<p>In this Master's thesis, Maximum Likelihood-based parametric identification methods for discrete-time SISO Hammerstein models from perturbed observations on both input and output, are investigated. </p><p>Hammerstein models, consisting of a static nonlinear block followed by a dynamic linear one, are widely applied to modeling nonlinear dynamic systems, i.e., dynamic systems having nonlinearity at its input. </p><p>Two identification methods are proposed. The first one assumes a Hammerstein model where the input signal is noise-free and the output signal is perturbed with colored noise. The second assumes, however, white noises added to the input and output of the nonlinearity and to the output of the whole considered Hammerstein model. Both methods operate directly in the time domain and their properties are illustrated by a number of simulated examples. It should be observed that attention is focused on derivation, numerical calculation, and simulation corresponding to the first identification method mentioned above.</p>

Deficient concrete structures are serious danger in seismic zones. In order to minimize economical and human loss, these structures should be retrofitted. Selecting suitable retrofitting schemes requires detailed investigation of these systems. Considering these facts, this study aims to calibrate analytical models of systems with chevron braces and internal steel frames / and evaluate their seismic performances. First, analytical models of the frames with braces and internal steel frames were prepared and then their responses were compared with cyclic responses of experimental studies. Results of these models were used to determine performance limits by the methods proposed by TEC2007 and ASCE/SEI-41. Then, calibrated models were employed for time history analyses with various scales of Duzce ground motion and analytical results were compared with experimental findings. Seismic performance of these systems was also evaluated by using aforementioned codes. Finally, evaluated retrofitting schemes were applied to a 4-story 3-bay reinforced concrete frame that was obtained from an existing deficient structure and effectiveness of applied retrofitting schemes was investigated in detail.

Modular construction is a relatively new technique where prefabricated units are assembled on-site to produce a complete building. Due to detailing requirements for the assembly of the modules, these systems are prone to undesirable failure mechanisms during large earthquakes. Specifically, for multi-story Modular Steel Buildings (MSBs), inelasticity concentration in vertical connections can be an area of concern. Diaphragm interaction, relative displacements between modules and the forces in the horizontal connections need to be investigated. In this study, two 4-story MSBs with two different structural configurations were chosen to be analyzed. In the first model which was introduced in a study by Annan et al. (2009 a), some of the unrealistic detailing assumptions were challenged. To have a more accurate assessment of the structural capacity, in the second model, a more realistic MSB model was proposed. Using OpenSees, Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDA) have been performed and conclusions were made.

Modular construction is a relatively new technique where prefabricated units are assembled on-site to produce a complete building. Due to detailing requirements for the assembly of the modules, these systems are prone to undesirable failure mechanisms during large earthquakes. Specifically, for multi-story Modular Steel Buildings (MSBs), inelasticity concentration in vertical connections can be an area of concern. Diaphragm interaction, relative displacements between modules and the forces in the horizontal connections need to be investigated. In this study, two 4-story MSBs with two different structural configurations were chosen to be analyzed. In the first model which was introduced in a study by Annan et al. (2009 a), some of the unrealistic detailing assumptions were challenged. To have a more accurate assessment of the structural capacity, in the second model, a more realistic MSB model was proposed. Using OpenSees, Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDA) have been performed and conclusions were made.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 outa_r_dr_ilha.pdf: 8826970 bytes, checksum: 2d87ce6b0e50b1304328308f0df4e3bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-27 / O objetivo deste trabalho é a elaboração de um controlador linear ótimo, que possa reduzir um sinal caótico do rotor dinâmico, em um sinal controlado. Para se obter o resultado esperado foi necessário desenvolver atividades ligadas à caracterização do experimento; análise de estabilidade pelo método de Lyapunov; aplicação da função de Lyapunov; análise da sensibilidade das condições iniciais utilizando o expoente de Lyapunov; desenvolvimento do projeto do controle ótimo linear. O resultado final mostra o desempenho da aplicação do controle linear ótimo no sinal caótico, cujo sinal foi reduzido para um comportamento estável e controlado. / The aim of this work is the elaboration of an optimal linear controller that can reduce a chaotic dynamic rotor signal in a controlled signal. To obtain the expected result, it was necessary to develop activities related to the characterization of the experiment; stability analysis by the Lyapunov method; application of the Lyapunov function; sensitivity analysis of the initial conditions by the Lyapunov exponent; development of linear optimum control. The result shows the performance of the optimal linear control in the chaotic signal, whose signal was reduced to a stable and controlled behavior.

