Lajes nervuradas modeladas computacionalmente são geralmente analisadas por metodologias simplificadas, tanto para a geometria da seção (convertendo em lajes maciças ou grelhas) como para as propriedades mecânicas dos materiais (regime elástico-linear). Estes estudos teóricos apresentam grandes diferenças quando comparados com ensaios experimentais, mesmo para baixos níveis de carregamento. Isto se deve principalmente pela não consideração da excentricidade entre os eixos da nervura e da capa, como também à simplificação do comportamento mecânico do concreto à tração. Modelos numéricos chamados realísticos consideram o efeito da excentricidade entre os eixos da capa e nervura da seção transversal. Pode-se, ainda, introduzir a não-linearidade física do concreto armado nestes modelos, obtendo resultados mais próximos do real. O objetivo deste trabalho é estabelecer um modelo numérico realístico, para a seção típica de laje nervurada, atendendo às indicações descritas acima. Para a consideração da excentricidade entre os eixos da capa e nervura empregam-se elementos de casca, em posição horizontal para a capa e vertical para a nervura. A não-linearidade física do concreto à tração é representada através do modelo de fissuração distribuída proposto por D’AVILA (2003). Para as análises não-lineares empregou-se o programa computacional de elementos finitos SAP2000 versão 16, onde os elementos de casca permitem discretizar o concreto armado em camadas, ao longo da espessura. Um bom desempenho do modelo numérico proposto foi verificado pela validação deste a partir de modelos experimentais, assim como da análise numérica de outros autores. Realizaram-se, por último, análises de algumas lajes nervuradas com solicitações de carregamentos excessivos, a fim de prever seus desempenhos frente a estados limites de flexão. Os resultados obtidos nestas análises mostraram, também, um bom desempenho do modelo proposto. / Waffle slab structures simulated by computational models are generally analyzed by simplified methods, both for section geometry (converting into solid slabs) and the material mechanical properties (linear elastic regime). The results obtained by such theoretical studies show large differences when compared to experimental tests, even at low loading levels. This is mainly due to non-consideration of the eccentricity between the rib and cover axes and simplification of the concrete tensile strength mechanical behavior. The so called realistic numerical models consider the effect of eccentricity between the axes of hood and ribs of the cross section. One may also introduce physical nonlinearity of reinforced concrete in these models, obtaining results closer to real. The objective of this work is to establish a realistic numerical model for the typical section of a waffle slab, considering the physical nonlinearity of concrete and its collaboration between cracks, by the smeared crack model proposed by D' AVILA (2003). The computational finite element program SAP2000 version 16 is used for the non-linear analysis. The shell element discretization enabled the heterogeneous characteristics of reinforced concrete to be considered through layers along the thickness. The numerical model was validated based on the analysis of experimentally tested slabs. Finally, some waffle slabs were numerically analyzed under a uniformly distributed and incrementally growing load. The proposed model was able to predict their overall behavior and some local aspects could also be observed.

Desde 1960, a cidade de Balneário Camboriú, localizada no litoral centro-norte do estado de Santa Catarina, vem sofrendo intensa urbanização de forma não planejada, resultando em problemas que apresentam um impacto negativo ao turismo, principalmente relacionados à superlotação no verão e ao sombreamento da praia no período da tarde, devido à grande quantidade de edifícios altos na beira mar. Buscando ampliar o espaço físico da orla, a Prefeitura Municipal de Balneário Camboriú está desenvolvendo o projeto de alimentação artificial da Praia Central do município, que prevê uma nova largura da faixa de areia de 100 m. Este trabalho descreve, através da análise dos processos físicos, os possíveis impactos advindos da implementação da obra de aterro hidráulico, utilizando o modelo numérico Delft3D. O trabalho de investigação foi separado em três tópicos: (1) propagação de ondas, (2) processos hidrodinâmicos e (3) variações morfológicas, em dois cenários: atual e posterior à alimentação artificial. Os resultados da modelagem de propagação de ondas demonstraram maior energia na porção norte da enseada, sendo a porção sul mais abrigada. Comparando os cenários observa-se uma diminuição na energia de onda em águas rasas devido à nova configuração da costa, principalmente na porção norte da enseada. Os resultados do modelo hidrodinâmico, mostraram que posteriormente a alimentação da praia, as correntes sofrem intensificação na nova zona de arrebentação de ondas, a qual se desenvolverá numa região em que, no cenário atual, as velocidades das correntes litorâneas são muito baixas. A análise dos potenciais impactos na morfologia litorânea demonstrou que as variações morfológicas ocorrerão devido à reorganização do ambiente diante da nova configuração batimétrica da enseada, sendo que a formação dos bancos longitudinais se deslocará em direção ao mar. Não foram observadas áreas de erosão entre o cenário atual e o cenário futuro, demonstrando que a enseada deverá se comportar como um sistema