The high prevalence of hospital protein-energy malnutrition is associated with several factors, including implemented dietary conducts. Most hospitalized patients receive oral diets as their only source of nutrition. Study objectives were to evaluate the consumption of oral diets, the presence of reasons for not ingesting or incomplete food intake, and the evolution of the nutritional status of adult patients admitted to the Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HC-UFU). It was also objective of the study, analyze the general oral diet (GOD) served to inpatients in HC-UFU. The study was prospective, observational and descriptive for the inpatients, and prospective, descriptive, with semi-quantitative/qualitative approach for the food of the hospital GOD. Patients were included in the first 48 hours of hospitalization and maintained in follow-up throughout the period of hospital stay in the internal medicine ward. The supply, intake, minimum and adjusted energy needs (MEN; AEN) and minimum and adjusted protein needs (MPN; APN), and the reasons for not ingesting or incomplete food intake were assessed daily using the 24h Food Record form. The nutritional status of patients was assessed by anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index) and Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). GOD was evaluated during 28 consecutive days, it was performed the weighing of each food served in the styrofoam lunch boxes of the lunch (n=3/day) and dinner (n=3/day) of the four implemented menus. The food options served in snacks (breakfast, afternoon snack and dinner) were not heavy because the portions are standard and known. Tables of nutritional composition were used to calculate the total energy value (TEV) and the energy distribution of macronutrients (percentage) of the food meals served daily, as well as to quantify the portions of foods from different food groups. Twenty-three patients who did not have a classification of malnutrition in the first 48 hours of hospitalization (SGA A) were included in the study, it corresponded to 204 days of follow-up. The supplied oral diets were sufficient to meet the AEN in 148 days (72.5%) and the APN in 80 days (39.2%). Dietary intake was insufficient to meet the AEN in 100 days (49%) and the APN in 156 days (76%). The mean intake of energy and/or protein was lower than the MEN and MPN for 7 patients (30.4%) and smaller than the AEN and APN for 21 patients (91.3%). A large number of reasons for not ingesting or incomplete food intake (n=1193) were reported, of which 1119 (93.8%) was present in food records of days in which food intake was below that adjusted need. The most common reasons were \"fasting\" (27.1%), \"lack of appetite\" (18.1%), \"satiety\" (13.4%) and \"sensory characteristics of food\" (9.1%). At the end of the follow-up period, one patient changed the classification of nutritional status of AGS A to AGS B, and 16 patients (69.6%) showed loss of body weight (-1.4±1.2kg). Negative associations were observed for \"difference between total energy intake and AEN\" and the number of \"reasons for not ingesting or incomplete food intake\" ( &#61554; =-0.7268; p-value<0.0000), and \"difference between the total amount of protein intake and APN\" and the number of \"reasons for not ingesting or incomplete food intake\" ( &#61554; =-0.8381; pvalue< 0.0000). And positive associations for \"difference between total energy intake and AEN\" and \"weight difference\" ( &#61554; =0.5034; p-value=0.0143), and \"difference between the total amount of protein intake and NPA\" and the number of \"weight difference\" ( &#61554; =0.6441; p-value=0.0009). In assessing the GOD, which presented TEV of the average offer of 2396.53±152.55 kcal/day, the mean energy distribution was adequate for protein (13.47%), carbohydrates (65.08%) and lipids (22%). Variable energy supply (percentage of TEV) was identified at breakfast (15.57%-20.61%), lunch (26.19%-36.59%), dinner (22.21%-31.06%), afternoon snack and supper (8.41%-15.50%). The period of overnight fasting was up to 13h. Regarding food