Orientador: Fábio Roberto Chavarette / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é a elaboração de um controlador linear ótimo, que possa reduzir um sinal caótico do rotor dinâmico, em um sinal controlado. Para se obter o resultado esperado foi necessário desenvolver atividades ligadas à caracterização do experimento; análise de estabilidade pelo método de Lyapunov; aplicação da função de Lyapunov; análise da sensibilidade das condições iniciais utilizando o expoente de Lyapunov; desenvolvimento do projeto do controle ótimo linear. O resultado final mostra o desempenho da aplicação do controle linear ótimo no sinal caótico, cujo sinal foi reduzido para um comportamento estável e controlado. / Abstract: The aim of this work is the elaboration of an optimal linear controller that can reduce a chaotic dynamic rotor signal in a controlled signal. To obtain the expected result, it was necessary to develop activities related to the characterization of the experiment; stability analysis by the Lyapunov method; application of the Lyapunov function; sensitivity analysis of the initial conditions by the Lyapunov exponent; development of linear optimum control. The result shows the performance of the optimal linear control in the chaotic signal, whose signal was reduced to a stable and controlled behavior. / Doutor

Mon travail de thèse a porté sur la compréhension «systèmes dynamiques de la dynamique à grande échelle dans l’écoulement pleinement développé de cisaillement turbulent. Dans le plan écoulement de Couette, simulation des grandes échelles (LES) est utilisée pour modéliser petits mouvements d’échelle et de ne résoudre mouvements à grande échelle afin de calculer non linéaire ondes progressives (SNT) et orbites périodiques relatives (RPO). Artificiel sur-amortissement a été utilisé pour étancher une gamme croissante de petite échelle motions et prouvent que les motions grande échelle sont auto-entretenue. Les solutions d’onde inférieure branche itinérantes qui se trouvent sur le bassin laminaire turbulent limite sont obtenues pour ces simulation sur-amortie et continue encore dans l’espace de paramètre à des solutions de branche supérieure. Cette approche ne aurait pas été possible si, comme supposé dans certains enquêtes précédentes, les mouvements à grande échelle dans le mur bornées flux de cisaillement sont forcée par un mécanisme fondé sur l’existence de structures actives à plus petite échelle. En flux Poseuille, orbites périodiques relatives à décalage réflexion symétrie sur la limite du bassin laminaire turbulent sont calculés en utilisant DNS. Nous montrons que le RPO trouvé sont connectés à la paire de voyager vague (TW) solution via bifurcation mondiale (noeud-col-période infinie bifurcation). La branche inférieure de cette solution TW évoluer dans un état de l’envergure localisée lorsque le domaine de l’envergure est augmentée. La solution de branche supérieure développe plusieurs stries avec un espacement de l’envergure compatible avec des mouvements à grande échelle en régime turbulent. / My thesis work focused on ‘dynamical systems’ understanding of the large-scale dynamics in fully developed turbulent shear flow. In plane Couette flow, large-eddy simulation (L.E.S) is used to model small scale motions and to only resolve large-scale motions in order to compute nonlinear traveling waves (NTW) and relative periodic orbits (RPO). Artificial over-damping has been used to quench an increasing range of small-scale motions and prove that the motions in large-scale are self-sustained. The lower-branch traveling wave solutions that lie on laminar-turbulent basin boundary are obtained for these over-damped simulation and further continued in parameter space to upper branch solutions. This approach would not have been possible if, as conjectured in some previous investigations, large-scale motions in wall bounded shear flows are forced by mechanism based on the existence of active structures at smaller scales. In Poseuille flow, relative periodic orbits with shift-reflection symmetry on the laminar-turbulent basin boundary are computed using DNS. We show that the found RPO are connected to the pair of traveling wave (TW) solution via global bifurcation (saddle-node-infinite period bifurcation). The lower branch of this TW solution evolve into a spanwise localized state when the spanwise domain is increased. The upper branch solution develops multiple streaks with spanwise spacing consistent with large-scale motions in turbulent regime.

O tema está relacionado com o constante crescimento da necessidade em implantarnovas torres de telecomunicações devido ao crescimento acelerado da infraestrutura de telecomunicações no Brasil. Todos os dias, novos sistemas de transmissão e recepção de ondas eletromagnéticas estão sendo implantados no território brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um procedimento seguro e eficaz para a análise estrutural de torres de telecomunicações em concreto armado de grande esbeltez, com base em um modelo dinâmico não linear, submetendo à carga de vento. Estas cargas são simuladas pelo método do vento sintético proposto por Franco (1993). A análise do concreto armado será realizada de acordo com a NBR-6118 (ABNT, 2007). A fim de determinar com precisão os deslocamentos da estrutura submetida ao carregamento de vento, um método iterativo computacional será utilizado obter as respostas não lineares. Realiza-se uma análise linear e, a partir dos resultados de esforços solicitantes, as tensões e a porção fissurada de cada seção transversal é obtida e parte-se para a determinação dos deslocamentos de 2ª ordem da torre. Em cada iteração, um procedimento do tipo P-Delta será utilizado para levar em conta a não linearidade geométrica da estrutura. As condições de contorno do problema estão relacionadas com a restrição do nível de tensões, deslocamentos e frequências de vibração da estrutura. Ao fim, uma análise dinâmica em torno da configuração não linear será realizada, e o deslocamento total da torre será dado pela somatória da componente estática com a componente flutuante do vento. / The theme is related to the constant growth in the need to deploy new telecommunications towers due to the accelerated growth of telecommunications infrastructure in Brazil. Every day, new systems of transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves are being implanted in the Brazilian territory. The objective of this work is to propose a safe and efficient procedure for the structural analysis of telecommunication towers with high slenderness constructed in reinforced concrete, based on a dynamic nonlinear model, submitting it to the wind load. These loads are simulated by the synthetic wind method proposed by Franco (1993). The analysis of the reinforced concrete will be held according to NBR-6118 (ABNT, 2007). In order to determine accurately the displacements of the structure subjected to wind loading, an iterative computational method will be held to obtain non-linear responses. A linear analysis is carried out and, with the results of the forces, the tensions and the fissured portion of each cross section are obtained and then 2nd order displacements of the tower. In each iteration, a P-Delta type procedure will be held to take into account the geometric non-linearity of the structure. The boundary conditions of the problem are related to the restriction of the stress level, displacements and vibration frequencies of the structure. At the end, a dynamic analysis around the nonlinear configuration will be performed, and the total displacement of the tower will be given by the sum of the static component with the floating component of the wind.

