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<p>This thesis explores the use of engineered nonlinear crystals from the KTiOPO4 (KTP) family as the gain material in optical parametric amplifiers (OPAs), with the aim to achieve more knowledge about the benefits and limitations of these devices. The work aims further at extending the possible applications of OPAs by constructing and investigating several efficient and well performing amplifiers.</p><p>An OPA consists of a strong pump source, which transfers its energy to a weak seed beam while propagating through a nonlinear crystal. The crystals employed in this work are members of the KTP family, which are attractive due to their large nonlinear coefficients, high resistance to damage and wide transparency range. The flexibility of OPAs with respect to different wavelength regions and pulse regimes was examined by employing various dissimilar seed and pump sources.</p><p>The possibility to adapt an OPA to a specific pump and seed wavelength and achieve efficient energy conversion between the beams, originates from quasi-phasematching, which is achieved in periodically poled (PP) nonlinear crystals. Quasi-phasematched samples can be obtained by changing the position of certain atoms in a ferroelectric crystal and thereby reversing the spontaneous polarisation.</p><p>In this thesis several material properties of PP crystals from the KTP family were examined. The wavelength and temperature dispersion of the refractive index were determined for PP RbTiOPO4, which is essential for future use of this material. Another experiment helped to increase the insight into the volumes close to domain walls in PP crystals</p><p>Further, several OPAs were built and their ability to efficiently amplify the seed beam without changing its spectral or spatial properties was studied. Small signal gains of up to 55 dB and conversion efficiencies of more than 35 % were achieved for single pass arrangements employing 8 mm long PPKTP crystals. Apart from constructing three setups, which generated powerful nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond pulses, the possibility to amplify broadband signals was investigated. An increase of the OPA bandwidth by a factor of approximately three was achieved in a noncollinear configuration.</p>

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Στην εργασία αυτή θα ασχοληθούμε με τη διφωτονική απορρόφηση και τις εφαρμογές της. Θα πρέπει πρώτα να πούμε δύο λόγια γι’αυτήν, να εξηγήσουμε περί τίνος πρόκειται και γι’αυτό θα αρχίσουμε από τα βασικά. Όταν ηλεκτρομαγνητική ακτινοβολία κυκλικής συχνότητας ω0 προσπίπτει σε ένα υλικό μέσο, τα άτομά του λειτουργούν σαν ταλαντωτές, με την έννοια πως ταλαντώνονται στη συχνότητα της ακτινοβολίας, απορροφώντας την και επανεκπέμποντάς την. Παρομοιάζοντας έναν τέτοιο ταλαντωτή με σύστημα μάζας-ελατηρίου, το ρόλο της μάζας τον παίζει το ηλεκτρόνιο (για λόγους απλότητας θεωρούμε πως το άτομο έχει μόνο ένα) και το ρόλο του ελατηρίου οι δυνάμεις έλξης ηλεκτρονίου-πυρήνα. Το «ελατήριο» στη μιά του άκρη είναι στερεωμένο στον πυρήνα, που λόγο μεγάλης μάζας (σε σύγκριση με το ηλεκτρόνιο) θεωρείται ακίνητος. Όταν η ένταση του Η/Μ πεδίου είναι μικρή, το ηλεκτρόνιο δεν απομακρύνεται πολύ από τη θέση ισορροπίας του και ο ταλαντωτής μας μπορεί να θεωρηθεί αρμονικός, και έχουμε γραμμικά φαινόμενα. / -

Στη διπλωματική εργασία αυτή μελετάμε αναλυτικά και υπολογιστικά το φαινόμενο της μίξης τεσσάρων κυμάτων σε δια-υποζωνικές μεταβάσεις ενός συστήματος που αποτελείται από δομές συμμετρικών ημιαγώγιμων κβαντικών πηγαδιών. Στο θεωρητικό μοντέλο παίρνουμε υπόψη δύο υποζώνες ενός ημιαγώγιμου κβαντικού πηγαδιού που αλληλεπιδρούν ταυτόχρονα με ένα ισχυρό ηλεκτρομαγνητικό πεδίο (πεδίο σύζευξης) καθορισμένης συχνότητας και ένα ασθενές ηλεκτρομαγνητικό πεδίο (πεδίο ιχνηθέτη) μεταβλητής συχνότητας. Περά από τη σύμφωνη αλληλεπίδραση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών πεδίων με τα κβαντικά πηγάδια στη θεωρία μας συμπεριλαμβάνουμε και τα φαινόμενα των αλληλεπιδράσεων ηλεκτρονίου-ηλεκτρονίου. Για την περιγραφή της δυναμικής του συστήματος χρησιμοποιούμε τις εξισώσεις του πίνακα πυκνότητας που προκύπτουν, κάτω από κατάλληλες παραδοχές, από τις γενικευμένες μη-γραμμικές εξισώσεις Bloch. Οι εξισώσεις αυτές επιλύονται αριθμητικά για μια συγκεκριμένη δομή διπλού ημιαγώγιμου κβαντικού πηγαδιού GaAs/AlGaAs στην οποία μεταβάλλουμε την επιφανειακή πυκνότητα ηλεκτρονίων. Παρουσιάζουμε αποτελέσματα και για συνεχή και για παλμικά ηλεκτρομαγνητικά πεδία και δείχνουμε ότι τόσο η ένταση όσο και η μορφή του φάσματος της μίξης τεσσάρων κυμάτων εξαρτάται σημαντικά από την επιφανειακή πυκνότητα ηλεκτρονίων, τη συχνότητα και την ένταση του πεδίου σύζευξης, και στην περίπτωση των παλμικών πεδίων από τη σειρά της χρονικής επιβολής των παλμών. / In this diploma thesis we study analytically and numerically the phenomenon of four-wave mixing in intersubband transitions of a symmetric double quantum well structure. In the theoretical model we consider two quantum well subbands that are coupled by a strong coupling electromagnetic field with fixed frequency and a weak probe electromagnetic field with varying frequency. We consider the coherent interaction of the electromagnetic fields with the quantum wells taking into account the effects of electron-electron interactions. For the description of the system dynamics we use the density matrix equations obtained from the generalized nonlinear Bloch equations. These equations are solved numerically for a realistic semiconductor quantum well structure GaAs/AlGaAs with varying electron sheet density. We present results for both continuous and pulsed electromagnetic fields and show that both the intensity and the shape of the four-wave mixing spectrum can be significantly dependent on electron sheet density, on the frequency and the intensity of the coupling field, and in the case of pulsed fields on the delay between the fields.

