo Province) primarily offer consumers semi-processed herbal concoctions that are indicated to have blood-cleansing, immune-boosting, detoxifying, antidiarrheal, antiHIV/AIDS and pain-relieving therapeutic properties. The focus of this study was to validate the pharmacological effects and safety of these herbal concoctions as indicated by the traders. Five herbal concoctions and their medicinal plant recipies used for their preparation were purchased from five independent traders. A laboratory concoction was prepared according to the traders’ instructions. Possible microbial contaminants were identified using Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-offlight mass spectrometry and VITEK 2. Nutritional content of the concoctions was determined by a plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was determined using standard chemical tests and thin layer chromatography. Total polyphenol content was quantified calorimetrically. Antioxidant activity was quantified using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing power assays. Antimicrobial activities were determined using a broth micro-dilution assay and bioautography. Anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity was used to determine the antiviral potential of the concoctions. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined using the cyclooxygenase inhibition assays and possible cytotoxic effects of the concoctions were evaluated using MTT cell viability assay. Growth on potato dextrose and nutrient agar plates indicated heavy microbial contamination. Sodium, potassium and zinc were most abundant in the concoctions. The concoctions had similar phytochemical profiles, and together with plant decoctions consisted primarily of polyphenolic constituents. Generally, some plant decoctions had higher antioxidant (EC50: 15.71 – 40.87 µg/mL) and antibacterial (MIC: 0.04 – 0.63 mg/mL) activities. The antimicrobial activities of the concoctions were as a result of synergistic effects of the compounds because no single compound was observed to have antimicrobial activities on the bioautograms. Combination studies showed that the combination of crude decoctions from different plant species resulted in reduced antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities. The laboratory concoction had higher anti-HIV reverse transcriptase activity (EC50: 2.90 µg/mL) than the positive controls used (EC50: 36.65 – 40.90 µg/mL). The concoctions also demonstrated considerable antiinflammatory activity. The lack of standardisation of phytomedicines reduces their xxi pharmacological potential and consistency. However, this study validated the ethnopharmacological use of the different plant species and herbal concoctions towards the treatment of human immune-deficiency virus, pain caused by inflammation, infectious diarrhoea and for immune-boosting. This study also highlighted the complexities associated with combinations of aqueous extracts and the importance of appropriate knowledge on which plant species are to be mixed to enhance their therapeutic properties. Although the concoctions did not exhibit cyctotoxic effects, toxicities may arise from endotoxins produced by the microbial contaminants. Hygienic processing and packaging are essential to ensure that consumers receive quality products that are safe to consume.

MAAS / Centre for African Studies / See the attached abstract below

PhD (African Studies) / Department of African Studies / Traditional health practice is an important and often underestimated part of health care. Since time immemorial traditional health ensured and covered all major areas of health promotion, which included preventative, promotive, curative, rehabilitative, and surgical practices. In low- and middle-income countries where the number of practitioners of modern medicine may not be enough to meet the health care needs of the country, traditional health promotion is central. Given that in many societies the practices are done in secret, it therefore makes it difficult for people in general to access proper service from traditional health practitioners. This study explored the role of traditional health practitioners in promoting health in a rural community. The study adopted a qualitative approach which was descriptive, explorative and interpretative, targeting the registered traditional health practitioners in villages of Ward X of the Pfura Rural District Council. A non-probability purposive and snowball sampling method was used to identify twenty-two (22) male and female participants. The participants were registered diviners, herbalists and traditional birth attendants. The data which was collected through in-depth interviews, field notes, audio recordings and observation were thematically analyzed using Tesch’s method of data analysis and presented in categories, themes and subthemes. The study revealed that the traditional health practitioners in Pfura, are playing a vital role in offering primary health care for the people. Traditional health practitioners offer healing through their extensive knowledge of herbal and animal-based medicines and therapeutic actions such as rituals. The study established the use of herbs, traditional ceremonies, taboos, cultural norms as health promotive practices. Traditional healers in Pfura have demonstrated their efficacy and remained a powerful establishment in society through their easy access to the ancestral spirits, which has sustained the healing culture of Kore-kore people. Despite the central role being played by traditional health system in health promotion, impediments were found against the practice and its practitioners. Poor professional development, research and training of the Traditional Health Practitioners as well as the advanced age of practitioners is a setback in the practice as it contributed negatively to the sustainability of the traditional health practice. Guided by both study findings, key action areas of health promotion of the Ottawa Charter and the objectives of the World Health Organization, Traditional Medicine Strategy of 2014-2023 target, a framework/guide was developed and recommended an integrative and sustainable health promotion in a rural setting. / NRF

The majority of South African citizens experience inadequate healthcare due to underfunding, mismanagement, staff shortages, and infrastructure problems. Before a healthcare system was created, the sick turned to traditional herbal healers for care. South Africa’s Zulu healers possess specialized knowledge of local plants and medicine thought to have physical and spiritual healing properties. The country’s increasing reliance on Western biomedicine has created a current concern from indigenous medicine conservationists regarding the future of this kind of knowledge. In order to assess the effects of Western medicine on traditional healing practices, I collected data on the various uses of traditional medicine, the frequency in which it is used relative to Western medicine, and how it is maintained in the community. The data identified the various uses and potential problems of Western medicine and Zulu traditional herbal practice in helping the community. The traditional herbal healers revealed close connections between the informational, spiritual, physical, and cultural components of the practice that characterize its livelihood and practice for generations to come. This information allows for a greater understanding of how culture and medicinal knowledge can be entwined together and the positive or negative effects of biomedicine interacting with traditional medicine to help solve sicknesses in not only South Africa, but potentially in our global community.