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by Sophie S.F. Leung. / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves [194]-[203] / Chapter PART I --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND AIMS --- p.2 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF HONG KONG INFANTS - A LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS / Chapter 3.1 --- Methods of Assessment --- p.12 / Chapter 3.2 --- Physical Growth : Auxology --- p.15 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Growth parameters --- p.16 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- In an individual --- p.17 / Chapter "3,2.3" --- In a population --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Reference standards --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Classification of malnutrition --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- Dietary Surveys --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Methods of data collection --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Recommended dietary allowance / recommended nutrient requirement --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Use of RDA in interpretation of food consumption surveys --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Nutritional allowances for infant --- p.33 / Chapter PART II --- STUDY DESIGN AND RESULTS / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 4.1 --- The Research Team --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Study Population --- p.39 / Chapter 4.3 --- Follow up --- p.41 / Chapter 4.4 --- Data on Morbidity and Infant Care Practice --- p.41 / Chapter 4.5 --- "Anthropometry (I) : Weight, Length, Head Circumference, Weight and Length Velcoity" --- p.42 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Data collection --- p.42 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Data analysis --- p.45 / Chapter 4.6 --- Anthropometry (II) : Mid-arm circumference --- p.46 / Chapter 4.7 --- "Anthropometry (III) : Triceps, Subscapular Skinfold Thickness" --- p.47 / Chapter 4.8 --- Dietary Data Collection and Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 4.9 --- Number of Observations --- p.50 / Chapter 4.10 --- Haematological and Biochemical Study --- p.51 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- "RESULTS (I) : DEMOGRAPHY, INFANT CARE PRACTICES AND MORBIDITY" / Chapter 5.1 --- Family Demographic Data --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- "Ethnicity, age, weight and height" --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Occupation and family income --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Education --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Accommodation --- p.59 / Chapter 5.2 --- Study Infants --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- "Sex, birth size and birth order" --- p.60 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Mode of delivery --- p.61 / Chapter 5.3 --- Infant Care Arrangements and practices --- p.61 / Chapter 5.4 --- Morbidity --- p.62 / Chapter 5.5 --- Physical Examination --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- RESULTS (II) : AUXOLOGY / Chapter 6.1 --- Physical Size --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- "Weight, length and head circumference" --- p.73 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness --- p.74 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Midarm circumference --- p.75 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Midarm circumference/occipito frontal circumference --- p.75 / Chapter 6.2 --- Growth Velocity --- p.75 / Chapter 6.3 --- Difference between sex --- p.76 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- RESULTS (III) : NUTRIENT INTAKE / Chapter 7.1 --- Dietary Practice --- p.99 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Early (preweaning period): birth to 6 months --- p.99 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Late (weaning period): 6 to 24 months --- p.100 / Chapter 7.2 --- Specific Nutrient Intakes --- p.102 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Energy --- p.102 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Protein --- p.103 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Fat --- p.103 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- "Iron, calcium, vitamin D and vitamin C" --- p.103 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Sex differences in nutrient intake --- p.104 / Chapter CHAPTER EIGHT --- HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF IRON AND VITAMIN D STATUS AT 18 MONTHS / Chapter 8.1 --- Iron --- p.122 / Chapter 8.2 --- Vitamin D --- p.123 / Chapter PART III --- DISCUSSION / Chapter CHAPTER NINE --- EVIDENCE FOR ADEQUATE NUTRITION IN THE STUDY INFANTS / Chapter 9.1 --- Use of Infant Formula Throughout