O método dos elementos finitos é o método numérico mais difundido na análise de estruturas. Ao longo das últimas décadas foram formulados inúmeros elementos finitos para análise de cascas e placas. As formulações de elementos finitos lidam bem com o campo de deslocamentos, mas geralmente faltam testes que possam validar os resultados obtidos para o campo das tensões. Este trabalho analisa o elemento finito T6-3i, um elemento finito triangular de seis nós proposto dentro de uma formulação geometricamente exata, em relação aos seus resultados de tensões, comparando-os com as teorias analíticas de placas, resultados de tabelas para o cálculo de momentos em placas retangulares e do ANSYSr, um software comercial para análise estrutural, mostrando que o T6-3i pode apresentar resultados insatisfatórios. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, as potencialidades do T6-3i são expandidas, sendo proposta uma formulação dinâmica para análise não linear de cascas. Utiliza-se um modelo Lagrangiano atualizado e a forma fraca é obtida do Teorema dos Trabalhos Virtuais. São feitas simulações numéricas da deformação de domos finos que apresentam vários snap-throughs e snap-backs, incluindo domos com vincos curvos, mostrando a robustez, simplicidade e versatilidade do elemento na sua formulação e na geração das malhas não estruturadas necessárias para as simulações. / The Finite Element Method (FEM) is the numerical method most commonly used in structural analysis. A number of shell and plate finite elements has been suggested in the last decades. Finite element formulations deal well with the displacements field, but they usually lack tests that can validate the results obtained for the stress field. This work analyzes the finite element T6-3i, a six-nodes triangular finite element derived from a geometrically exact theory, regarding its stress results, comparing them with analytic plate theories, results from tables of moments in rectangular plates and from ANSYSr, a commercial software for structural analysis, showing that T6-3i can present unsatisfactory results. In the second part of this work, the T6-3i potentialities are expanded as a dynamic formulation for nonlinear shell analysis is proposed. An updated Lagrangian framework has been used and the weak form is obtained from the Principle of VirtualWork. Several numerical examples of folding a thin dome, which present various snap-throughs and snap-backs are presented, including creased shells, showing the robustness, simplicity and versatility of the element formulation and in generation of the unstructured curved meshes indispensable for the simulations.

Model order reduction is necessary even in a time where the parallel processing is usual in almost any personal computer. The recent Model Reduction Methods are useful tools nowadays on reducing the problem processing. This work intends to describe a combination between POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition) and Ritz vectors that achieve an efficient Galerkin projection that changes during the processing, comparing the development of the error and the convergence rate between the full space and the projection space, in addition to check the stability of the projection space, leading to an adaptive model order reduction for nonlinear dynamical problems more efficient. This model reduction is supported by a secant formulation, which is updated by BFGS (Broyden - Fletcher - Goldfarb - Shanno) method to accelerate convergence of the model, and a tangent formulation to correct the projection space. Furthermore, this research shows that this method permits a correction of the reduced model at low cost, especially when the classical POD is no more efficient to represent accurately the solution. / A Redução de ordem de modelo é necessária, mesmo em uma época onde o processamento paralelo é usado em praticamente qualquer computador pessoal. Os recentes métodos de redução de modelo são ferramentas úteis nos dias de hoje para a redução de processamento de um problema. Este trabalho pretende descrever uma combinação entre POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition) e vetores de Ritz para uma projecção de Galerkin eficiente que sofre alterações durante o processamento, comparando o desenvolvimento do erro e a taxa de convergência entre o espaço total e o espaço de projeção, além da verificação de estabilidade do espaço de projeção, levando a uma redução de ordem do modelo adaptativo mais eficiente para problemas dinâmicos não-lineares. Esta redução de modelo é assistida por uma formulação secante, que é atualizado pela formula de BFGS (Broyden - Fletcher- Goldfarb - Shanno) com o intuito de acelerar a convergência do modelo, e uma formulação tangente para a correção do espaço de projeção. Além disso, esta pesquisa mostra que este método permite a correção do modelo reduzido com baixo custo, especialmente quando o clássico POD não é mais eficiente para representar com precisão a solução.