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At the turn of the century agrarian parties emerged in large parts of Europe. The parties had one thing in common: they stood up for the social, economic, cultural, and political interests of the agrarian society. The Swedish agrarian parties - 1 Bondeförbundet ' and 'Jordbrukarnas Riksförbund1 - were formed between 1913 and 1915.In this study the agrarian parties are not considered to be class parties. Instead, they are described as traditional parties, defending the old agrarian community against expansive industrialization. Their potential voters belonged to various social strata in the agrarian community, and their political programme, often characterized by a markedly negative view of modern society and by cultural protectionism, is summarized here under the term agrarianism. Agrarianism seen as a political theory and an applicable ideology had features in common with Conservatism as well as with Fascism and Socialism. Liberal values, however, were kept in the background.A modernization perspective is adopted in order to demonstrate that the agrarian parties were in fact traditional parties. It is assumed that regional variation in the electoral support of the agrarian parties reflects the modernization process, and, consequently, that the parties were weaker in industrial areas and stronger in socially and economically backward areas.The empirical studies show that the Agrarian parties stand out as traditional parties rather than class parties. Their voter support was stronger in areas where the historical and economic development was characterized by stagnation and conservatism, as well as in areas where social mobilization advanced slowly. In more industrialized and modernized areas conditions were quite the opposite. A study of Swedish interwar agrarianism with special regard to regional variations in party strength proves the agrarian parties to be the inheritors of a way of life formed by centuries of agrarian traditions. / digitalisering@umu

As a thesis topic I chose Awareness graduates of the course Life Skills in Zambia. The present thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part with the support of specialized literature devoted to the general description of the development problems of sub-Saharan countries. Furthermore, the theoretical part I describe precisely Zambia in the context of development issues. The last part is devoted to the characteristics of the course Life Skills and NGO ARHA, under whose leadership the whole project was created. The aim of the thesis is to determine the degree of awareness of graduate course Life Skills in Zambia. Examined Life Skills circuits become sex education, HIV/AIDS and gender. These areas were chosen because they are among the most discussed topics in the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The thesis I established three research questions that relate to the issue. In the research part of the thesis I tried to answer them. It was the following research questions: What is the awareness of graduate course Life Skills in sex education? What is the awareness of graduate course Life Skills for HIV/AIDS? What is the awareness of graduate course in Life Skills gender? For the realization of research, I chose a qualitative research method semi- structured interview. Own research conducted in the building of technical secondary school Kambule in Zambia, where a six-month course in Life Skills took a place. Individual interviews were carried out during the period October - November 2014. The results of research show that the level of awareness of graduate course Life Skills is determined in the context of socio-cultural factors. During the half-year course graduates were informed just by socially tolerated facts. The information transmitted within the preventive and educational programs are considerably truncated, especially in the area of sex education. Life graduates of the course are indeed aware of thepreventive use of condoms, but it is emphasized that premarital sex is a sin. Cult marriages in Zambia has an important role. Due to the fact that Zambia is characterized as patriarchal society are women, especially in marriage, denied many rights. For example it is not generally tolerated the use of condoms within marriage. The research results show just on the above-mentioned facts, which stems from a purely traditional social order. Preventive educational programs are focused exclusively on measures that are in line with the traditional values of society - sexual abstinence and decisive rejection of premarital sex. A major shortcoming of preventive education programs is precisely this form of rigidity, lacking flexible response to current problems in society. Unfortunately, during the six-month course Life Skills graduates weren´t given relevant information that would help them respond to current problems in society. For example promotion and distribution of condoms was prohibited before the course has already started. The above-mentioned facts can be described as barriers in education and in the development of Zambia. Traditional patterns of behavior in Zambia are very deeply rooted and overcoming them can be considered difficult. However, this fact does not involve only the poor form of preventive education programs, but also low awareness participants on the issue. Based on a six-month course Life Skills and research in collaboration with the NGO ARHA was made a publication, which summarizes the lessons learned and also suggests ways how to improve the efficiency of the upcoming course.