Terahertz (THz) heterodyne receiver systems are required by NASA to monitor gas concentrations related to the Earth's ozone depletion. To this end, NASA needs compact, solid state, tunable THz local oscillators. THz LOs have been developed using three means: 1) All-electronic LOs using mixers in combination with Gunn oscillators, 2) Hybrid Photo-electronic LOs using a cw analog of the Auston switch, and 3) All-photonic THz LOs using coherent sources, such as vapor lasers or solid-state Quantum Cascade Lasers, and down converting lasers using nonlinear crystals. In this dissertation, we began with two frequency stabilized Nd:YAG lasers, locked to a common reference cavity, as a starting point to having a stable input into a nonlinear optical frequency conversion system. Following this, we explored the nonlinear crystals useful for THz generation, and the phasematching schemes that could be employed by each. We concluded by settling on highly insulating III-V semiconductor crystals as the proper choice of nonlinear element, and put together a new phasematching method that is most useful for them.

In this work, two optical devices, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and optical fibers, are introduced. Each of these devices have performance drawbacks. The major drawbacks of organic photovoltaics is their low absorption rate due to bandgap mismatch with the solar spectrum as well as poor charge carrier mobility and short exciton diffusion length. In order to overcome some of these drawbacks and increase the efficiency of OPVs, we use plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). We report 30% increase in the efficiency of bulk-heterojunction OPV after incorporation of 50 nm AuNPs. The optical, electrical, and thermal impacts of AuNPs on the performance of PVs have been investigated experimentally and using Lumerical Solutions and COMSOL Multiphysics® simulation packages. The major contributions of AuNPs is causing near field enhancement and increasing the absorption of the structure by 65%, decreasing the extracted carrier density by quenching the excitons, changing the workfunction of the structure, as well as increasing the temperature of their surrounded medium when exited at their plasmon resonance frequency. Furthermore, one of the challenges in devices made from optical fibers such as wavelength division multiplexing systems, is self-phase modulation (SPM) which is a nonlinear phenomenon. We introduce a novel method to remove the SPM in liquid core optical fibers (LCOF) using nonlinear organic chromophores with a negative third-order susceptibility. The idea of this work is to eliminate the effective nonlinear refractive index that the optical pulses are experiencing while propagating through the LCOF. Further, a novel method is introduced to characterize the third-order optical nonlinear susceptibility of organic chromophores in LCOF system. The presented method is simple, and can be extended to the characterization of other nanoscale particles such as quantum dots and plasmonic metal nanoparticles in solutions. Finally, a convenient method is presented that enables researchers to investigate the mechanisms behind photobleaching of various materials. The photostability of materials is of great importance for their acceptance in commercial systems such as organic photovoltaics, electro-optic (EO) modulators and switches, etc. This method is based on the simultaneous detection of different signals such as second-, and third-harmonic generations as well as two-, and three-photon excitation fluorescence using multi-photon microscopy.