groups, the supply was excessive for beans, meat/eggs, oils/fats/oilseed and sugar/sweets, and deficient for fruit/juices, legumes/vegetables, milk/derivatives. The supply of oral diets and the food intake of energy and protein were insufficient to meet the needs adjusted of considerable proportion of patients. The reasons that interfere the adequate food intake should be investigated and implemented measures to reduce them. It is essential to characterize the quantitative/qualitative aspects of GOD served to inpatients. Reducing the period of overnight fasting, as well as adjustments in the supply of food groups and in the food fractionation can contribute to better meet the nutritional needs and preventing the onset/worsening of nutritional deficiencies. / A alta prevalência da desnutrição proteico-energética hospitalar está associada a diversos fatores, incluindo condutas dietéticas implementadas. A maioria dos pacientes hospitalizados recebe dietas orais como única fonte de nutrição. Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar o consumo de dietas orais, a presença de motivos para não ingestão ou ingestão incompleta de alimentos, e a evolução do estado nutricional de pacientes adultos internados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (HC-UFU). Também foi objetivo do estudo, analisar a dieta geral oral (DGO) servida aos pacientes internados no HC-UFU. O estudo foi desenvolvido de forma prospectiva, observacional e descritiva em relação aos pacientes internados, e de forma prospectiva, descritiva, com abordagem semiquantitativa/ qualitativa para alimentos da DGO hospitalar. Os pacientes foram incluídos no estudo nas primeiras 48h de internação e mantidos em seguimento durante todo período de internação na enfermaria de Clínica Médica. A oferta, ingestão, necessidades mínimas e ajustadas de energia (NEM; NEA) e proteínas (NPM; NPA), e os motivos para não ingestão ou ingestão incompleta de alimentos, foram avaliados diariamente, utilizando formulário de Registro Alimentar de 24h. O estado nutricional dos pacientes foi avaliado por medidas antropométricas (peso, altura, índice de massa corporal) e Avaliação Global Subjetiva (AGS). A DGO foi avaliada durante 28 dias consecutivos, em que foi realizada pesagem de cada alimento servido nas marmitas do almoço (n=3/dia) e jantar (n=3/dia) dos quatro cardápios implementados. As opções alimentares servidas nos lanches (desjejum, lanche da tarde e ceia) não foram pesadas porque as porções são padronizadas e conhecidas. Tabelas de composição foram utilizadas para o cálculo do valor energético total (VET) e da distribuição energética percentual dos macronutrientes dos alimentos das refeições servidas diariamente, assim como, para quantificar as porções de alimentos dos diferentes grupos alimentares. Foram incluídos 23 pacientes que não apresentaram a classificação de desnutrição nas primeiras 48h de internação (AGS A), correspondendo a 204 dias de seguimento. As dietas orais ofertadas foram suficientes para suprir a NEA em 148 dias (72,5%) e a NPA em 80 dias (39,2%). A ingestão alimentar foi insuficiente para suprir a NEA em 100 dias (49%) e a NPA em 156 dias (76%). A ingestão média de energia e/ou proteína foi menor do que as NEM e NPM para 7 pacientes (30,4%) e menores do que as NEA e NPA para 21 pacientes (91,3%). Foram relatados 1193 motivos para não ingestão ou ingestão incompleta de alimentos, sendo 1119 (93,8%) presentes em registros alimentares de dias em que a ingestão alimentar foi inferior à necessidade ajustada. Os motivos mais frequentes foram jejum (27,1%), inapetência (18,1%), saciedade (13,4%) e características sensoriais dos alimentos (9,1%). Ao final do período de seguimento, um paciente mudou a classificação do estado nutricional de AGS A para AGS B, e 16 pacientes (69,6%) apresentaram perda de peso corporal (- 1,4±1,2kg). Foram observadas associações negativas para diferença entre quantidade total de energia ingerida e a NEA e o número de motivos para não ingestão ou ingestão incompleta de alimentos ( &#61554; =-0,7268; p-valor<0,0000), e para diferença entre