Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2009. / Principal faculty advisor: Marie Fanelli-Kuczmarski, Dept. of Health, Nutrition, & Exercise Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 242-255).

Food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall methods were used to assess the general consumption of leafy vegetables and fruits within the Luo of northern Tanzania. The frequency questionnaire focused specifically on the consumption of Crotalaria brevidens, a leafy vegetable in a genus characterised by toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Leafy vegetables were the most frequently consumed food group, contributing 23% of the total frequency scores. Crotalaria brevidens contributed 1.7% of the total frequency scores although some individuals consume significantly more. High consumption frequency of Crotalaria sp. is negatively associated with the consumption of fruits, fats and oils, vitamin A animal sources and consumption of animal products. Edible portions of Crotalaria sp. contain toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids detected by thin layer chromatography. HPLC analysis showed that the plant contains high amounts of $ beta$-carotene. Quantification of the toxic alkaloids was not possible due to the low sensitivity of the methods used and low quantities present in the edible portions. Based on reported detection limits for the methods used a low and high estimated intake of toxic alkaloids was calculated and risk/benefit is assessed in relation to its nutrient content.

The Food Habits of Canadians Survey, conducted in 1997--1998 examined food and nutrient intakes of non-institutionalized adults aged 18--65 years (n = 1543) randomly selected from across Canada using the multi-stage random sampling strategy. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall and a repeat interview was conducted in a sub-sample (n = 446). The overall response rate was 26%. Males, younger age adults (18--34 years), single persons and those with lower education levels were underrepresented in the study sample thus limiting the generalizability of the study results. Examination of the characteristics of the selected areas (n = 63) by response rates, indicated that areas with a higher percentage below the low income cut-off level, higher percentage who moved residence in the past 5 years and higher percentage speaking non-official languages as the mother-tongue were associated with low response rates. Additionally, areas with lower percentage females were associated with low response rates indicating that depending on the community characteristics different approaches may be needed to enhance response rates. Within- to between-subject variance ratios for several nutrients were higher when adjusted for age, gender, education, season, smoking and size of family compared to the crude ratios (e.g. for energy 1.07 vs. 0.49 for males). As a result, more days would be needed to reliably estimate usual intake once the data are appropriately adjusted. Examination of the within- to between-subject variability ratios for nutrients by smoking status indicated that the diet of smokers was no more variable than that of non-smokers. However, smokers had higher intakes of total fat (p < 0.05) and saturated fat (p < 0.05) and lower intakes of folate (p < 0.05) and vitamin C (p < 0.05). Smokers also had lower intakes of fruit and vegetables compared to non-smokers (p < 0.05). Given these differences, diet may be a confounder in studies examining smoking

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1986. / Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Joan Gussow. Dissertation Committee: Isobel Contento. Bibliography: leaves 138-143.

Little is known about food consumption patterns of the majority of the black population and the various factors influencing food consumption patterns. An understanding of the above aspects is critical for any business enterprise to inform the formulation of a marketing strategy. This study is an attempt to identify factors affecting food consumption patterns of three ethnic groups found the Limpopo Province. The province is unique in that it is the only province in South Africa that has a variety of ethnic groups. Various factors are considered and examined to determine how they affect food consumption patterns. These are income, religion, culture and cultural practices, and distance from town. Factors such as gender, patriotism, different life styles and age are mentioned but no emphasis is given to them. The ethnic groups included in the study are Bapedi, Shangaans and Vhavenda. Though Whites and Indians could have been included, their number is too insignificant to warrant determining the effect they might have on consumption patterns in the province. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Chi-Square techniques were used to analyse the different relationships. The findings show that income is a significant factor influencing food purchases and the frequency of purchase. Religion was found to be significant in influencing slaughtering of chickens but not in the slaughtering of sheep, goats and cattle. The effect of staying in a rural or urban area did not show any significance as this was played down by the establishment of shopping malls after 1994. The study also reveals the significance of indigenous food on the ethnic groups. The study also showed the importance of the influence of religion, especially of the Zion Christian Church in certain parts of the Limpopo Province. / Dissertation (MInst(Agrar))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MSc / Unrestricted

No description available.