Infancy --- p.130 / Chapter 9.2 --- High Protein Intake in Weaning Period --- p.131 / Chapter 9.3 --- No Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Rickets --- p.132 / Chapter 9.4 --- Normal Health and Activity --- p.132 / Chapter 9.5 --- Secular Change in Infant Growth Observed Over the Last Twenty Years --- p.133 / Chapter 9.6 --- No Correlation between Energy/Protein Intake and Weight/Length --- p.134 / Chapter 9.7 --- No Social Deprivation --- p.134 / Chapter CHAPTER TEN --- LIMITATIONS OF RDA AS A STANDARD TO INTERPRET DIETARY INTAKE DATA / Chapter 10.1 --- Iron --- p.142 / Chapter 10.2 --- Vitamin D --- p.143 / Chapter 10.3 --- Energy --- p.143 / Chapter CHAPTER ELEVEN --- RELEVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL REFERENCES AS STANDARDS TO INTERPRET ADEQUATE GROWTH IN CHINESE INFANTS / Chapter 11.1 --- Misinterpretation of Undernutrition in the Study Infants --- p.150 / Chapter 11.1.1 --- NCHS reference --- p.150 / Chapter 11.1.2 --- Midarm circumference --- p.151 / Chapter 11.1.3 --- Skinfold thickness --- p.152 / Chapter 11.2 --- Shape of Growth Curve --- p.153 / Chapter CHAPTER TWELVE --- FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR A GENETIC ROLE IN CAUSING SMALLNESS IN THE STUDY INFANTS / Chapter 12.1 --- Weight at Birth --- p.165 / Chapter 12.2 --- Weight at 2 Years --- p.166 / Chapter 12.3 --- Correlation with Parental Size --- p.166 / Chapter 12.4 --- Comparison with Canadian and Australian infants --- p.168 / Chapter 12.5 --- Comparison with NCHS --- p.169 / Chapter CHAPTER THIRTEEN --- PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY / Chapter 13.1 --- Present Infant Feeding Practices --- p.185 / Chapter 13.2 --- Contribution to Current Knowledge on Infant Feeding --- p.187 / Chapter 13.3 --- "Updated Growth Standards of Hong Kong Chinese Infants, Birth to 2 Years" --- p.189 / Chapter 13.4 --- Implication for Further Research --- p.192

by Maria Wan-Yin Lau Wong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 121-133. / SUMMARY --- p.1 / INTRODUCTION --- p.3 / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- IRON METABOLISM --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1 --- EXCRETION --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- ABSORPTION --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- IRON TRANSPORT AND STORAGE --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- TRANSFERRIN --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- STORAGE --- p.14 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH IRON DEFICIENCY OR OVERLOAD --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIAS --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- IMPAIRED ABSORPTION --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- INCREASED IRON REQUIREMENTS --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- INCREASED IRON LOSS --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- IRON OVERLOAD --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- INCREASED IRON ABSORPTION --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- PARENTERAL IRON OVERLOAD --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- FOCAL IRON DEPOSITION --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- NEONATAL HEMOCHROMATOSIS --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- IRON STATUS IN HONG KONG POPULATION --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- PREVALENCE OF IRON OVERLOAD IN VARIOUS REGIONS --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3 --- IRON STORAGE DISEASE --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- ASSESSMENT OF IRON OVERLOAD --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- SERUM PARAMETER --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- SERUM IRON --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- TRANSFERRIN SATURATION --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- SERUM FERRITIN --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- NON-SERUM PARAMETER --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- HLA TYPING --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- HEPATIC IRON CONCENTRATION --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- HISTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.3(i) --- HEPATIC MORPHOLOGY --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- NON-INVASIVE PROCEDURE --- p.38 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.39 / Chapter METHOD 1: --- HAEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN STAIN --- p.43 / Chapter METHOD 2: --- PERLS' PRUSSIAN BLUE --- p.44 / Chapter METHOD 3: --- ROWE'S HISTOLOGICAL GRADING SYSTEM OF IRON DEPOSITION --- p.45 / Chapter METHOD 4: --- SEARLE'S IRON GRADING SYSTEM --- p.47 / Chapter METHOD 5: --- PARAFFIN REMOVAL --- p.48 / Chapter METHOD 6: --- CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF IRON CONCENTRATION BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY --- p.49 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS --- p.50 / Chapter 5.1 --- CHEMICAL DETERMINATION --- p.50 / Chapter 5.2 --- CONTROL GROUP --- p.53 / Chapter 5.3 --- HISTOLOGICAL STUDY --- p.54 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- NEONATES AND INFANTS --- p.55 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENCE --- p.56 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- ADULT IRON STORAGE --- p.56 / Chapter 5.4 --- SEX DISTRIBUTION --- p.57 / Chapter 5.5 --- AGE DISTRIBUTION --- p.58 / Chapter 5.6 --- ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SIDEROSIS IN HEPATOCYTES AND KUPFFER CELLS --- p.58 / Chapter 5.7 --- ASSOCIATION OF HEPATOCYTIC IRON WITH FIBROSIS --- p.59 / Chapter 5.8 --- SYSTEMIC TISSUES --- p.59 / Chapter 5. 11 --- HEPATOCYTIC IRON DETERMINED BY SEARLE'S METHOD --- p.61 / TABLES AND FIGURES --- p.63 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- DISCUSSION --- p.102 / Chapter 6.1 --- CORRELATION BETWEEN HISTOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF IRON IN THE LIVER --- p.102 / Chapter 6.2 --- IRON CONTENT OF NEONATES --- p.105 / Chapter 6.3 --- IRON CONTENT OF THE ADOLESCENCE AND CHILDREN GROUP --- p.106 / Chapter 6.4 --- IRON CONTENT OF THE ADULT GROUP --- p.106 / Chapter 6.5 --- RELATIONSHIP OF SIGNIFICANT IRON DEPOSITION WITH SEX --- p.108 / Chapter 6.6 --- ASSOCIATION OF SIFNIFICANT IRON DEPOSITION WITH AGE --- p.108 / Chapter 6.7 --- MODE OF IRON DISTRIBUTION IN THE LIVER --- p.109 / Chapter 6.8 --- ASSOCIATION WITH FIBROSIS --- p.111 / Chapter 6.9 --- RELATIONSHIP WITH SYSTEMIC TISSUES --- p.112 / Chapter 6.10 --- THE CONTROL GROUP --- p.114 / Chapter 6.11 --- SEARLE'S IRON GRADING --- p.115 / Chapter 6.12 --- SIDEROSIS IN THE HONG KONG POPULATION --- p.116 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION --- p.119 / REFERENCES --- p.121

A condição bucal e a falta de condições mastigatórias adequadas têm sido implicadas como indicadores de risco para má alimentação e desnutrição. Indivíduos com um número menor de dentes ou edêntulos são considerados menos propensos a comer alimentos ricos em nutrientes, como vegetais, frutas, carne e grãos integrais. Há evidências que a condição bucal alterada causa restrições dietéticas através da dificuldade em mastigar, comprometendo o estado nutricional e bem-estar dos indivíduos. Esta dissertação é composta por dois estudos, uma revisão sistemática da literatura com meta- análise e um estudo transversal. A revisão sistemática da literatura com meta-analise avaliou e comparou o estado de saúde bucal (perda de dentes, uso de prótese e DMFT) em idosos bem-nutridos, em risco de desnutrição e indivíduos desnutridos. Dois pesquisadores analisaram a inclusão dos títulos, resumos, leitura completa (MPT e FWMGM), outros dois fizeram a extração de dados dos artigos (PSA e MPT) e se um consenso não fosse possível, um terceiro pesquisador estaria incluído neste processo. De 110 artigos lidos na íntegra, 26 foram incluídos na revisão sistemática, dos quais 23 eram transversais. Foi demonstrado que os sujeitos com estado nutricional normal tinham um número significativamente maior de pares de dentes / Unidades Funcionais de Dentes (FTU) em comparação com aqueles que estavam desnutridos ou em risco de desnutrição. As meta-análises não mostraram associação estatisticamente significante entre edentulismo e uso de prótese, pois o risco relativo combinado foi de 1,072 (IC 95% 0,957 - 1,200, p = 0,230) e 0,874 (IC 95%: 0,710 - 1,075, p = 0,202). Por outro lado, o desvio padrão médio do número médio de dentes presentes foi de -0,141 (IC 95% -0,278 - 0,005, p = 0,042) em indivíduos com desnutrição / risco de desnutrição. O estudo transversal avaliou a condição bucal e o estado nutricional de pacientes que se encontravam internados nas enfermarias do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), no período de dezembro de 2015 e junho de 2016. O presente estudo incluiu 394 participantes com idade média de 63.43±10.76 entre os indivíduos diabéticos (87 mulheres e 110 homens) e 59,85±15,18 entre os não diabéticos (93 mulheres e 104 homens). Os indivíduos diabéticos (18,33±12,79) permaneceram em média mais tempo internados do que os indivíduos não diabéticos (16,53±14,54). As variáveis sexo, número de dentes, tempo de internação e capacidade funcional mastigatória estavam associadas à desnutrição na análise uni-variada. Na análise multivariada, sexo, número de dentes e tempo de internação mantiveram-se associados à desnutrição. Apresente dissertação conclui que existe associação entre a condição bucal e a desnutrição. Indivíduos com perdas dentárias apresentam maior risco desnutrição, o que foi