Title: Analysis of the badminton matches in men's and women's singles The goals of essay: Main goal of the essay is to find out differences in first three shots and its most common combinations in single matches of men and women in relation to gaining a point during the rally. Another goal was to find frequency of using backhand and forehand hold in second and third shot. The last goal was to compare the frequency of ending in first, second and third shot between men and women. Methods: Indirect analysis - videoanalysis Results: According to results men and women primarily choose different types of serving. Men most often use short backhand serve, women high forehand serve. For the second shot men choose short shot or lob, women use smash. The third shot is lob in men rally, women choose short shot most often. Generally men uses in the first three shots shots less clears than women do. For both sexes are the most effective shots offensive ones, but men are more successful than women. The most effective direction of return was for men and for women the body of the player, in third shot it was the backhand side too (left middle and left back of the field). Men were more successful with forenhand, women with backhand. The frequenc of endings to third shots shows that women more often end the rally...

Title: Comparison of the badminton match in men's and women's singles Objectives: The goal is identify the most effective a choice combinations of the first three shots, leading to the acquisition point in singles between the best Czech male and female players. And also to discover determine and compare which was the usage of different types of serve, return and the third shots. Methods: Comparison of differences in badminton match between genders was based on indirect observation - video analysis. Statistics were used for data processing. Results: The results shower huge difference in tactical approaches among men and women players. Women preferred long high service and most of the service returns were played into back backhand court area and the third shot usually routed into back forehand court area. It means that the most played shot was a clear shot and the most occupied part of court was a back backhand corner. Despite more successful was when women players played drop by their third shot. Domination of short backhand service was seen by men players, the second shot routed the same direction like women players second shot - to the back backhand court, but also to the front part of the court. Third shot was mostly played into back backhand part of the court. If players wanted to be successful,...

The game of rugby has been played for over a century and yet its intricacies are still not fully understood. The key ingredient coaches are seeking is what can be added to a team’s make-up that will result in an increase in that teams level of playing success. The objective of this study is the exploration of the biomechanical aspects of movement in a rugby context specifically looking at the stages before, during and after contact. The hypothesis is that the optimal use of running lines in rugby union will lead to more successful breaches in the opposition’s defensive lines thus an increase in linebreaks will occur. In order to make a comparison based on scientific research principles, nine matches played during the 2001 season was compared with nine matches played during the 2002 season. For each match played in the 2001 and 2002 seasons the total number of linebreaks achieved in a match was calculated. In addition the total number of linebreaks achieved in the 2002 season was further subdivided into the specific categories of intervention in order to determine which intervention had the biggest impact on the total number of linebreaks achieved. By means of video footage of the matches played notational analysis was performed and information was gathered in order to gain data for further evaluation. The actions regarding the execution of the linebreaks were evaluated manually in respect of the intervention that was imposed during the coaching of the team during the 2002 season. Without exception a comparison between similar teams played during both seasons indicated that the total number of linebreaks achieved during the 2002 season was much higher than when the team competed against similar opposition during the 2001 season. The aggregate numbers indicated a significant increase in linebreaks from the 2001 to 2002 season. This conclusion was achieved by means of a simple T-test. Firstly an applied F-test test was done to determine whether the two samples had equal variances or not. Under the null hypothesis we assume that the variances of the two samples are equal, while the alternative states that the two samples