The intent of the present work responds to the necessity of the settlers in depressed areas of La Paz's Altiplano in Bolivia of knowing the reality surrounding the unfolding of their lives. The focus takes into account only one part of all that weighs down on them: that part dealing with their nutritional and alimentative state. This study takes in the communities of Canaviri, Pocohata, Colina Blanca, Puente Arriba, and Villa Arriendo of the Ingavi Province in the Department of La Paz. The variable taken into account is the families' nutritional situation; these families possessing the same status in the following dimensions: physical and economic availability of food, food consumption, alimentary habits, biological utilization of aliments-determined in this case through causal indicators, conditions of basic sewage drain off, and level of instruction of family heads. An encompassing and descriptive study was based on the preceding dimensions. Help in collecting information was provided by community authorities and the population of each community in particular who were subjected to the corresponding taking of anthropometric measurements. Through investigation and direct observation, all the information was obtained with the purpose of responding to the proposed objectives. The principal objective was to determine the nutritional and alimentary situation of the populations of the communities under observation. The other objectives could be summed up in the following terms: to evaluate the nutritional state of all inhabitants of the communities, to determine the availability of food for the families in the study, to establish the families' food consumption, to determine nursing (lactational) habits and complementary alimentation, to determine the biological utilization of food, through cause and effect indicators, and to determine the level of instruction of family heads. The figures obtained show the different degrees of malnutrition affecting children as well as adults. In reference to the first point, or the nutritional status, it is necessary to bring out the high prevalence of chronic undernourishment in those under 18 years of age (37% on average in the five communities) in relation to those over 18 years of age where the prevalence reaches 84%. This alimentation is not varied and above all is conditioned on various factors that are principally economic in nature-alimentary habits and little crop diversification. In reference to food consumption, the principal base of alimentation in the five communities is carbohydrates coming primarily from tubers such as the potato and its derivatives including potato starch and tunta. Because of the characteristics of this type of monotonous alimentation, the degrees of adequacy reached vary between 59% and 83% for calories, between 35% and 58% for proteins, and from 72% to 40% for fats. Finally, carbohydrates show the best levels in terms of adequacy, though these are still under recommendable levels, varying from 76% to 88%. Another point to take into consideration is the low incomes obtained by these families, which usually consist of more than 5 members. Of this low income, the amount destined for food fluctuates between 4 and 5 dollars (23.30 Bolivianos) per week. Poverty is a causal factor of malnutrition as well as low food consumption, bad living conditions, lack of basic sanitary sewage services, and problems of effective communication with the outside. Therefore, poverty should be reduced through training of the settlers. Given the characteristics of the nutritional status, the alimentation these people receive regularly, the environmental conditions in which they live, their low incomes, their high percentages of illiteracy, and the few possibilities that they have to overcome their limitations, the conclusion that arises is that by continuing the same path a risk is run that, in the future, the workforce will diminish and, at the same time, their harvests will shrink, consequently causing above all a greater danger in the nutritional well-being of the settlers.

No description available.