Bandwidth demands in global telecommunication infrastructures continue to rise and new optical techniques are needed to deal with massive data flows. Generating high bandwidth signals (> 40 GHz) using conventional modulation techniques is hindered by material limitations and fabrication complexities. Similarly, controlling such high bandwidths in both the temporal and spectral domain becomes more problematic using conventional electronic processes. Advances in electro-optic organic materials, fibers/micro-fluidics integration, and nonlinear optics have significant potential for higher bandwidth modulation and temporal/spectral control. The work presented in this dissertation demonstrates the use of various nonlinear optical effects in new photonic device and system designs towards the generation and manipulation of highspeed optical pulses. First, an all fiber-based system utilizing an integrated carbon disulfide-filled liquidcore optical fiber (i-LCOF) and co-propagating pulses of comparable temporal lengths is presented. The slow light effect was observed in 1-meter of i-LCOF, where 18 ps pulses were delayed up to 34 ps through the use of stimulated Raman scattering. Delays greater than a pulse width indicate a potential application as an ultrafast controllable delay line for time division multiplexing in multi-Gb/s telecommunication systems. Similarly, an optically tunable frequency shift was observed using this system. Pulses experienced a full spectral bandwidth shift at low peak pump powers when utilizing the Raman-induced frequency shift and slow light effects. Numerical simulations of the pulse-propagation equations agree well with the observed shifts. Included in our simulations are the contributions of both the Raman cross-frequency shift and slow light effects to the overall frequency shift. These results make the system suitable for numerous applications including low power wavelength converters. Second, a silica/electro-optic (EO) polymer phase modulator with an embedded bowtie antenna is proposed for use as a microwave radiation receiver. The detection of high-frequency electromagnetic fields has been heavily studied for wireless data transfer. Recently there has been growing interest in the field of microwave photonics. We present the design and optimization of a waveguide with an EO polymer core and silica/sol-gel cladding. The effect of electrodes on the insertion losses and poling efficiency are also analyzed, and conditions for low-loss and high poling efficiency are established. Experimental results for a fabricated device with microwave-response between 10 - 14 GHz are presented. Finally, we present the design for a fast optical switch incorporating silicon as the passive waveguide structure and EO polymer as the active material. The design uses a simple directional coupler with coplanar electrodes and promises to have low cross-talk and high switching speed (on the order of nanoseconds). An initial design for a 1x2 switch is fabricated and tested, and future optimization processes are also presented.

In this dissertation I report the development of high power pulsed fiber laser systems. These systems utilize phosphate glass fiber for active elements, instead of the industry-standard silica fiber. Because the phosphate glass allows for much higher doping of rare-earth ions than silica fibers, much shorter phosphate fibers can be used to achieve the same gain as longer silica fibers.This single-frequency laser technology was used to develop an all-fiber actively Q-switched fiber lasers. A short cavity is used to create large spacing between longitudinal modes. Using this method, we demonstrated the first all-fiber Q-switched fiber laser in the 1 micron region.In addition to creating high peak powers with Q-switched lasers, created even higher powers using fiber amplifier systems. High power fiber lasers typically produce spectral broadening through the nonlinear effects of stimulated Raman scattering, stimulated Brullion scattering, and self-phase modulation. The thresholds for these nonlinearities scale inversely with intensity and length. Thus, we used a short phosphate fiber gain stage to reduce the length, and a large core fiber final stage to reduce intensity. In this way we were able to generate high peak power pulses while avoiding visible nonlinearities, and keeping a narrow bandwidth.The immediate goal of developing these high power fiber laser systems was to generate narrowband terahertz radiation. Two different wavelengths were combined into the final amplifier stage at orthogonal polarizations. These were collimated and directed into a GaSe crystal, which has a very high figure of merit for THz generation. The two wavelengths combined in the crystal through the process of nonlinear difference frequency generation. This produced a narrowband beam of THz pulses, at higher powers than previous narrowband THz pulses produced by eyesafe fiber lasers.

The constantly increasing volume of information in modern society demands a better understanding of the physics and modeling of optical phenomena, and in particular, optical waveguides which are the central component of information systems. Two ways of advancing this physics are to push current technologies into new regimes of operation, and to study novel materials which offer superior properties for practical applications. This dissertation considers two problems, each addressing the above-mentioned demands. The first relates to the influence of high-order nonlinear effects on pulse collisions in existing high-speed communication systems. The second part is a study of pulse dynamics in a novel nanocomposite medium which offers great potential for both optical waveguide physics and applications. The nanocomposite consists of metallic nanoparticles embedded in a host medium. Under resonance conditions, the optical field excites plasmonic oscillations in the nanoparticles, which induce a strong nonlinear response.Analytical and computational tools are used to study these problems. In the first case, a double perturbation method, in which the small parameters are the reciprocal of the relative frequency of the colliding solitons and the coefficient of quintic nonlinearity, reveals that the leading order effects on collisions are radiation emission and phase shift of the colliding solitons. The analytical results are shown to agree with numerics. For the case of pulse dynamics in nanocomposite waveguides, the resonant interaction of the optical field and material excitation is studied in a slowly-varying envelope approximation, resulting in a system of partial differential equations. A family of solitary wave solutions representing the phenomenon of self-induced transparency are derived. Stability analysis reveals the solitary waves are conditionally stable, depending on the sign of the perturbation parameter. A characterization of two-pulse interaction indicates high sensitivity to relative phase, and collision dynamics vary from highly elastic to the extreme case where one wave is immediately destroyed by the collision, depositing its energy into a localized hotspot of material excitation. This last scenario represents a novel mechanism for &quot;stopping light&quot;.