have different variances. A value for the test statistic that is greater than the critical value will lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis. The test statistic was calculated and evaluated against the F (8,8) = 2.59 critical value on a 5% level of significance. The value of 15.921 is greater than the critical value of 2.95 and therefore the null hypothesis cannot be accepted, concluding that the two samples do not have equal variances. We then proceeded to test whether the 2002 average linebreaks are significantly higher than the average linebreaks achieved in the 2001 season. Under the null hypothesis the two sample averages are equal. Under the alternative, the 2002 average is higher than the 2001 average. In contrast to normal T-tests this specific test was a one-sided upper or right hand test due to the fact that we are testing whether the one average is greater and not equal to the other. Therefore, we would only reject the null hypothesis of equal sample averages if the test statistic were greater than the appropriate critical value. The calculated test statistic is 4.4827 and was evaluated against the t 0.05,9 = 1.833 critical value. Once again we cannot accept the null hypothesis. Therefore we can conclude that the average of the total linebreaks made during the 2002 season is statistically greater than the average of the total linebreaks made during the 2001 season. The results of this study therefore indicate that the new techniques incorporated into the coaching of the team in 2002 did positively influence the number of linebreaks when compared to the 2001 season. / Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

The goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of the factors that play a role in dominant collisions in rugby as well as the relative significance of dominant collisions as an indicator of success. By means of video footage of matches played during the 2003-2005 Super 12 competitions, notational analysis was performed and information was gathered in order to gain the relative data. The hypothesis stands that if a team is aware of the factors that lead to a dominant collision, are able to execute them in a match situation, that team should be more successful. The following key performance measurements were evaluated in order to indicate how each factor affected the level of success of a team. They are as follows: average total number of collisions for a try to be scored, average total number of forced missed tackles for a try to be scored, ratio of dominant collisions versus passes executed when a try is scored and average positive velocity change of dominant collisions resulting in a try being scored. In order to prove the hypotheses a k-sample case will be used. The samples are related, thus the data used is interval and ratio. Therefore, the test used will be the repeated measures ANOVA test, a special form of n-way analysis of variance. The statistical evaluation is the critical test value where the d.f values are as following: Key Measurement (3,8), Year Rating (2,8), Year Rating by Key Measurement (3,8). When comparing these with a statistical table for critical values of the F distribution for Ą = 0.05, the critical values are as following: (3,8): 4.07, (2,8): 4.46, and (3,8): 4.07. Thus, the statistical results are grounds for accepting all three null hypotheses and concluding that there is a statistical significance of at least 95% with an alpha of 0.05 between the means in all three instances. This shows that the data captured for the twelve teams for all tries scored by these teams over a period of three years and for the four key measurements, have a statistical significance of 95% for the readings respectively. After evaluation of the data and making use of regression analysis and multiple regressions in order to establish the correlation between log position and the four key measurements there can be no doubt that the teams that finished higher on the log did indeed perform better according to the identified key performance measurements. / Thesis (DPhil (Human Movement Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

