abstract: Service based software (SBS) systems are software systems consisting of services based on the service oriented architecture (SOA). Each service in SBS systems provides partial functionalities and collaborates with other services as workflows to provide the functionalities required by the systems. These services may be developed and/or owned by different entities and physically distributed across the Internet. Compared with traditional software system components which are usually specifically designed for the target systems and bound tightly, the interfaces of services and their communication protocols are standardized, which allow SBS systems to support late binding, provide better interoperability, better flexibility in dynamic business logics, and higher fault tolerance. The development process of SBS systems can be divided to three major phases: 1) SBS specification, 2) service discovery and matching, and 3) service composition and workflow execution. This dissertation focuses on the second phase, and presents a privacy preserving service discovery and ranking approach for multiple user QoS requirements. This approach helps service providers to register services and service users to search services through public, but untrusted service directories with the protection of their privacy against the service directories. The service directories can match the registered services with service requests, but do not learn any information about them. Our approach also enforces access control on services during the matching process, which prevents unauthorized users from discovering services. After the service directories match a set of services that satisfy the service users' functionality requirements, the service discovery approach presented in this dissertation further considers service users' QoS requirements in two steps. First, this approach optimizes services' QoS by making tradeoff among various QoS aspects with users' QoS requirements and preferences. Second, this approach ranks services based on how well they satisfy users' QoS requirements to help service users select the most suitable service to develop their SBSs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Computer Science 2011

O propósito do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos do overtraining (OT) nas proteínas relacionadas com a via de sinalização da mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), no conteúdo proteico de sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) e nas características morfológicas do fígado de camundongos C57BL/6. Os animais foram divididos em grupo controle (CT), overtraining em declive (OTR/down), overtraining em aclive (OTR/up) e overtraining sem inclinação (OTR). Teste do rotarod, incremental, exaustivo e força de preensão foram utilizados para avaliação de performance. Após 36 horas o teste de força de preensão, os fígados foram removidos e utilizados para immunoblotting ou análises histológicas. A fosforilação da proteína kinase B (pAkt; Ser473), mammalian target of the rapamycin (pmTOR; Ser2448), 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (pS6K1; Thr389) e da AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK; Thr172) foram significativamente maiores no grupo OTR/down quando comparado com os grupos CT e OTR. A fosforilação da 4E-binding protein-1 (p4E-BP1; Thr37/46) foi significativamente maior no grupo OTR/down quando comparado com o grupo CT. Os níveis proteicos de sterol regulatory element binding protein- 1 (SREBP-1; p125 precursor) foram significativamente maiores nos grupos OTR/down e OTR/up quando comparados com o grupo CT. Enquanto o grupo OTR/down apresentou sinais de esteatose com inchaço celular acompanhado de inflamação aguda, os grupos OTR/up e OTR demonstraram evidências de injúria hepática, com a presença de núcleos picnóticos, hepatócitos em balão e vacúolos citoplasmáticos. Conclui-se que o protocolo de OTR/down aumenta a modulação da via de sinalização da mTOR e induz a sinais de esteatose hepática. / The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of overtraining (OT) on the proteins related to the mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway, the protein content of the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and the morphological characteristics in the livers of C57BL/6 mice. Rodents were divided into control (CT), overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up) and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR) groups. Rotarod, incremental load, exhaustive and grip force tests were used to evaluate performance. Thirty-six hours after the grip force test, the livers were removed and used for immunoblotting or histological analysis. The phosphorylation of the protein kinase B (pAkt; Ser473), mammalian target of the rapamycin (pmTOR; Ser2448), 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (pS6K1; Thr389) and AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK; Thr172) were significantly higher in the OTR/down group when compared to the CT and OTR groups. The phosphorylation of the 4Ebinding protein-1 (p4E-BP1; Thr37/46) was significantly higher in the OTR/down group when compared to the CT group. The protein levels of the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1; p125 precursor) were significantly higher in the OTR/down and OTR/up groups when compared to the CT group. While the OTR/down group presented signs of steatosis with cell swelling accompanied by acute inflammation, the OTR/up and OTR groups demonstrated evidences of injury in liver, with the presence of pyknotic nuclei, ballooned hepatocytes and cytoplasmic vacuoles. In conclusion, the OTR/down protocol up-modulated the mTOR signaling pathway and induced signs of hepatic steatosis.