Chung Mei-lan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-124). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Declaration --- p.v / Acknowledgment --- p.vi / Abbreviations --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables & Graphs --- p.xi / Chapter 1. --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Age-Associated Changes in Nutritional Status in the Elderly --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Body Composition --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Nutritional Requirements --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Energy requirement in the elderly --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Protein requirement in the elderly --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Vitamin and minerals requirement in the elderly --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3. --- Food Intake --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Biobehavioral factors --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Social factors --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.3. --- Psychological factors --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4. --- Physical factors --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.5. --- Medical factors --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4. --- Age-Related Changes in Gastrointestinal Tract --- p.10 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Energy Expenditure in the Elderly --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1. --- Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TEE) --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2. --- Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Mechanisms Leading to a Decrease in FFM Adjusted BMR --- p.15 / Chapter (i) --- Sex --- p.15 / Chapter (ii) --- Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) Activity --- p.16 / Chapter (iii) --- Physical Activity --- p.17 / Chapter (iv) --- Body Weight --- p.17 / Chapter (v) --- Hormones --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3. --- Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4. --- Energy Costs of Physical Activity --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Methods for the Measurements of Energy Expenditure --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1. --- Direct Calorimetry --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Principle of Direct Calorimetry --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Isothermal calorimetry --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Gradient-layer direct calorimetry --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Calorimetry --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2. --- Indirect Calorimetry --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Principle of Indirect Calorimetry --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Whole body indirect calorimetry --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- "Indirect calorimetry: ventilated hood system, a face mask, or mouthpiece" --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2.4. --- Advantages and Disadvantages of Indirect Calorimetry --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3. --- The Doubly-Labeled Water Method --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Principle --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.28 / Chapter 3.4. --- The Labeled Bicarbonate Method --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Principle of Isotope Dilution Method --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Principle of Traditional Labeled HC03 Method --- p.32 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Labeled Bicarbonate-Urea Method --- p.34 / Chapter I. --- Calculations --- p.35 / Chapter A. --- Determination of energy equivalent of CO2 --- p.35 / Chapter B. --- Relationship between specific activity of urea and specific activity of CO2 --- p.35 / Chapter C. --- Fixation of infused label in the body --- p.36 / Chapter D. --- Calculation of CO2 production from the specific 3 activity of urinary urea --- p.6 / Chapter E. --- Two assumptions in labeled bicarbonate-urea method --- p.36 / Chapter 3.4.4. --- Advantages and Disadvantages of Labeled Bicarbonate-Urea Method --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5. --- Heart Rate Monitoring --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Principle --- p.37 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.38 / Chapter 3.6. --- Activity Monitoring --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6.1. --- Principle --- p.39 / Chapter 3.6.2. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.39 / Chapter 3.7. --- Activity Diaries --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7.1. --- Retrospective activity questionnaires --- p.40 / Chapter I. --- Principle --- p.40 / Chapter II. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.40 / Chapter 3.7.2. --- Current diary method --- p.41 / Chapter I. --- Principle --- p.41 / Chapter II. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.42 / Chapter 3.7.3. --- Time-and-motion study --- p.42 / Chapter I. --- Principle --- p.42 / Chapter II. --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Nutritional Status and Energy Expenditure in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1. --- Nutritional Status --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Body weight --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Fat-free mass (FFM) --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2. --- REE --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3. --- DIT --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4. --- TEE --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5. --- Nutrition Repletion by Caloric Supplement --- p.48 / Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.50 / Chapter 3. --- Subject and Method --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1. --- Part A: Subject and Methods I --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Subjects --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Methods --- p.51 / Chapter I. --- Anthropometric Assessment --- p.51 / Chapter II. --- Nutrient Intake --- p.52 / Chapter III. --- Clinical Assessment --- p.52 / Chapter IV. --- Energy Expenditure --- p.53 / Chapter V. --- Mini Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire --- p.53 / Chapter VI. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2. --- Part B: Subject and Methods II --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2. --- Subjects --- p.55 / Chapter I. --- Patients --- p.55 / Chapter II. --- Control subjects --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Methods --- p.56 / Measurement of TEE by Labeled Bicarbonate-Urea Method --- p.56 / Chapter I. --- Study Protocol --- p.56 / Chapter Figure 6: --- Study protocol in Hospital --- p.57 / Chapter II. --- Clinical Protocol --- p.58 / Chapter A. --- Preparing the infusion --- p.58 / Chapter B. --- "Inserting the subcutaneous cannula, and starting the infusion" --- p.58 / Chapter C. --- Urine collection --- p.59 / Chapter D. --- Blood sample --- p.59 / Chapter III. --- Laboratory Procedures --- p.60 / Chapter A. --- Measuring the radioactivity of the infused bicarbonate solution --- p.60 / Chapter B. --- Measuring of specific activity of urea --- p.60 / Chapter (i) --- Titration of hyamine hydroxide solution --- p.60 / Chapter (ii) --- Urine radioactivity quantification --- p.61 / Chapter (1) --- Removal of dissolved CO2 from urine --- p.61 / Chapter (2) --- Determination of specific activity of C02 --- p.62 / Chapter (a) --- Principle --- p.62 / Chapter (b) --- Laboratory procedures for the determination of specific activity of urea --- p.62 / Chapter IV. --- Measurement in Hospital --- p.63 / Chapter A. --- Anthropometry --- p.63 / Chapter B. --- Indirect calorimetry --- p.63 / Chapter (i) --- Principle --- p.63 / Chapter (ii) --- Measurement of REE --- p.64 / Chapter (iii) --- Measurement of DIT --- p.65 / Chapter C. --- Food supply and dietary record during the study --- p.65 / Chapter D. --- Record of physical activity in rehabilitation program --- p.66 / Chapter E. --- Mini Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire --- p.67 / Chapter V. --- Statistical Analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1. --- Results of Part A Study --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Anthropometry --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Nutrient Intake --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- Caloric Balance --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1.4. --- Mini Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2. --- Results of Part B Study --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Anthropometric Data --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- REE --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- DIT --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Nutrient Intake --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2.5. --- TEE --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.6. --- Caloric Balance --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.7. --- Mini Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire --- p.77 / Chapter 4.3. --- Table 1-1 --- p.78 / Chapter 4.4. --- Table 2-1 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5. --- Graph1 --- p.100 / Chapter 5. --- Discussion --- p.103 / Chapter 5.1. --- Anthropometry in COPD patients --- p.103 / Chapter 5.2. --- Caloric and Nutrient intake in COPD patients --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3. --- Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) --- p.107 / Chapter 5.4. --- Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) --- p.108 / Chapter 5.5. --- Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TEE) --- p.108 / Chapter 5.6. --- Caloric Balance --- p.109 / Chapter 5.7. --- Limitation of this Study --- p.112 / Chapter 5.7.1. --- 24-hrs dietary recall --- p.112 / Chapter 5.7.2. --- Bicarbonate-urea method --- p.113 / Chapter 5.7.3. --- Anthropometry of community healthy elderly --- p.113 / Chapter 5.8. --- Recommendations --- p.114 / Chapter 5.8.1. --- Anthropometry monitoring in COPD patients --- p.114 / Chapter 5.8.2. --- Caloric supplements --- p.114 / Chapter 5.8.3. --- Physical activity in COPD patients --- p.115 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.117 / Chapter 7. --- References --- p.118 / Chapter 8. --- Appendix I --- p.125 / Chapter A. --- Calculation of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) --- p.125 / Chapter B. --- Sample of Calculation of Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) in Part B of the Study --- p.129 / Chapter 9. --- Appendix II - Equations --- p.133 / Chapter 10. --- Appendix III - Flow Calibration --- p.136