quantidade total de proteína ingerida e a NPA e o número de motivos para não ingestão ou ingestão incompleta de alimentos ( &#61554; =-0,8381; pvalor< 0,0000). E associações positivas para diferença entre quantidade total de energia ingerida e a NEA e diferença de peso ( &#61554; =0,5034; p-valor=0,0143), e para diferença entre quantidade total de proteína ingerida e a NPA e o número de diferença de peso ( &#61554; =-0,6441; p-valor=0,0009). Na avaliação da DGO, que apresentou VET da oferta média de 2396,53±152,55 kcal/dia, a distribuição energética média foi adequada para proteínas (13,47%), carboidratos (65,08%) e lipídios (22%). Oferta energética variável (porcentagem do VET) foi identificada no desjejum (15,57%-20,61%), almoço (26,19%-36,59%), jantar (22,21%-31,06%), lanche da tarde e ceia (8,41%-15,50%). O período de jejum noturno foi de até 13h. Em relação aos grupos alimentares, a oferta foi excessiva para feijões, carnes/ovos, óleos/gorduras/oleaginosas e açúcares/doces e deficiente para frutas/sucos, legumes/verduras, leite/derivados. A oferta de dietas orais e ingestão alimentar de energia e proteínas foram insuficientes para atender as necessidades ajustadas de proporção considerável de pacientes. Os motivos que interferem a ingestão alimentar adequada devem ser investigados e implementadas medidas para reduzílos. É essencial realizar a caracterização quantitativa/qualitativa da DGO servida a pacientes hospitalizados. Redução do período de jejum noturno, assim como, adequações na oferta de grupos alimentares e no fracionamento alimentar podem contribuir para melhor atendimento das necessidades nutricionais e prevenção da instalação/agravamento de deficiências nutricionais. / Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

INTRODUÇÃO: Metionina (Met), cisteína (Cys), homocisteína (Hcy) e taurina (Tau) são os quatro aminoácidos sulfurados (AAS), mas apenas a Met e Cys são incorporadas em proteínas. Os três principais produtos doS AAS, glutationa, (GSH), Hcy e Tau influenciam, principalmente, as respostas inflamatória e imune. A Tau e GSH diminuem a inflamação, enquanto que a Hcy apresenta efeito oposto. Os pacientes HIV+ apresentam baixos níveis de GSH e outros nutrientes antioxidantes, mostrando relação direta entre Cys (e GSH) com células CD4+. Não se conhece o mecanismo pelo qual as mudanças na ingestão dos AAS influenciam este fenômeno. Paralelamente, as relações entre Hcy, doenças inflamatórias e alterações in vitro no comportamento das células imunes levantou ressalvas sobre a suplementação de dietas com AAS. OBJETIVOS : investigar as vias dos AAS em pacientes HIV+ nas condições de jejum e pós-sobrecarga de Met frente à dieta habitual (OH) isolada ou acompanhada da suplementação de Cys (NAC) ou glutamina (Gln). MÉTODOS : 12 pacientes HIV+ (6 M e 6 F, de 25 a 36 anos), sob tratamento anti-retroviral pelo esquema tríplice, sem infecções secundárias e 20 controles saudáveis (10M e 10F, 23-28 anos) foram randomicamente distribuídos para suplementação com NAC (N-acetilcisteína, 1g/d) ou Gln (20 g/d) em estudo cruzado com 7 dias de dieta separados por uma semana de washout (Wo com DH). Amostras de sangue após jejum noturno de 10 a 12 horas foram coletadas antes (MO) e após (M1) cada regime dietético. A seguir, os indivíduos ingeriram metionina (100 mg/kg), com coletas de sangue após 2 e 4 horas para a determinação da área abaixo da curva (AAC). No MO, ambos os grupos foram avaliados quanto à antropometria (IMC, kg/m2), funções glomerular (uréia, creatinina) e hepatocelular (&#947;-GT), estados nutricional (albumina, cálcio, ácido fólico e vitamina 812) e antioxidante (ácido úrico, GSH, GSSG, Hcy), glicose, lipídios (triacilgliceróis e frações de colesterol) e AAS, serina (Ser), glicina (Gly), glutamato (Glu) e Gln. O grupo HIV também foi caracterizado pela carga viral e contagem de CD4+ e CD8+. As comparações estatísticas entre os grupos e entre as dietas mostraram homogeneidade para IMC, albumina, cálcio, vitamina 812, Hcy, HDL-colesterol, uréia e creatinina. Os pacientes apresentaram valores maiores de