O overreaching não funcional (NFOR) induzido por consecutivas sessões de treinamentos intensos intercaladas por períodos insuficientes de recuperação, está associado com inflamação e consequente prejuízo da via de sinalização insulínica em músculos esqueléticos de camundongos. Sabe-se que o miocárdio também é capaz de produzir tais proteínas inflamatórias associadas ao comprometimento da via hormonal e que alterações na atividade do receptor insulínico cardíaco levam à forçadas modificações na utilização dos substratos energéticos com prejuízos na mecanoenergética cardíaca predispondo o miocárdio à diversas injúrias. No entanto os efeitos do NFOR nas vias inflamatórias e insulínica cardíaca ainda não foram investigados. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do NFOR no conteúdo de glicogênio cardíaco e ativação de proteínas relacionadas às vias insulínica e inflamatória. Os animais foram divididos em 6 grupos: Naive, Controle, Treinado, e os grupos submetidos ao protocolo de overtraining em declive (OTR/down), aclive (OTR/up) e sem inclinação (OTR). As especificidades das contrações musculares induziram diferentes adaptações cardíacas. Os grupos OTR e OTR/up não apresentaram sinais de inflamação além de superexpressarem a via insulínica, por outro lado, o grupo OTR/down apresentou inflamação cardíaca de baixo grau, contudo, sem queda no conteúdo de pIR. Todos os protocolos de overtraining induziram elevação no conteúdo de glicogênio cardíaco acompanhado de expressiva queda da pAMPK. Os resultados do presente trabalho nos trazem, portanto, a hipótese de que o tecido cardíaco apresente uma maior resistência à inflamação viabilizando dessa forma a melhora da resposta insulínica e acúmulo do glicogênio cardíaco a fim de fornecer a energia necessária ao extenuante exercício físico evitando a lipotoxicidade cardíaca. Por outro lado, a queda da AMPK consequente do excessivo acúmulo de glicogênio cardíaco pode predispor o miocárdio à diversas injúrias, sendo necessários mais estudos na área. / Non-functional overreaching (NFOR) induced by consecutive intense training sessions interspersed by insufficient periods of recovery is associated with inflammation and a consequent impairment of the insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle of mice. It is known that the myocardium is also capable of producing such inflammatory proteins associated with the impairment of the hormonal pathway and that changes in cardiac insulin receptor activity lead to forced modifications in the use of energetic substrates with losses in cardiac mecanoenergética predisposing the myocardium to various injuries. However, the effects of NFOR on inflammatory and cardiac insulin pathways have not been investigated yet. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of NFOR on cardiac glycogen content and activation of proteins related to insulin and inflammatory pathways. The animals were divided into 6 groups: Naïve, Control, Trained, and the groups submitted to the overtraining protocol in decline (OTR/down), uphill (OTR /up) and without inclination (OTR). The specificities of muscle contractions induced different cardiac adaptations. OTR and OTR/up groups showed no signs of inflammation and an over expressive of the insulin pathway; on the other hand, the OTR/down group presented low-grade cardiac inflammation, however, without any decrease in the pIR content. All overtraining protocols induced elevation in cardiac glycogen content accompanied by significant drop in pAMPK. The results of the present work hypothesize that the cardiac tissue presents a greater resistance to inflammation, thus enabling the improvement of the insulin response and the accumulation of cardiac glycogen in order to provide the necessary energy to the strenuous physical exercise avoiding cardiac lipotoxicity. On the other hand, the decrease in AMPK due to the excessive accumulation of cardiac glycogen may predispose the myocardium to several injuries, and further studies in the area are required.