O Fórum Delta do Jacuí foi criado na busca por respostas efetivas à crise ambiental vigente na pesca artesanal em sua área de abrangência. Observamos que impactos ambientais causados pela pesca predatória e por outras atividades econômicas têm causado a desterritorialização e o concomitante estabelecimento de novos territórios e territorialidades dos pescadores artesanais. Assim, se estabelece um contexto de conflitos e disputas territoriais que influenciam o conteúdo dos conhecimentos tradicionais, que passam a ser entendidos como territoriais. Na assembleia geral do Fórum, ocorre o diálogo de tais conhecimentos com os conhecimentos técnicos e científicos, os quais podem ser compreendidos a partir dos mundos da vida. Esse processo analítico identifica consensos, dissensos e rupturas entre os participantes que dialogam sobre a gestão ambiental e a gestão compartilhada da pesca artesanal. Consideramos que a partir desse diálogo tem se estabelecido um território da ação do referido Fórum, que é substantivado pelos arranjos territoriais que o compõem, bem como corresponde a uma iniciativa de gestão compartilhada territorial da pesca artesanal. / The “Delta do Jacuí” Forum was created in the search for effective responses to the environmental crisis prevailing in artisanal fisheries in their coverage area. We observed that environmental impacts caused by fishing and other economic activities have caused the dispossession and the concomitant establishment of new territories and territoriality of fishermen. Thus, it establishes a context of conflict and territorial disputes that influence the content of traditional knowledge, which are then understood as territorial. At the Forun’s general meeting, occurs the dialogue of such knowledge with the technical and scientific knowledge, which can be understood from the worlds of life. This analytical process identifies consensus, dissent and ruptures among participants that dialogue about environmental management and shared management of artisanal fisheries. We consider that from this dialogue has established a territory of action of this forum, which is the noun territorial by arrangements that compose it, as well as corresponds to an initiative of shared management of territorial fishing.

O Fórum Delta do Jacuí foi criado na busca por respostas efetivas à crise ambiental vigente na pesca artesanal em sua área de abrangência. Observamos que impactos ambientais causados pela pesca predatória e por outras atividades econômicas têm causado a desterritorialização e o concomitante estabelecimento de novos territórios e territorialidades dos pescadores artesanais. Assim, se estabelece um contexto de conflitos e disputas territoriais que influenciam o conteúdo dos conhecimentos tradicionais, que passam a ser entendidos como territoriais. Na assembleia geral do Fórum, ocorre o diálogo de tais conhecimentos com os conhecimentos técnicos e científicos, os quais podem ser compreendidos a partir dos mundos da vida. Esse processo analítico identifica consensos, dissensos e rupturas entre os participantes que dialogam sobre a gestão ambiental e a gestão compartilhada da pesca artesanal. Consideramos que a partir desse diálogo tem se estabelecido um território da ação do referido Fórum, que é substantivado pelos arranjos territoriais que o compõem, bem como corresponde a uma iniciativa de gestão compartilhada territorial da pesca artesanal. / The “Delta do Jacuí” Forum was created in the search for effective responses to the environmental crisis prevailing in artisanal fisheries in their coverage area. We observed that environmental impacts caused by fishing and other economic activities have caused the dispossession and the concomitant establishment of new territories and territoriality of fishermen. Thus, it establishes a context of conflict and territorial disputes that influence the content of traditional knowledge, which are then understood as territorial. At the Forun’s general meeting, occurs the dialogue of such knowledge with the technical and scientific knowledge, which can be understood from the worlds of life. This analytical process identifies consensus, dissent and ruptures among participants that dialogue about environmental management and shared management of artisanal fisheries. We consider that from this dialogue has established a territory of action of this forum, which is the noun territorial by arrangements that compose it, as well as corresponds to an initiative of shared management of territorial fishing.

O Fórum Delta do Jacuí foi criado na busca por respostas efetivas à crise ambiental vigente na pesca artesanal em sua área de abrangência. Observamos que impactos ambientais causados pela pesca predatória e por outras atividades econômicas têm causado a desterritorialização e o concomitante estabelecimento de novos territórios e territorialidades dos pescadores artesanais. Assim, se estabelece um contexto de conflitos e disputas territoriais que influenciam o conteúdo dos conhecimentos tradicionais, que passam a ser entendidos como territoriais. Na assembleia geral do Fórum, ocorre o diálogo de tais conhecimentos com os conhecimentos técnicos e científicos, os quais podem ser compreendidos a partir dos mundos da vida. Esse processo analítico identifica consensos, dissensos e rupturas entre os participantes que dialogam sobre a gestão ambiental e a gestão compartilhada da pesca artesanal. Consideramos que a partir desse diálogo tem se estabelecido um território da ação do referido Fórum, que é substantivado pelos arranjos territoriais que o compõem, bem como corresponde a uma iniciativa de gestão compartilhada territorial da pesca artesanal. / The “Delta do Jacuí” Forum was created in the search for effective responses to the environmental crisis prevailing in artisanal fisheries in their coverage area. We observed that environmental impacts caused by fishing and other economic activities have caused the dispossession and the concomitant establishment of new territories and territoriality of fishermen. Thus, it establishes a context of conflict and territorial disputes that influence the content of traditional knowledge, which are then understood as territorial. At the Forun’s general meeting, occurs the dialogue of such knowledge with the technical and scientific knowledge, which can be understood from the worlds of life. This analytical process identifies consensus, dissent and ruptures among participants that dialogue about environmental management and shared management of artisanal fisheries. We consider that from this dialogue has established a territory of action of this forum, which is the noun territorial by arrangements that compose it, as well as corresponds to an initiative of shared management of territorial fishing.