demostrado tanto na meta análise quanto no estudo transversal. / The oral condition and the lack of adequate masticatory conditions have been implicated as risk indicators for malnutrition and malnutrition. Individuals with fewer teeth or edentulous are considered less likely to eat foods rich in nutrients such as vegetables, fruits, meat and whole grains. There is evidence that altered oral status causes dietary restrictions through difficulty in chewing, compromising the nutritional status and well-being of individuals. This dissertation is composed of two studies, a cross-sectional study and a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. The cross-sectional study evaluated the oral condition and nutritional status of patients hospitalized in the Hospital das Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), from December 2015 to June 2016. The present study included 394 middle-aged participants Of 63.43 ± 10.76 among diabetic subjects (87 women and 110 men) and 59.85 ± 15.18 among non-diabetics (93 women and 104 men). Diabetic individuals (18.33 ± 12.79) remained on average longer hospitalized than non-diabetic individuals (16.53 ± 14.54). The variables gender, number of teeth, length of hospital stay and functional masticatory capacity were associated with malnutrition in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, sex, number of teeth and length of stay remained associated with malnutrition. The systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis evaluated and compared the state of oral health (tooth loss, prosthesis use and FWD) in well-nourished elderly, at risk of malnutrition, and malnourished individuals. Two researchers analyzed the inclusion of titles, abstracts, full reading (MPT and FWMGM), two others extracted data from articles (PSA and MPT) and if a consensus was not possible, a third researcher would be included in this process. Of 110 articles read in full, 26 were eligible for inclusion. Twenty-six studies were included in the systematic review, of which 23 were cross-sectional. It was shown that subjects with normal nutritional status had significantly more pairs of teeth / functional tooth units (FTU) compared to those who were malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. The meta-analyzes did not show a statistically significant association between edentulism and prosthesis use, since the combined relative risk was 1.072 (95% CI 0.957-1.1200, p = 0.230) and 0.874 (95% CI: 0.710-0.075, p = 0.202 ). On the other hand, the mean standard deviation of the mean number of teeth present was -0.141 (95% CI -0.278-0.005, p = 0.042) in subjects with malnutrition / risk of malnutrition. The present dissertation concludes that there is an association between the oral condition and malnutrition. Individuals with dental losses present a greater risk of malnutrition, which was demonstrated both in the meta-analysis and in the cross-sectional study.

Abstract not available

Despite surf lifesavers being national icons of good health and good nutrition, surprisingly little factual information is known about the nutritional status of this unique aquatic fellowship. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional intake and nutritional knowledge of three distinct groups of Australian surf lifesavers. Weighed food diaries are commonly used to assess the nutritional intake of athletes but this method has the disadvantage of a heavy respondent burden. Individuals being investigated must be literate and highly motivated to keep accurate records of food and drinks consumed. Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) offer an alternative assessment method to weighed food records as they are relatively quick and easy to complete and do not require a high level of literacy. A secondary purpose of this study was to compare seven-day weighed food diaries with a FFQ that had already been validated for use with an older mixed gender population. The nutrient intakes of 60 members of Surf Lifesaving Australia were measured. Nineteen, who were professional lifeguards completed a FFQ. Thirty lifesavers and 11 surf ironmen each completed the FFQ, a seven-day weighed food diary and a nutritional knowledge questionnaire consisting of 15 multiple choice questions. There were significant differences between the three groups in age and activity with ironmen being significantly younger (mean age 22.9yrs) and significantly more physically active (mean 134mins/day) than either lifesavers (mean age, 31.3yrs, mean activity 46min/day) or lifeguards (mean age 35.8yrs, mean activity 65min/day). There were no significant differences in these parameters between lifesavers and lifeguards. The seven-day food diary revealed significant differences in nutrient intake between lifesavers and ironmen. Lifesavers