glicose, triacilgliceróis, &#947;-GT, LDL-colesterol e GSSG paralelalemente às menores concentrações de ácido úrico, GSH e todos os AAS, exceto Hcy. A sobrecarga de metionina igualou (pelos valores de delta) os grupos para Met, Hcy, Tau e Gln. As suplementações de NAC e Gln levaram o grupo HIV+ a concentrações maiores de GSH (NAC > Gln), atuando diferentemente em seus precursores: G/y (Gln > NAC) e Cys (NAC > Gln) e resultando em consumo similar de Ser e produção de Tau. Ambas as dietas reduziram GSSG/GSH (NAC > Gln) e apenas NAC aumentou (6 x) a Hcy. Esta última foi piorada pela sobrecarga de Mel. Assim, HIV+ resulta em deficiências múltiplas de vitaminas e aminoácidos levando a menores níveis de GSH e GSSG/GSH mais elevada. Os principais problemas de menor formação de Cys e menor incorporação de Cys em GSH foram resolvidos dando-se Met, NAC e Gln aos pacientes, ainda permanecendo a desvantagem do aumento da Hcy com Met ou suplementação de NAC. / BACKGROUNO: Methionine (Met), cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and, taurine (Tau) are the 4 sulfur-containing amino acids (SAA), but only Met and Cys are incorporated into proteins. The 3 major products of SAA, glutathione (GSH), Hcy and Tau influence, mainly, inflammatory and of immune responses. Tau and GSH ameliorate inflammation whereas Hcy has the opposite effect. HIV+ patients present low levelis of GSH and other antioxidants nutrients, showing a direct relationship between Cys (and GSH) with CD4+/ cells. How changes in SAA intake influence this phenomenon is unknown and the relationships among Hcy, inflammatory diseases, and in vitro alterations in immune cell behavior create a cautionary note about supplementation of diets with SAA. OBJECTIVE: To investigate SAA pathways in HIV+ patients on fast and Met-overload (Met-DL) states after taken diet habitual without (HD) or with supplements of Cys (NAC) or glutamine (Gln). METHOOS: 12 HIV+ (6M and 6F, 25-36 yrs old) patients under HAART without secondary infections and 20 healthy (10M and 10F, 23-28 yrs old) controls were randomly assigned to either NAC (N-acetylcysteine, 1g/d) or Gln (20g/d) diets, in a 7-day diet crossover design, separated by a 7-day washout (with HD) period. Blood samples were drawn after overnight fast before (MO) and after each dietary treatments (M1) for the resting measurements. Immediately after blood sampling ali subjects started the Met-DL by ingesting at once 100 mg Met/kg BW and having the blood draw after 2 and 4 hours for the area under the curve (AUC) determination. At MO both groups were assessed for anthropometry (BMI, kg/m2), glomerular (plasma urea and creatinina) and hepatocellular (plasma &#947;GT activity) funetions, nutritional (albumin, calcium, folic acid and vitamin B12) and antioxidant (uric acid, GSH, GSSG, Hey) states, glucose, lipids (triglycerides and cholesterol fractions) and SAA, serine (Ser), glyeine (Gly), glutamate (Glu) and Gln. The HIV+ group was characterized also by viral load, CD4+ and CD8+ counts. The statistical comparisons between groups and among diets showed group homogeneity for 8MI, albumin, calcium, vitamin B12, Hey, HDL-cholesterol, urea and creatinine. The patients presented higher values of glucose, triglycerides, &#947;-GT, LDL-cholesterol, and GSSG along with lower concentrations of uric acid, GSH and all but Hcy amino acids. The Met-OL equalized (&#916; values) the groups for Met, Hcy, Tau and Gln. NAC and Gln diets led the HIV+ group to a higher concentrations of GSH (NAC > Gln) by acting differently on its precursors: Gly (Gln > NAC) and Cys (NAC > Gln), resulting similar consumption of Ser and production of Tau. Both diets reduced GSSG/GSH (NAC > Gln) and only NAC increased (6 x) Hey. The later was worsened by Met-OL. Thus HIV+ results in multiple deficiencies of vitamins and amino acids leading to lower levels of GSH and higher GSSG/GSH ration. The main problems of lower formation of Cys and low ineorporation of Cys and Gly into GSH were greatly solved by giving Met, NAC and Gln to the patients, hence remaining the drawback of increasing Hcy with Met or NAC supplements.