L’oeuvre de Wieslaw Mysliwski, auteur connu et primé de la littérature contemporaine polonaise, tire ses racines de la culture paysanne traditionnelle. La clef anthropologique d’analyse de cette oeuvre semble être la plus efficace pour présenter les contenus et la mécanique de cette culture. Même si elle est encore proche dans le temps cette culture n’en est pas moins éloignée des enjeux de la modernité d’un Polonais du XXIème siècle.La mémoire collective du monde paysan suscite un vrai questionnement quant à ses voies, son exercice et ses contenus. Elle se niche dans trois couches de l’activité humaine : biologique, sociale et culturelle. L’analyse éthologique montre que la mémoire du monde paysan se révèle dans le rapport de l’homme aux animaux et dans le conditionnement de l’homme par ses gènes - lien indestructible entre les humains. L’approche sociologique révèle la stéréotypie des comportements humains dans l’interaction sociale, ce qui contribue au caractère universel des écrits de Wieslaw Mysliwski. Le monde paysan traditionnel y est magnifié par la façon dont est présenté l’imaginaire de la campagne polonaise. La pensée mythique donne structure et dynamique à sa configuration. L’oeuvre de Wieslaw Mysliwski illustre le passage de la société traditionnelle communautaire vers la société moderne individualiste. Son originalité consiste en la découverte d’un processus : les personnages de Wieslaw Mysliwski, après être passés par la société moderne, retournent à leur source paysanne pour s’y reconstituer en tant qu’individus qui arrivent à synthétiser en eux les valeurs traditionnelles et modernes. L’oeuvre de Wieslaw Mysliwski est un monument de mémoire de la campagne polonaise, dans le sens où elle est une proposition féconde des moyens de préservation et de fonctionnement de cette culture par sa dynamique créatrice propre. / Literary art of Wieslaw Mysliwski, a famous prize-winning contemporary Polish author, is deepely rooted inthe Polish peasant culture and its ancient traditions. Taking that fact into account, an anthropological approachof textual analysis is probably the one which can present the contents of this culture and explain its functioningmost clearly. Though close in time, for it's nearly our contemporary, peasant culture is, at the same time, faraway because of the gap between its values and those modern Polish men and women look up to. The moststriking element of the peasant culture is its collective memory, a puzzling phenomenon as to its ways, itscontents and its workings, operating in three layers, each delving deeper into human nature: the cultural stratus,the social one and, finally, the organic core which is the deepest of them all. The ethological approach revealsthe fact that the collective memory is linked to the way men treat animals and the way genetic heritage, thatlink one cannot destroy, frames their behaviour. As for the sociological approach, the latter deals with theexamples of stock behaviour in social interaction. That gives a universal dimension to Wieslaw Mysliwski'swriting. His craftsmanship consists in magnifying the traditional rural world by the way he depicts its capacityof generating transcendence. Mythical thinking gives structure and dynamics to its layout. WieslawMysliwski's writing deals with the transition from the traditional society, defined by the tight group links, tothe modern individualistic one. His originality resides in discovering that in order to become a person in hisown right, an individual needs both modernity and tradition. Thus, the characters Mysliwski portraits alwaysreturn to the peasant traditions to resource themselves. Wieslaw Mysliwski's literary art can be regarded as atribute to the Polish peasant culture as it reveals its capacity of constant rebirth. It is a sanctuary dedicated tothe memory of the Polish rural world.