Essa dissertação apresenta dois objetivos de trabalho (1) desenvolvimento e avaliação um programa computacional para análises técnico-táticas em combates de judô; (2) analisar as ações técnico-táticas utilizadas por atletas de judô de quatro classes de idade (pré-juvenil, juvenil, júnior e sênior), nas oito categorias de peso oficiais do Brasil (super-ligeiro até pesado) no sexo masculino e feminino, em dois níveis diferentes, a saber: (a) Circuito Paulistano e (b) Estadual de São Paulo. Nesta segunda parte, foram analisadas as variáveis: i) estrutura temporal do combate; ii) execução e orientação de golpes; iii) quantificação de pontuação; e iv) caracterização do tipo de pegada. Para verificação da objetividade do programa computacional, três experts realizaram 20 análises de combate, sendo que um deles analisou as mesmas 20 por três vezes (1° expert, n= 20; 2° expert n= 20, e; 3° expert n= 60). Para a comparação entre grupos observados no segundo estudo e para verificar a correlação de concordância (CCC) entre as medidas dos experts, utilizou-se a Análise de Variância e, quando necessário, post hoc de Tukey, com nível de significância adotado de 5%. Os resultados quanto ao programa demonstraram forte correlação intra e inter-expert, com alto grau de concordância (> 0,90 de índice) para 41 grupos de variáveis e (>0,80 de índice) para 37 grupos de variáveis, respectivamente. Para o segundo estudo, os principais resultados para o sexo masculino foram: no nível estadual e/ou a classe sênior, utilizam maiores tempos de combate, de luta em pé (tachi-waza) de movimentação livre, de pegada e da variação de pegada e direção de ataque. Nos grupos do sexo feminino, ocorreram diferenças entre o nível estadual e/ou a classe sênior (exceto quando comparado à classe pré-juvenil no tempo de combate sem pausa e no tempo de pegada) e os demais grupos - com tempos maiores para combate, tachi-waza, movimentação livre e pegada -, demonstraram diferenças entre a categoria pesado - que possuiu tempos de combate, tachi-waza, movimentação livre e pegada menores do que as categorias meio-leve, leve e meio-médio. Quanto às diferenças entre níveis, as atletas do estadual apresentaram uma frequência maior de entradas de golpe e de quantidade de tipos de pegada utilizados / This dissertation has two goals: developing and evaluating a computer program for the analysis of technical and tactical combat in judo, and analyzing technical-tactical actions used by judo athletes from four age classes (pre-juvenile, juvenile, junior and senior) in the eight official Brazilian weight categories (super-light to heavy), males and female, at two different levels, namely: (1) São Paulo City (Paulistano) and (2) São Paulo State levels. The variables were: i) temporal fight structure, ii) execution and direction of throws, iii) quantification of scores and iv) characterization of grip type. In order to verify the objectivity of the computer program, three experts conducted 20 analyses of combats, with one expert examining three times the same 20 (1st. expert, n = 20; 2nd. expert n = 20; 3rd. expert n = 60). For comparison between groups observed in the second study and in order to verify the concordance correlation (CCC) between experts measurements, analysis of variance and, when necessary, post hoc Tukey test with significance level p <0.05, were used. The results from the software showed strong intra and inter-expert agreement, with higher rate (> 0,90 of index) in 41 groups of variables and (>0,80 of index) in 37 groups of variables, respectively. For the second study, the most significant results from the male group were at the state and/or the senior class, using longer periods of combat, standing fight (tachi-waza), free displacement, grip time and variation in grip type, and direction of attacks. In females, there were differences between state and/or the senior class (except when compared to pre-juvenile in fight time without pause and grip time) and other groups, with more combat time, tachi-waza, free displacement and grip - showing differences between the heavyweight, who presented less combat, tachi-waza, free movement and grip times, and half-lightweight, lightweight and welterweight categories. Regarding differences between levels, state-level athletes used a higher frequency of techniques and different grip types

Essa dissertação apresenta dois objetivos de trabalho (1) desenvolvimento e avaliação um programa computacional para análises técnico-táticas em combates de judô; (2) analisar as ações técnico-táticas utilizadas por atletas de judô de quatro classes de idade (pré-juvenil, juvenil, júnior e sênior), nas oito categorias de peso oficiais do Brasil (super-ligeiro até pesado) no sexo masculino e feminino, em dois níveis diferentes, a saber: (a) Circuito Paulistano e (b) Estadual de São Paulo. Nesta segunda parte, foram analisadas as variáveis: i) estrutura temporal do combate; ii) execução e orientação de golpes; iii) quantificação de pontuação; e iv) caracterização do tipo de pegada. Para verificação da objetividade do programa computacional, três experts realizaram 20 análises de combate, sendo que um deles analisou as mesmas 20 por três vezes (1° expert, n= 20; 2° expert n= 20, e; 3° expert n= 60). Para a comparação entre grupos observados no segundo estudo e para verificar a correlação de concordância (CCC) entre as medidas dos experts, utilizou-se