Problématique : Les enfants ayant survécu à un cancer présentent un risque accru de développer des complications cardiométaboliques à long terme par rapport à leurs pairs. Cette étude vise à évaluer la faisabilité et l’impact du volet nutritionnel de l’intervention multidisciplinaire VIE (Valorisation, Implication, Éducation) pendant le traitement du cancer pédiatrique sur les apports alimentaires et la santé cardiométabolique des enfants après la fin de leur traitement. L’aspect multidisciplinaire de cette intervention impliquait également l’activité physique et la psychologie. Méthodologie : La faisabilité de l’étude, évaluée un an après le début de l’intervention, a inclus le taux de rétention, de participation, d’assiduité, d’achèvement des mesures de l’étude et d’engagement des participants. Suite à l’intervention, les participants qui ont été exposés à VIE ont fait l’objet d’une évaluation de fin d’étude, tandis que les participants d’un groupe contrôle ont fait l’objet d’une évaluation unique. Les données ont été recueillies 1,3 ± 0,8 an après la fin du traitement dans le groupe d’intervention et 1,4 ± 0,8 an dans le groupe de contrôle. Des mesures nutritionnelles (journal alimentaire de 3 jours et rappel de 24 heures), anthropométriques (poids, taille, tour de taille, tour brachial, pli cutané), biochimiques (profil lipidique, HbA1c, vitamine D) et de pression artérielle ont été recueillies. Résultats : Après un an d’intervention, le taux de rétention était de 72,6 %, 258 rencontres ont été menées sur 362 planifiées (taux de présence 71,6 %) et la moitié des participants (50,8 %) avaient participé à au moins 4 rencontres de suivi. À l’évaluation de fin d’étude, 45 participants de l’étude VIE (10,2 ± 4,5 ans) ont été comparés à 77 contrôles (12,0 ± 5,6 ans). Par rapport aux contrôles, les participants à l’étude VIE consommaient moins de calories (1997 ± 669 vs. 1759 ± 513, p=0,042) et avaient des apports en calcium ajustés à l’énergie plus élevés (548 ± 240 mg/1000 kcal vs. 432 ± 197 mg/1000 kcal, p=0,005). Les participants à l’étude VIE avaient également tendance à consommer davantage de fibres totales (9,2 ± 3,4 g/1000 kcal contre 8,4 ± 2,8 g/1000 kcal, p=0,188) et de vitamine D (2,6 ± 2,0 g/1000 kcal contre 2,2 ± 2,0 g/1000 kcal, p=0,311) que les contrôles. Aucune différence entre les groupes n’a été constatée en ce qui concerne les résultats anthropométriques ou cardiométaboliques. Conclusion : Cette étude montre que le volet nutritionnel d’une intervention multidisciplinaire, mise en œuvre rapidement après le diagnostic de cancer, est faisable et peut avoir un impact positif sur le régime alimentaire des enfants et des adolescents. Une implantation multicentrique avec le projet VIE-Québec permettra d’augmenter l’étendue des retombées positives. / Background : Children who have survived cancer have an increased risk of developing long-term cardiometabolic complications compared to their peers. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility and impact of the nutritional component of the multidisciplinary VIE (Valorisation, Implication, Éducation) intervention during pediatric cancer treatment on children's dietary intake and cardiometabolic health after the end of their treatment. The multidisciplinary aspect of this intervention involved also physical activity and psychology. Methods: Study feasibility, assessed one year after the start of the intervention, included retention, participation, attendance, completion of study measures and participant engagement. Following the intervention, participants who had been exposed to VIE underwent an end-of-study assessment, while participants in a control group underwent a one-off assessment. Data were collected 1.3 ± 0.8 years after the end of treatment in the intervention group and 1.4 ± 0.8 years in the control group. Nutritional (3-day food diary and 24-hour recall), anthropometric (weight, height, waist circumference, brachial circumference, skin fold), biochemical (lipid profile, HbA1c, vitamin D) and blood pressure measurements were collected. Results: After one year of intervention, the retention rate was 72.6%, 258 appointments were conducted out of 362 planned (71.6% attendance rate) and half of the participants (50.8%) had attended at least 4 follow-up appointment. At the end-of-study assessment, 45 VIE participants (10.2 ± 4.5 years) were compared with 77 controls (12.0 ± 5.6 years). Compared to controls, VIE participants consumed fewer calories (1997 ± 669 vs. 1759 ± 513, p=0.042) and had higher energy-adjusted calcium intakes (548 ± 240 mg/1000 kcal vs. 432 ± 197 mg/1000 kcal, p=0.005). VIE participants also tended to consume more total fiber (9,2 ± 3,4 g/1000 kcal vs. 8,4 ± 2,8 g/1000 kcal, p=0.188) and vitamin D (2,6 ± 2,0 g/1000 kcal vs. 2,2 ± 2,0 g/1000 kcal, p=0.311) than controls. There were no differences between the groups in terms of anthropometric or cardiometabolic outcomes. Conclusions : This study shows that the nutritional component of a multidisciplinary intervention, implemented rapidly after cancer diagnosis, is feasible and can have a positive impact on the diet of children and adolescents. A multicenter implementation via the VIE-Québec project will increase the extent of the positive impact.