fechado. De modo geral a modelagem numérica demonstrou que os processos futuros reproduzirão aqueles que ocorrem no cenário atual, porém, estarão mais afastados, a cerca de 100 metros à frente, em direção ao mar. / Since 1960, Balneário Camboriú, located on the north-central coast of Santa Catarina, Brazil, has been suffering from an unplanned intense urbanization, resulting in negative impacts on tourism, mainly related to overcrowding during the summer and shading on the beach in the afternoon due to lots of tall buildings in the seafront. Aiming to enlarge the area available for recreational beach use, the city government of Balneário Camboriú is developing the nourishment project of the city's Central Beach, which provides a new sand stretch width of 100 m. This paper describes, through the analysis of physical processes, the possible impacts of the nourishment, using the numerical model Delft3D. The analysis distinguishes three steps: (1) wave propagation, (2) hydrodynamic processes, and (3) morphological variations, in two different scenarios: before and after the beach nourishment. The results of the wave propagation modeling shows the occurrence of greater energy in the northern portion of the bay, with a more sheltered southern portion. Comparing the scenarios it is observed a decrease in wave energy in shallow water due to the new configuration of the coast, especially in the northern part of the bay. Results from the hydrodynamic model indicate that after the beach nourishment the currents are intensified in the new waves surf zone, which will be developed in a region where, in the present scenario, the alongshore currents velocities are very low. The analysis of the potential impacts on coastal morphology showed that morphological changes will occur due to the reorganization of the place because of the new bay bathymetric configuration, since the longitudinal banks formation will move towards the sea. No erosion areas between the present and future scenario were observed, proving that the bay shall behave as a closed system. Overall the numerical modeling showed that future processes will reproduce those that occur in the present scenario, however the process will occur about 100 meters ahead, towards the sea.

Orientador: José Ricardo Figueiredo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T09:42:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_VicenteMoreira_M.pdf: 11336909 bytes, checksum: cec42244f36a4a343bfddabbb5e185cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Foi elaborado um modelo com simulação computacional de um sistema de refrigeração por adsorção, acionado por rejeito de calor oriundo de processos industriais, no caso, especificamente, proveniente de um protótipo pré-comercial existente de um equipamento gerador de eletricidade por célula combustível a hidrogênio produzido via reforma de etanol. Inicialmente foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os mecanismos da adsorção, os modelos com suas variantes e aplicações, em seguida foi apresentada uma discussão sobre ciclos de refrigeração por adsorção e o balanço energético com base na primeira lei da termodinâmica. Com base nas referências bibliográficas, primeiro foi idealizado um equipamento um composto por dois reatores operando fora de fase, evaporador, condensador e válvulas para operação do sistema. Em seguida a este equipamento, foram agregados um recuperador de calor e acessórios na corrente de gases quentes e um reservatório de água gelada. Para todo o conjunto, foi elaborado um modelo matemático para simular numericamente a operação do equipamento, a qual é realizada por meio de rotinas computacionais elaboradas em Matlab®. O modelo em um primeiro momento foi validado com dados experimentais e numéricos obtidos na literatura para condições de operação que se aproximam da proposta do presente trabalho. Em seguida com o sistema completo, foram feitas simulações com dois pares adsorvente/adsorvato distintos, primeiro na forma de resfriamento por batelada e em seguida submetendo o sistema a varias de cargas térmicas contínuas. Os resultados das simulações mostram que cada par adsorvente/adsorvato requer uma faixa de temperatura específica, sendo que dentre os pares estudados, o melhor aproveitamento da energia disponível dá-se com o par Sílica-gel/água / Abstract: This work proposes a computational simulation model of an adsorption cooling system driven by waste heat from industrial processes, in particular from an existent pre-commercial prototype of an integrated ethanol reformer fuel cell system. Firstly, a literature review was carried out on adsorption mechanisms, their models and applications. Secondly, adsorption cooling cycles and energy balance from the first law of thermodynamics are discussed. Based on the literature review, an adsorption cooling system was modeled with two adsorbers working out of phase, an evaporator, a condenser and valves. The model was validated vis-à-vis experimental and numerical data from the literature. Subsequently a heat recover for the hot exhaust gases and a cold water reservoir were incorporated. In the model numerical simulations were carried out for two working pairs (silica gel/water and zeolite 13X/water) considering either batch cooling or steady heat load. For the whole equipment set, the mathematical model was numerically simulated on Matlab®. The results show that each working pair requires a specific temperature range for proper operation and the silica-gel/water working pair resulted