a Análise de Variância e, quando necessário, post hoc de Tukey, com nível de significância adotado de 5%. Os resultados quanto ao programa demonstraram forte correlação intra e inter-expert, com alto grau de concordância (> 0,90 de índice) para 41 grupos de variáveis e (>0,80 de índice) para 37 grupos de variáveis, respectivamente. Para o segundo estudo, os principais resultados para o sexo masculino foram: no nível estadual e/ou a classe sênior, utilizam maiores tempos de combate, de luta em pé (tachi-waza) de movimentação livre, de pegada e da variação de pegada e direção de ataque. Nos grupos do sexo feminino, ocorreram diferenças entre o nível estadual e/ou a classe sênior (exceto quando comparado à classe pré-juvenil no tempo de combate sem pausa e no tempo de pegada) e os demais grupos - com tempos maiores para combate, tachi-waza, movimentação livre e pegada -, demonstraram diferenças entre a categoria pesado - que possuiu tempos de combate, tachi-waza, movimentação livre e pegada menores do que as categorias meio-leve, leve e meio-médio. Quanto às diferenças entre níveis, as atletas do estadual apresentaram uma frequência maior de entradas de golpe e de quantidade de tipos de pegada utilizados / This dissertation has two goals: developing and evaluating a computer program for the analysis of technical and tactical combat in judo, and analyzing technical-tactical actions used by judo athletes from four age classes (pre-juvenile, juvenile, junior and senior) in the eight official Brazilian weight categories (super-light to heavy), males and female, at two different levels, namely: (1) São Paulo City (Paulistano) and (2) São Paulo State levels. The variables were: i) temporal fight structure, ii) execution and direction of throws, iii) quantification of scores and iv) characterization of grip type. In order to verify the objectivity of the computer program, three experts conducted 20 analyses of combats, with one expert examining three times the same 20 (1st. expert, n = 20; 2nd. expert n = 20; 3rd. expert n = 60). For comparison between groups observed in the second study and in order to verify the concordance correlation (CCC) between experts measurements, analysis of variance and, when necessary, post hoc Tukey test with significance level p <0.05, were used. The results from the software showed strong intra and inter-expert agreement, with higher rate (> 0,90 of index) in 41 groups of variables and (>0,80 of index) in 37 groups of variables, respectively. For the second study, the most significant results from the male group were at the state and/or the senior class, using longer periods of combat, standing fight (tachi-waza), free displacement, grip time and variation in grip type, and direction of attacks. In females, there were differences between state and/or the senior class (except when compared to pre-juvenile in fight time without pause and grip time) and other groups, with more combat time, tachi-waza, free displacement and grip - showing differences between the heavyweight, who presented less combat, tachi-waza, free movement and grip times, and half-lightweight, lightweight and welterweight categories. Regarding differences between levels, state-level athletes used a higher frequency of techniques and different grip types

Con el fin de mejorar el entrenamiento de aquellos aspectos técnicos y tácticos que contribuyen al rendimiento deportivo se planteó esta tesis doctoral. Su objetivo general fue describir las diferencias técnico y tácticas entre ganadores y perdedores en rugby internacional masculino. Para responder a ello se plantearon cuatro estudios basados en la metodología observacional, cubriendo un gran espectro de herramientas propias de esta metodología. De forma general los resultados más importantes han encontrado diferencias a favor de los ganadores en: las fases de conquista del balón, fases de lanzamiento; y en la utilización del balón. Los perdedores muestran mayor cantidad de fases dinámicas y de reagrupamiento. Estas diferencias se dan en al análisis colectivo e individual. / To this end and in order to improve the training of technical and tactical aspects that contribute to athletic performance raised this dissertation. Its overall objective was to describe the technical and tactical differences between winners and losers in international rugby men. To answer this basis of four studies based on observational methodology, covering a wide spectrum of tools of this methodology. In general the results the most important results have found differences in favor of the winners: the phases of conquest of the ball, launch stages, and the use of the ball. The losers showed most dynamic phase of reunification, These differences occur in the collective and individual analysis.