O propósito do presente estudo foi verificar os efeitos do overtraining (OT) nas proteínas relacionadas com a via de sinalização da mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), no conteúdo proteico de sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) e nas características morfológicas do fígado de camundongos C57BL/6. Os animais foram divididos em grupo controle (CT), overtraining em declive (OTR/down), overtraining em aclive (OTR/up) e overtraining sem inclinação (OTR). Teste do rotarod, incremental, exaustivo e força de preensão foram utilizados para avaliação de performance. Após 36 horas o teste de força de preensão, os fígados foram removidos e utilizados para immunoblotting ou análises histológicas. A fosforilação da proteína kinase B (pAkt; Ser473), mammalian target of the rapamycin (pmTOR; Ser2448), 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (pS6K1; Thr389) e da AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK; Thr172) foram significativamente maiores no grupo OTR/down quando comparado com os grupos CT e OTR. A fosforilação da 4E-binding protein-1 (p4E-BP1; Thr37/46) foi significativamente maior no grupo OTR/down quando comparado com o grupo CT. Os níveis proteicos de sterol regulatory element binding protein- 1 (SREBP-1; p125 precursor) foram significativamente maiores nos grupos OTR/down e OTR/up quando comparados com o grupo CT. Enquanto o grupo OTR/down apresentou sinais de esteatose com inchaço celular acompanhado de inflamação aguda, os grupos OTR/up e OTR demonstraram evidências de injúria hepática, com a presença de núcleos picnóticos, hepatócitos em balão e vacúolos citoplasmáticos. Conclui-se que o protocolo de OTR/down aumenta a modulação da via de sinalização da mTOR e induz a sinais de esteatose hepática. / The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of overtraining (OT) on the proteins related to the mammalian target of the rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway, the protein content of the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and the morphological characteristics in the livers of C57BL/6 mice. Rodents were divided into control (CT), overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up) and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR) groups. Rotarod, incremental load, exhaustive and grip force tests were used to evaluate performance. Thirty-six hours after the grip force test, the livers were removed and used for immunoblotting or histological analysis. The phosphorylation of the protein kinase B (pAkt; Ser473), mammalian target of the rapamycin (pmTOR; Ser2448), 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (pS6K1; Thr389) and AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK; Thr172) were significantly higher in the OTR/down group when compared to the CT and OTR groups. The phosphorylation of the 4Ebinding protein-1 (p4E-BP1; Thr37/46) was significantly higher in the OTR/down group when compared to the CT group. The protein levels of the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1; p125 precursor) were significantly higher in the OTR/down and OTR/up groups when compared to the CT group. While the OTR/down group presented signs of steatosis with cell swelling accompanied by acute inflammation, the OTR/up and OTR groups demonstrated evidences of injury in liver, with the presence of pyknotic nuclei, ballooned hepatocytes and cytoplasmic vacuoles. In conclusion, the OTR/down protocol up-modulated the mTOR signaling pathway and induced signs of hepatic steatosis.

O overreaching não funcional (NFOR) induzido por consecutivas sessões de treinamentos intensos intercaladas por períodos insuficientes de recuperação, está associado com inflamação e consequente prejuízo da via de sinalização insulínica em músculos esqueléticos de camundongos. Sabe-se que o miocárdio também é capaz de produzir tais proteínas inflamatórias associadas ao comprometimento da via hormonal e que alterações na atividade do receptor insulínico cardíaco levam à forçadas modificações na utilização dos substratos energéticos com prejuízos na mecanoenergética cardíaca predispondo o miocárdio à diversas injúrias. No entanto os efeitos do NFOR nas vias inflamatórias e insulínica cardíaca ainda não foram investigados. Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do NFOR no conteúdo de glicogênio cardíaco e ativação de proteínas relacionadas às vias insulínica e inflamatória. Os animais foram divididos em 6 grupos: Naive, Controle, Treinado, e os grupos submetidos ao protocolo de overtraining em declive (OTR/down), aclive (OTR/up) e sem inclinação (OTR). As especificidades das contrações musculares induziram diferentes adaptações cardíacas. Os grupos OTR e OTR/up não apresentaram sinais de inflamação além de superexpressarem a via insulínica, por outro lado, o grupo OTR/down apresentou inflamação cardíaca de baixo grau, contudo, sem queda no conteúdo de pIR. Todos os protocolos de overtraining induziram elevação no conteúdo de glicogênio cardíaco acompanhado de expressiva queda da pAMPK. Os resultados do presente trabalho nos trazem, portanto, a hipótese de que o tecido cardíaco apresente uma maior resistência à inflamação viabilizando dessa forma a melhora da resposta insulínica e acúmulo do glicogênio cardíaco a fim de fornecer a energia necessária ao extenuante exercício físico evitando a