in the best use of the available waste heat / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Among sources of renewable energy, development of tidal energy has traditionally been plagued by relatively high costs and limited availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal amplitudes or flow velocities. However, many recent technology developments and improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, crossflow turbines), showed that the economic and environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels comparing to other conventional energy sources. It has long been identified that the Bay of Fundy is one of the world’s premier locations for the development of tidal power generating systems, since it has some of the world’s largest tidal ranges. Consequently, several proposals have been made in the recent years to find economical ways to harness the power of tides. Presently, there is considerable interest in installing tidal lagoons in the Bay of Fundy. The lagoon concept involves temporarily storing seawater behind an impoundment dike and generating power by gradually releasing the impounded seawater through conventional low-head hydroelectric turbines. A tidal lagoon will inherently modify the tides and tidal currents regime in the vicinity of the lagoon, and possibly induce effects that may be felt throughout the entire Bay of Fundy. The nature of these hydrodynamic impacts will likely depend on the size of the tidal lagoon, its location, and its method of operation. Any changes in the tidal hydrodynamics caused by a tidal lagoon may also impact on the transport of sediments throughout the region and upset ecosystems that are well adapted to existing conditions. The scale and character of the potential hydrodynamic impacts due to tidal lagoons operating in the Bay of Fundy have not been previously investigated. The present study endeavours to investigate these potential impacts to help the development of sustainable, science-based policies for the management and development of clean energy for future generations. After outlining fundamental aspects of tidal power projects taken in consideration in the Bay of Fundy, an analysis of present knowledge on tidal lagoons was conducted in order to provide a focus for subsequent investigations. Hydrodynamic modeling was used to quantify any of the potential hydrodynamic changes induced in the Bay of Fundy due to the presence of tidal lagoons. In the last part of the thesis, new relationships were derived in order to describe the amount of energy removed from tidal lagoons associated with its hydrodynamic impacts.

This study, which includes both experimental and numerical-modelling components, investigates the potentially dangerous conditions that can often occur when low-head dams (or weirs) are overtopped and ‘submerged’-type hydraulic jumps subsequently form downstream of them. The combination of high local turbulence levels, air entrainment, and strong surface currents associated with submerged jumps pose a significant risk to safety of boaters and swimmers. In this study, a wide range of flow regimes and different experimental conditions (i.e. crest length and downstream apron elevation) were considered. The experimental phase involved physical model testing to determine: (i) the hydraulic conditions that govern submerged jump formation, and (ii) the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submerged vortex. The numerical model, developed using OpenFOAM, was validated with the obtained experimental data. This research seeks to help develop improved guidelines for the design and safe operation of low-head dams. The experimental phase of the study involved physical model testing to determine: (i) the hydraulic conditions that govern submerged jump formation, and (ii) the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submerged vortex. The numerical modelling work involved using interFoam (OpenFOAM toolbox) for simulating the experimental results. InterFoam is an Eulerian 3-D solver for multiphase incompressible fluids that employs the Volume of Fluid approach (VOF) to capture the water-air interface. The developed numerical model was subsequently validated using the experimental data collected and processed by the author of this study. The range of tailwater depths associated with submerged hydraulic jump formation is dramatically reduced when a broad-crested weir is coupled with an elevated downstream apron, especially under high flow rate conditions. However sharp-crested weirs induced vortices which displayed reduced velocities and decreased spatial development, which were judged to be safer than broad crest lengths under the same discharge conditions. The classical formulation for the degree of submergence was not explicative when used to evaluate “how submerged the vortex was”. Consequently, a new normalized formulation which compares the local tailwater depth to the lower and upper tailwater limits for the submerged hydraulic jump is proposed. The numerical model developed for this study demonstrated the existence of residual turbulent kinetic energy at downstream sections located within the vortex’s extension, at instants coinciding with the presence of a fully formed roller. This turbulent energy is arguably responsible for the stationary nature of the vortex under constant flow conditions. Residual vertical and horizontal velocities at points located within the vortex’s domain are indicative of the existence of the free surface current.