Cricket umpiring is demanding. In today’s world where so much technology is available to television viewers, they expect perfect umpiring, forgetting that what they see on their television screens is not available to the umpires standing in the middle of the field making the decisions. This study aimed to examine cricket umpires on-field decisions during the 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup. Examining leg before wicket (LBW) and caught behind decisions, in particular. The researcher made use of a notational analysis program known as Umpirestat to collect the necessary data on each umpire. The umpires were examined in two groups Elite and International umpires (groupings defined by the ICC) and were compared to a base line in the form of Hawk-Eye for LBW decisions and TV replays for caught behind decisions. The umpire groups were compared to each other and then to the base line, an individual umpire comparison was then done within each grouping. The data was statistically analysed using percentages, chi squared and modelling for the Elite Umpires. For LBW decisions there was a difference of 2.02% between Elite and International umpires, showing a similarity between the two groups. The difference between Elite Umpires and Hawk-Eye was 18.83% and between International umpires and Hawk-Eye was 16.81%, showing difference between the three groups. It was found that there was a difference of 3.63% for caught behind decisions between Elite and International umpires, showing a similarity between the two groups. The difference between Elite Umpires and TV replays was 2.99% and between International umpires and TV replays there was 0.64%, showing similarities between the three groups. In conclusion, for LBW appeals there is a similarity between Elite and International umpire groupings however a difference exists between Hawk-Eye and both groupings of umpires. For the individual umpires LBW comparison the following was seen for the International umpires; no real conclusions could be drawn due to limited amounts of data collected on them. However, variances in individual performances were seen within the International umpire grouping. For Elite Umpires, it is clearly seen in the model that the umpires expected number of dismissals got closer together and almost group together at around four appeals. This indicates a strong consensus amongst umpires when dealing with four, five and six appeals during a match. This consensus is more pronounced for four and five appeals. In conclusion, for caught behind appeals there is a similarity between Elite and International umpires as well as a similarity between replays and both groups of umpires. For the individual umpires caught behind comparison the following was seen for the International umpires; as with the LBW results there was limited amount of data available for the caught behind results. Thus no real conclusions could be drawn for International umpire caught behind decisions, although when examining the percentage data, differences can be seen. For the individual umpires caught behind comparison the following was seen for the Elite Umpires, no consensus is seen between the umpires - they all appear to have different expected dismissals to one another. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

Analýza účinnosti postavení podávajících a přijímajících hráčů v tenisové čtyřhře Cílem práce je zjistit četnost a účinnost užívaných formacích při čtyřhře jmenovitě: "I" formace, "australská formace" a "základní postavení" při podání dvojice. A při příjmu mezi "základním postavením" a "postavením u základní čáry". Metodami v této práci jsou nepřímé pozorování a notační analýza. Sledovali jsme soubor hráčů čtyřher v jednotlivých utkáních pomocí videozáznamů. V těchto utkání notační analýzou zaznamenávali četnost a účinnost jednotlivých taktických variant. Účinnost "I" formace pří prvním podání činí 80,92%, u druhého podání 56,25% a jeho celková četnost v rozehrách je 43,65%. Při formaci v základním postavení u sítě při prvním podání je účinnost 79,9%, při druhém podání 57% a četnost činí 56,35% všech rozeher. příjmu prvního podání v postavení byla účinnost 28%, u druhého 50,35% a četnost formace je 64,35%. Poslední měřenou formací je postavení u základní čáry při riternu a ta při příjmu prvního podání měla účinnost 31,28%, při druhém podání 45,16% a její celková četnost Klíčová slova: strategie, taktické varianty, "I" formace, notační analýza, dospělí