consumed 1 1,807kJ, 125g protein (1.6g/kg) and 327g carbohydrate (4.Og/kg) while ironmen consumed 14,69/kJ, 1519 protein (1.9g/kg) and 4629 carbohydrate (5.6g/kg). Lifesavers and ironmen exceeded the RDIs for all vitamins and minerals measured. The seven day food diary demonstrated significant differences between the lifesavers and ironmen in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, alcohol, thiamin, niacin, calcium and iron. When the nutrient analysis data set for the FFQ was checked this method of dietary assessment was found to be unreliable as greater than 20 per cent of subjects were identified as being under-reporters. Lifesavers and ironmen both had good scores on the nutritional knowledge questionnaire and were able to identify groups of foods as being rich sources of fat, fibre, protein and iron. Ironmen were better able to answer questions specifically related to sport nutrition. All three groups meet the current recommendations for daily physical activity. Lifesavers and ironmen meet the current recommendations for, protein, fibre, vitamin and mineral intake and consume alcohol at levels within the current health guidelines. Ironmen have the highest carbohydrate intake which meets the current general health recommendations but consume less than the current special recommendations of sport nutritionists while lifesavers consume only 44% of energy as carbohydrate. These results suggest that while the both lifesavers and ironmen consume a relatively healthy diet only the surf ironmen could possibly be considered nutritional icons.

Although there is abundant scientific information regarding vitamin E and selenium deficiency disease in domestic poultry, there is only scant information on exotic species, such as ratites. Several necropsy cases involving ostriches, emus and rheas were presented to the Oregon State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory with gross and/or histologic lesions of degenerative myopathy. Investigation of these cases led to determination of tissue levels of vitamin E and selenium and to determination of the dietary levels of these same substances. A small group of emus with a post-mortem diagnosis of degenerative myopathy was supplemented with dietary vitamin E with excellent clinical results. This success prompted a survey of vitamin E and selenium levels in blood and feed from clinically normal ratites. This information was then used to make recommendations for dietary levels of vitamin E and selenium in ratite formulated diets. Since overzealous supplementation can result in selenium toxicosis in birds, a safe, but effective level of dietary selenium and vitamin E is necessary for optimal propagation of the various ratites species. / Graduation date: 1998

The present study was performed to determine whether ongoing oxidative stress in some BPD infants contributes to their increased energy expenditure leading to growth failure. The study consisted of two parts. The first is a descriptive census of BPD infants (n = 38) followed at the outpatient clinics at The Montreal Children's Hospital (MCH). The second is a cross-sectional study of fifteen patients wherein anthropometric parameters, energy intake, and oxidative stress measures (red cell glutathione (GSH) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA)) were assessed. Nine infants with growth failure were compared to six thriving infants with respect to their nutritional and oxidative stress status. Growth failure was defined as weight for age and weight for height for age less than the tenth percentile (z score $ leq - 1).$ Results revealed that the prevalence of growth failure in the BPD infants followed at MCH ranged between 45% and 55%. The mean ($ pm$ SD) energy intakes for thriving and failing to thrive infants expressed as a percent of the recommended nutrient intake were 104 $ pm$ 46% and 133 $ pm$ 35% respectively. Six infants had reduced mean ($ pm$ SD) blood glutathione per hemoglobin (3.63 $ pm$ 0.37 umol/g) compared to adult controls (6.57 $ pm$ 1.04 umol/g). Four of the six infants had growth failure while two were thriving. Fourteen Infants including all failing to thrive infants had elevated mean ($ pm$ SD) plasma MDA levels compared to adult controls (129 $ pm$ 48 vs 55 $ pm$ 3 nmol/l). Differences in oxidative stress markers were not observed between the two groups. These results suggest that growth failure is associated with an increase in caloric consumption and not with a decrease in caloric intake. The preliminary findings on oxidative stress markers suggest a depletion of the GSH antioxidant in some infants and marked lipid peroxidation in the BPD population.

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))--Mahidol University, 2008. / LICL has E-Thesis 0039 ; please contact computer services.