Diploma thesis "The Concept of Tradition in the Context of the Theory of Reflexive Modernization" deals with the phenomenon of the tradition and its influence on the construction of the social order and the construction of individual biographies in the modern era. The thesis rests on the theory of reflexive modernization which is well- known in sociological theory thanks to Ulrich Beck and Anthony Giddens. The present reinterpretations of their papers quite often lead to the incorrect explanation of the current reality. Then, the reality is claimed to be detraditionalized. Using the concept of relativization I reject considering the actual state as the state without tradition. The aim of the concept of relativization, which is supported by the principle of sociological imagination, is to dispute this radical statement. The postulate of relativization is demonstrated on the example of the traditional social forms, such as nuclear family. In a wider perspective the aim of the thesis is to declare the continuing tendencies in social sciences to emphasize only the selected aspects of social reality.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Traditional Coptic charity, as I call it, is not just a flawed attempt at humanitarianism, as many believe. It is not just “giving a man a fish” as proponents of “human development” argue. Traditional Coptic charity, as I hope to explain, is an integral part of a larger social system that works together to maintain (and grow slowly) a religious community whose very salvation rests in the practice and transmission of its complex Liturgical body. By merit of its theological peculiarity, and the soteriological significance it gives the practice of sacraments and other religious activities, the Coptic Church effectively hems in the community in perpetuity. This contrasts with the other side of the philanthropic coin—development. Development, which is championed by certain organizations stands as a bulwark of “modernity” in the face of charity’s traditionalism, does not fit into the soteriological orientation of the Church’s Liturgical life. In essence, development’s ultimate goal is to “develop” individuals to the point of “financial independence”—a goal that does not fit into the Church’s communal ethos or exclusively contribute to salvific ends. In recognizing these facts, I began to reevaluate my initial stance on human development as the best way of engaging non-Copts. Overall, this thesis is can be read as a continuation of an ongoing debate between modernity and tradition—and the philanthropic tools they deploy—development and charity.

Cette étude a pour but de mettre en contexte la thèse de la modernisation psychique de Daniel Lerner, de faire une analyse interne de l'ouvrage et d'étudier sa réception par les sociologues de l'époque. Comme démarche de recherche, dans un premier temps, nous replacerons l'ouvrage dans la situation historique des deux premières décennies de la guerre froide (les années 50 et 60). Ce faisant, nous tenterons de comprendre la logique de la politique de développement des États-Unis à l'endroit des pays en voie de développement et la place des recherches universitaires dans la politique coloniale américaine. L'approche du développement exogène a largement inspiré les politiques étrangères des pays occidentaux et leurs efforts pour lancer le développement des pays plus nécessiteux. C'est pour cela que Lerner se concentre sur l'effet des médias américains, et surtout du Voice of America, pour analyser le rôle que ceux-ci jouent dans le processus de transformation de la personnalité. Pour aborder cette étape de la recherche, nous devrons comprendre davantage le contexte de l'ouvrage et mieux analyser la relation entre les facteurs externes et les éléments internes qui ont influencé la formation de l'ouvrage. Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudierons l'ouvrage de Lerner et nous discuterons des différents aspects relatifs aux changements sociaux que l'ouvrage a examinés. Dans notre analyse de l'ouvrage, nous critiquerons divers aspects de la pensée sociologique de Lerner et sa manière d'interpréter les faits sociaux et les statistiques. Dans un troisième temps, nous réviserons la réception de l'ouvrage par la communauté scientifique de son époque pour obtenir une large vision de la place de l'oeuvre dans l'histoire de la pensée sociologique américaine du développement. Nous établirons une catégorisation des recensions de l'ouvrage portant sur l'approche sociologique de Lerner et nous mettrons ces recensions dans l'éclairage des champs de recherches universitaires américaines. Nous nous concentrerons sur la réception de cette théorie chez les sociologues de l'époque pour comprendre la dialectique entre la thèse qui y est défendue et la société. Ce faisant, nous éviterons de nous éloigner de la sociologie comme étant la discipline de l'étude des liens sociaux et des interactions symboliques et nous éviterons de réduire notre démarche sociologique à une simple étude historique des idées. En gros, nous discuterons de la vision sociologique de l'auteur, de la façon dont son ouvrage a été formé au fil du temps et comment il a été influencé par l'esprit de son époque. De plus, nous verrons comment l'écrivain s'est nourri des théories sociologiques et à quel point il a influencé la pensée sociologique de son temps. Tout cela, en parallèle à l'analyse interne de l'ouvrage, nous permettra de saisir la place de «The Passing of Traditional Society» dans la pensée sociologique américaine. Cette recherche nous aidera à mieux comprendre la vision américaine de l'empathie en tant qu'un élément modernisateur, par rapport à la question du développement dans le contexte historique de l'époque. Cette compréhension nous mènera à approfondir notre analyse des programmes de développement des États-Unis dans le monde en voie du développement. Cette étude nous amènera aussi à élargir notre vision quant aux idées construites et formées dans leur contexte historique (en général) et à découvrir comment la communauté scientifique reste toujours en parti prisonnière de son contexte historique. Cette étude nous permettra de mieux voir les idées (le texte) en relation avec la société, ce qui est vital pour ne pas tomber dans la réduction des idées seulement au texte ou seulement au contexte. En outre, elle nous aidera à comprendre davantage la façon dont la société intervient dans la formation des idées et comment en retour les idées influencent la société.