The tidal current energy resource is challenging to assess with accuracy and precision. An accepted standard methodology is lacking, which in turn perpetuates uncertainty and hinders the industry’s development. Technical Committee 114 of the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC-TC-114) is working to develop a standard for emerging tidal energy conversion systems. The draft standard prescribes methods for determining, objectively and reliably, the scale and character of tidal current energy resources at a site. The IEC-TC-114 draft standard for tidal energy resource assessment and characterisation has not yet been tested in a real world case study. Hence, it is not yet known whether the proposed methods will yield the desired outcome. This research has adopted the Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) project in Minas Passage, Nova Scotia, for pilot application of the draft standard on tidal current resource assessment. The Bay of Fundy, located on the Atlantic coast of North America between the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, is known for having the highest tidal range in the world and has long been recognised as an ideal stage for tidal energy development. The thesis is presented in three main parts. Firstly, the latest peer-reviewed scientific literature is summarised and the standard is reviewed in view of lessons learned. The aim of this exercise is to establish a scientific basis for and to develop suggestions towards improving and extending future revisions of the standard. Secondly, a comprehensive assessment of the tidal current energy resource at the FORCE project site is conducted in a manner that is consistent with IEC-TC-114 protocol based on available measurements from static current profiler surveys and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the upper Bay of Fundy developed for this study. Thirdly, a sensitivity analysis is performed to determine the main sources of error and uncertainty affecting resource assessment, a topic which has yet to be addressed in the literature.

Les centrales solaires à concentration sont des technologies prometteuses pour la production d'énergie d'origine renouvelable. Celles mettant en œuvre des cycles thermodynamiques à hautes températures, tels que les cycles combinés, permettent d'augmenter l'efficacité de la conversion solaire. Cependant, leurs implantations nécessitent le développement de nouveaux récepteurs à haute température (T > 1100 K), tels que les récepteurs solaires à particules (SPRs). Ce travail porte sur l'optimisation numérique des principaux paramètres pilotant l'efficacité de ce type de récepteurs, l'enjeu principal étant de minimiser les pertes par rayonnement thermique. Dans un premier temps, un modèle simplifié des transferts radiatifs dans un SPR a été développé. Le modèle considère un milieu particulaire soumis à un flux solaire concentré et collimaté. Le milieu émet, absorbe et diffuse le rayonnement de manière anisotrope. L'équation de transfert radiatif est résolue par une méthode à deux-flux (géométrie 1D) avec l'approximation delta-Eddington, permettant une obtention rapide des résultats. Cette méthode a été choisie pour son adéquation aux cas d'émission et de diffusion anisotrope. L'hypothèse de diffusion indépendante est utilisée afin de déterminer les propriétés optiques du milieu. La théorie de Lorenz-Mie et l'approximation de Henyey-Greenstein ont été utilisées pour calculer, respectivement, les efficacités optiques et la fonction de phase des particules. Ce modèle est mis en œuvre avec un algorithme d'optimisation par essaims particulaires, dans le but de déterminer la taille des particules, leur fraction volumique, et leur indice de réfraction optimums. Dans un deuxième temps, six matériaux réels sont sélectionnés afin de tenter de retrouver le résultat optimum obtenu précédemment avec un matériel idéal. Ces matériaux (HfB2, ZrB2, HfC, ZrC, W et SiC) sont pertinents du fait de leur comportement sélectif ou de leur absorptivité élevée. Afin de déterminer leurs indices de réfraction, la relation de dispersion de Kramers-Kronig a été utilisée à partir de données de réflectance issues de la littérature. Trois configurations de récepteurs ont été étudiées : a) un milieu homogène comprenant un seul type de particules, b) un milieu inhomogène comprenant deux matériaux différents, c) un milieu homogène comprenant des particules enrobées. D'après les résultats de ces configurations, les particules de W enrobées de SiC permettent d'atteindre des performances proches du cas idéal optimisé. Enfin, un modèle numérique de transfert thermique par convection et rayonnement a été développé, pour étudier l'influence de l'écoulement sur les pertes radiatives du récepteur. Il est basé sur une géométrie simple constituée d'un écoulement d'un mélange de gaz et de particules circulant entre deux plaques planes, l'une étant une fenêtre par laquelle pénètre perpendiculairement le flux solaire. Le modèle radiatif développé précédemment permet de calculer la divergence du flux radiatif, tandis que l'équation de l'énergie est résolue par une approximation de low-Mach. Ainsi, les conditions de l'écoulement et des propriétés radiatives que minimisent les pertes du récepteur sont déterminés. De futurs travaux pourront être élargis à de nouveaux matériaux candidats pour les récepteurs solaires à particules. Leur index de réfraction pourra être mesuré et comparé aux valeurs théoriques obtenues par les codes développés dans le cadre de ce travail / Solar Particle Receivers (SPRs) are promising candidates to work at high temperatures (T > 1100 K) in