lipotoxicidade cardíaca. Por outro lado, a queda da AMPK consequente do excessivo acúmulo de glicogênio cardíaco pode predispor o miocárdio à diversas injúrias, sendo necessários mais estudos na área. / Non-functional overreaching (NFOR) induced by consecutive intense training sessions interspersed by insufficient periods of recovery is associated with inflammation and a consequent impairment of the insulin signaling pathway in skeletal muscle of mice. It is known that the myocardium is also capable of producing such inflammatory proteins associated with the impairment of the hormonal pathway and that changes in cardiac insulin receptor activity lead to forced modifications in the use of energetic substrates with losses in cardiac mecanoenergética predisposing the myocardium to various injuries. However, the effects of NFOR on inflammatory and cardiac insulin pathways have not been investigated yet. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effects of NFOR on cardiac glycogen content and activation of proteins related to insulin and inflammatory pathways. The animals were divided into 6 groups: Naïve, Control, Trained, and the groups submitted to the overtraining protocol in decline (OTR/down), uphill (OTR /up) and without inclination (OTR). The specificities of muscle contractions induced different cardiac adaptations. OTR and OTR/up groups showed no signs of inflammation and an over expressive of the insulin pathway; on the other hand, the OTR/down group presented low-grade cardiac inflammation, however, without any decrease in the pIR content. All overtraining protocols induced elevation in cardiac glycogen content accompanied by significant drop in pAMPK. The results of the present work hypothesize that the cardiac tissue presents a greater resistance to inflammation, thus enabling the improvement of the insulin response and the accumulation of cardiac glycogen in order to provide the necessary energy to the strenuous physical exercise avoiding cardiac lipotoxicity. On the other hand, the decrease in AMPK due to the excessive accumulation of cardiac glycogen may predispose the myocardium to several injuries, and further studies in the area are required.

The promise of service oriented computing, and the availability of Web services promote the delivery and creation of new services based on existing services, in order to meet new demands and new markets. As Web and internet based services move into Clouds, inter-dependency of services and their complexity will increase substantially. There are standards and frameworks for specifying and composing Web Services based on functional properties. However, mechanisms to individually address non-functional properties of services and their compositions have not been well established. Furthermore, the Cloud ontology depicts service layers from a high-level, such as Application and Software, to a low-level, such as Infrastructure and Platform. Each component that resides in one layer can be useful to another layer as a service. It hints at the amount of complexity resulting from not only horizontal but also vertical integrations in building and deploying a composite service. To meet the requirements and facilitate using Web services, we first propose a WSDL extension to permit specification of non-functional or Quality of Service (QoS) properties. On top of the foundation, the QoS-aware framework is established to adapt publicly available tools for Web services, augmented by ontology management tools, along with tools for performance modeling to exemplify how the non-functional properties such as response time, throughput, or utilization of services can be addressed in the service acquisition and composition process. To facilitate Web service composition standards, in this work we extended the framework with additional qualitative information to the service descriptions using Business Process Execution Language (BPEL). Engineers can use BPEL to explore design options, and have the QoS properties analyzed for the composite service. The main issue in our research is performance evaluation in software system and engineering. We researched the Web service computation as the first half of this dissertation, and performance antipattern detection and elimination in the second part. Performance analysis of software system is complex due to large number of components and the interactions among them. Without the knowledge of experienced experts, it is difficult to diagnose performance anomalies and attempt to pinpoint the root causes of the problems. Software performance antipatterns are similar to design patterns in that they provide what to avoid and how to fix performance problems when they appear. Although the idea of applying antipatterns is promising, there are gaps in matching the symptoms and generating feedback solution for redesign. In this work, we analyze performance antipatterns to extract detectable features, influential factors, and resource involvements so that we can lay the foundation to detect their presence. We propose system abstract layering model and suggestive profiling methods for performance antipattern detection and elimination. Solutions proposed can be used during the refactoring phase, and can be included in the software development life cycle. Proposed tools and utilities are implemented and their use is demonstrated with RUBiS benchmark.