Neste trabalho são propostos: a elaboração e a validação de um modelo técnico-tático de combate no judô e para caracterização dos atletas olímpicos de 2012 em competições do circuito mundial e nos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres. Para isso, a amostra foi composta por 1.411 performances em combates olímpicos e ranqueadores de atletas participantes dos Jogos Olímpicos de Londres (sete categorias de peso no masculino e feminino). A análise foi realizada pelo programa FRAMI® observando as fases do combate (aproximação, pegada, situação ataque/defesa, luta de solo e pausa), a partir das variáveis: i) tipos de aproximação; ii) configurações de pegada; iii) execução e orientação de golpes; iv) tipo de defesa; v) caracterização da luta de solo e vi) pontuação por punições e projeções. Para verificar a correlação entre as análises repetidas inter e intra-expert foi utilizado o Coeficiente Cohen s Kappa. Os modelos de probabilidade de combinação entre fases do combate foram feitos através de Processos de Markov. Para comparar as diferenças entre resultados, categorias de peso e combatesclassificatório e olímpico, utilizou-se análise de variância, seguida de post hoc, com p < 0,05 para todas as análises. Os resultados da validação revelaram índice de concordância para análise das fases e ações do combate, respectivamente de 0,94 e 0,91, classificadas como quase perfeita para as medidas de um mesmo avaliador e 0,72 e 0,73, classificadas como forte para as comparações entre diferentes observadores. Em relação ao modelo por processos markovianos da sequência de fases dos combates, foram encontradas fortes probabilidades de combinação das fases utilizadas no modelo de combate, sem efeitos de categoria de peso, resultado e nível competitivo para o modelo de probabilidade. As comparações revelaram que categorias mais pesadas apresentam menor número de ataques e projeções, com tempos mais prolongados de pegada e combate do que as categorias mais Leves durante os Jogos Olímpicos. No feminino, as atletas do Meio-leve apresentaram maior frequência de pegada em uma das mangas, menor número de projeções e tempos maiores de combate, aproximação e pegada quando comparada às outras categorias. Em relação à diferença entre níveis, os tempos de ações no combate em pé (fase de aproximação, pegada, ataque e defesa) dos Jogos Olímpicos foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao circuito internacional. Por sua vez, os dados demonstram que atletas vitoriosos realizam maior número de ataques e projeções com técnicas de Alavanca Braço e Pé e defesas em esquivas para esquerda e para direita. Lutadores de categorias mais Leves demonstraram maior frequência de ataques com Alavanca Váriavel na Altura da Cintura e do Maléolo em comparação com a categoria Pesado. Ademais, a quantidade de punições aumentou significativamente conforme a categoria e o nível competitivo o que refletiu em diferenças entre ganhadores e perdedores, ou seja, atletas vitoriosos conquistaram maior número de pontos por punição que atletas com derrotas, tanto para homens quanto para mulheres / This work proposed developing and validating a technical-tactical model for judo combat, characterizing Olympic athletes in the 2012 international circuit and London Olympic Games. For this purpose, the sample was composed of 1.411 combat performances in the ranking system World Championships and London Olympic Games participants (seven weight categories, male and female). The analysis was performed with the aid of FRAMI-software® observing the combat phases (approximation, gripping, attack/defense situation, groundwork combat and pause), based on the following variables: i) types of approach, ii) gripping configurations, iii) execution and orientation of attacks iv) type of defense v) characterization of groundwork combat and vi) score by punishments and projections. In order to verify the correlation between inter-and intra-expert analyses, the Cohen\'s Kappa coefficient was used. The probability models for combinations between combat phases were made using Markov Processes. In order to compare differences in the results, weight categories and qualifying and Olympic combats, variance analysis was used, followed by a post hoc, p <0.05 for all analyses. The validation results showed concordance indexes for analysis of the phases and actions of combat of 0.94 and 0.91 respectively, classified as \"almost perfect\" for intra-expert measures, and 0.72 and 0.73, classified as \"strong\", for comparisons between different observers. Regarding the Markov processes model, a strong probability was observed between sequential phases, without effects between weight category, results and competitive Level. The comparisons revealed that heavier categories have fewer attacks and projections than others, with longer combat and gripping times than lighter weight classes during the Olympics. In females, the Middleweight mean division had a higher frequency of sleeve gripping type, fewer projections and longer combat, approach and gripping times than other categories. Regarding the difference between championship Levels, stand combat time (approach, gripping, attack and defense) in Olympics were significantly higher when compared to the international circuit. In turn, the data show that victorious athletes perform more attacks and projections with Arm and Leg Lever and defenses with left and right escapes. Athletes in the lighter weight classes showed higher frequency of attacks, which were classified as Variable Waist Lever and Variable Malleolus Lever compared with the Heavy category. Moreover, the amount of punishment increased significantly according to the category and competitive Level, which resulted in differences between winners and losers; i.e., victorious athletes won most scores by punishing athletes in male and female combats