Central Solar Power (CSP) plants. They will permit the use of high efficient thermodynamic cycles, such as a combined cycle (Brayton cycle + Rankine cycle). Nevertheless, the optimal conditions that reduce the receiver losses (and consequently maximize the receiver efficiency) still remain to be studied. In this work, the principal parameters that drive the receiver efficiency are numerically optimized. For this end, a simplified radiative model is developed, which allows one to run the high number of simulations needed in such optimization. This model consists in a 1D slab of particulate media submitted to a collimated and concentrated solar flux. The medium emits, absorbs and anisotropically scatters energy. A two-stream method with a delta-Eddington approximation is implemented to fast solve the radiative transfer equation. Among the several two-stream approximations, the one proposed by Joseph et al. (1976) is chosen due to its good treatment of the anisotropic scattering. The volume optical properties are computed under the independent scattering hypothesis, the single-particle optical properties with the Lorenz-Mie theory and the phase function with the Henyey-Greenstein phase function. Such a model is used with a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm to find the optimal particle size, volume fraction and complex refractive index to be used in the receiver. Once the ideal optimal conditions for a SPR are found, the replication of these results is attempted by using real materials. Six materials (HfB2, ZrB2, HfC, ZrC, W and SiC) are chosen because of their spectral selective behavior or their high absorptivity. At this stage, an important difficulty is the lack of information about the refractive indexes of materials. Therefore, the Kramers-Kronig dispersion relations are utilized to find the refractive indexes from reflectance data. Then, three SPR configurations are considered: (1) a homogeneous medium with only one kind of particles, (2) a medium with a mixture of two materials and, (3) a homogeneous medium with coated particles. The three configuration results are compared with those obtained using particles made of an ideal material. A remarkable result is obtained when W-particles coated with SiC are used. This configuration decreases the radiative losses approaching to the ideal minimal. Finally, the influence of the fluid flow on the radiative losses is studied through the implementation of a convection-radiation heat transfer model. A simple geometry is adopted for a gas-particles mixture flow between two parallel plates, where one of them is a window. The concentrated solar radiation then affects perpendicularly the fluid flow. The energy equation is solved using a low-Mach approximation and the divergence of the radiative flux with the radiative model developed before. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of the optical properties on the radiative losses. In the future, more materials remain to be investigated to be used in solar particle receivers. To this end, the refractive indexes of a number of materials should be measured. The developed codes will be useful for this investigation

The construction of motorways in Slovakia faces a series of geotechnical problems due to the mountainous relief. One of these problems is also discussed in this diploma thesis, where the motorway route is led through a landslide area. The aim of the thesis is to compare two different proposals of the D1 motorway in part of Hubova - Ivachnova section. The theoretical part deals with the issue of slope movements in connection with transport line constructions. In the practical part, the proposals for specific solutions of the high embankment route variant and variant with the bridge are discussed. Both variants are designed in the Plaxis numeric program. Subsequent comparison and evaluation of variants is performed in relation to the degree of stability, deformation, structural stress and construction costs.

This dissertation analyses precast walls made of plain concrete and lightly reinforced concrete. The main focus is on evaluating the concrete and the reinforcement of precast concrete wall panels in relation to manufacturing, handling, and final phases. The dynamic load component of panels during handling was measured in controlled tests. Shrinkage measurement was implemented during the maturing process of the concrete used for panel manufacturing. The value of cohesion was observed between the reinforcement and the concrete that had matured for 20 hours. It was also looked at the value of adhesive strength between the panel surface and the casting table. The experimental study checked the panel strain during removal from the casting table, the panel compression during a truck ride over an obstacle, and the tension in the carriage strap during panel transportation to the building site. Mathematical formulas were drawn up to validate the concrete and reinforcement of wall panels made of lightly reinforced concrete. Those mathematical formulas were applied in a specific panel wall design and the results were verified by nonlinear numerical models.

This diploma thesis deals with assessment of flood protection measures in Břeclav. Hydraulic calculations of proposal flood events were carried out using 2D numerical model of water flow. Several simulations took account of construction phases and different values of proposal discharge. The hydraulic calculations were computed for river Thaya including its relief branch. The results were processed in the form of inundation maps, depth maps and they were recorded in longitudinal profiles of rivers.