This work is focused on visualisation of Schwarzschild, Reissner- Nordström and Kerr black hole. The two-dimensional conformal diagram was constructed. In the case of Kerr black hole, the causal structure was visualized by intersection of chronological future of given point in spacetime with hyper- surfaces of constant value of Boyer-Lindquist coordinate t. Conformal diagram for Kerr black hole was constructed only in the neighbourhood of outer event horizon. Then the causal diagram, which is analogous to conformal diagram for Reissner-Nordström black hole was constructed. In all cases two-dimensional spa- celike hypersurfaces were chosen that were embedded into Euclidean space. The interpretation of time evolution of black hole universe was given to a sequence of such embedded hypersurfaces. In the case of Kerr black hole the embedding of outer ergosphere and outer event horizon were also constructed. 1

Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse concernent l'étude de la<br />théorie de la diffusion pour des champs de Dirac dans plusieurs<br />espaces-temps de la relativité générale. Les méthodes complètement<br />dépendantes du temps développées par Enss, Sigal, Soffer, Graf,<br />Derezi\'nski et Gérard constituent le fil conducteur de ce<br />travail. Ces méthodes sont basées sur des estimations de propagation<br />comme les estimations de vitesse minimale (obtenues par une théorie de<br />Mourre) qui correspondent à une version faible du principe de Huygens <br />et sur l'étude d'observables asymptotiques naturelles comme les<br />opérateurs de vitesse asymptotiques. Dans un premier temps, on teste<br />ces méthodes en étudiant la propagation de champs de Dirac, massifs ou<br />non, perturbés par des potentiels à longue portée, en espace-temps<br />plat. On montre ainsi <br />l'existence et la complétude asymptotique des opérateurs d'onde<br />modifiés. Dans un deuxième temps, on s'intéresse à des situations<br />géométriques plus compliquées en étudiant la propagation de ces champs<br />à l'extérieur de trous noirs de Reissner-Nordström (à symétrie<br />sphérique) et de Kerr-Newman (en rotation) du point de vue<br />d'observateurs lointains. L'originalité de ce type d'étude réside dans<br />le fait que les observateurs distinguent deux régions asymptotiques<br />(l'horizon du trou noir et l'infini spatial) aux structures<br />géométriques bien différentes ce qui entraîne l'existence de deux<br />canaux de diffusion. Dans le cas de trous noirs à symétrie<br />sphérique, une décomposition sur une base d'harmoniques sphériques<br />permet de se ramener à un problème à une dimension d'espace, du type<br />espace-temps plat. La difficulté essentielle provient alors de<br />l'absence de symétrie sphérique des trous noirs de Kerr-Newman qui<br />rend impossible une telle simplification. Dans les deux cas, on montre <br />l'existence et la complétude asymptotique des opérateurs d'onde<br />(modifiés à l'infini) à l'aide des méthodes dépendantes du temps.

This master thesis explores the image of Japan in the artistic creations during Japonism in Sweden. Japan and Sweden first started trading in 1868 and knowledge about Japan in Sweden were limited at best. With the emergence of the Western art movement known as Japonism, ranging from 1858 to 1914, fascination for the unknown country grew in Europe. As the art movement Japonism became the first era of interest of Japan in Sweden, the portrayal and subsequent image of the country that emerged during this time is of interest to examine, as to better understand how Japan was imagined by Sweden. Herein, this study aims to analyse the portrayal of Japan in artworks from Swedish artists during Japonism in order to examine what components and ideas composed the image of Japan conveyed during Japonism. A collection of visual artworks depicting Japanese elements, based on Japonism associated artists and creators, have been collected using digital archives and databases to assess what is depicted and how by the creators. Japanese elements, such as objects, clothes, people and landscapes were subsequently analysed using a visual analysis based on researcher Jules David Prown’s three-step method of analysing historical objects. Using the concept of the image, as defined by scholar Torsten Burgman, as the basis of the analysis the depictions of Japanese elements are examined and categorised into several larger and smaller components. The examination is conducted within a framework of ethnocentrism and orientalism to contextualise the image of Japan with the thought structures in 19th century Sweden, as the creators portrayed Japan from both a Swedish and Western Eurocentric colonial perspective. As the source material is artistic depictions, an additional aesthetic framework was applied to contextualise the image of Japan with its artistic medium. Four major image components were found in the material: Japan presented as a commodity; Japanese things as something feminine; Japan as something faraway and exotic, contrasting the West; and Japan as a reference or commentary on the ongoing Japonism movement. The image of Japan found in these depictions of Swedish Japonism was a Eurocentric and ethnocentric understanding of the country. Japan and Japanese things, were imagined as something exotic and beautiful, and usually conveyed as exotic commercial flair for Western women.