Three experiments were carried out to assess the energy and protein requirments of single and twin-bearing beef cows during the last three months of pregnancy and also to observe the effects of pregnancy nutrition on the subsequent lactational performance of cows and calves. A wide range of energy level was applied to single and twin-bearing cows. As assessed from body weight change, calf birthweight, milk yield, calf growth rate and blood parameters, it was found that there was no benefit in giving high levels of dietary energy to cows during pregnancy. It was concluded that feeding 50 and 70 MJ ME/day to single and twin-bearing cows respectively together with a high proportion of UDP may be acceptable levels during the latter part of gestation, provided that the cows are in good body condition at the start of the last trimester of pregnancy and they are given adequate nutrition during early lactation. Another three experiments were conducted with pregnant ewes, wethers, pregnant heifers and steers to measure the digestibility and to determine the metabolisable energy value of two mixed diets which differed in rumen degradability of protein. Such diets were used in experiments with pregnant cows. A comparison was made between the digestive capacity in different species and sex of animals. Digestibility co-efficients of two diets, two sexes and two species did not differ significantly. Therefore, it was concluded that metabolisable energy value determined for mixed diets using sheep can be used for cattle. ME value of mixed diets was less than that calculated in these experiments but the extent of the decrease may be acceptable under farm conditions.

This thesis describes research designed to increase our knowledge of the nutritional requirements of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus and provide information on the potential of Australian feed ingredients to reduce the level of fishmeal in diets for this species. The apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF) and gross energy (GE) from selected animal, cereal or oilseed meals incorporated at different inclusion levels was determined. Snapper were extremely efficient at digesting the CP, CF and GE from fishmeal and rendered animal meals (range 80-100%) with the exception of meat meal, where CP and GE digestibility were lower (62-65%). The CP from oilseeds was better digested (87-91%) than OM (57%) or GE (64-67%). Digestibility of nutrients and GE from animal meals and fish oil was not influenced by inclusion level. The CP from extruded wheat was highly digestible (100-105%), but, the OM, CF and GE digestibility of extruded wheat declined as inclusion levels increased. The interactive effects of inclusion level (150, 250, 350 or 450 g kg-1) and fish size (110 vs 375 g snapper) on the apparent digestibility of OM and GE from gelatinised wheat starch were investigated. The OM and GE digestibility of gelatinised wheat starch was high (89%) at low inclusion levels, but declined significantly in both fish sizes as the level of starch increased. There was no interaction between inclusion level and size of fish and the decline in GE digestibility could be predicted by the regression; GEADC = 104.97(±3.39) - 0.109(±0.010) x inclusion level (R2=0.86). Larger fish were more capable of digesting the GE from gelatinised starch than smaller fish. Regardless of fish size, short and longer-term changes in the physiology of snapper fed or injected with carbohydrates were recorded. Liver and tissue glycogen concentrations and the hepatosomatic index (HSI) of snapper fed gelatinised starch were significantly elevated. The plasma glucose concentrations of fish injected intra-peritoneally with D-glucose increased from resting levels (0.4-4.6 mM) to 18.9 mM approximately 3 hours after injection and fish displayed a hyperglycaemic response for nearly 18 hours. In contrast, the post-prandial response to the uptake of glucose from normally digested gelatinised starch was more regulated. A dose-response study to determine the effects of digestible energy (DE) content (15, 18 or 21 MJ kg-1) on the digestible protein (DP) requirements of juvenile snapper was assessed using a four parameter mathematical model for physiological responses (4-SKM). DP content of test diets ranged from 210 to 560 g kg-1. Weight gain and protein deposition was strongly dependent on the ratio of DP:DE. According to the fitted models, diets for snapper weighing between 30-90 g and reared at temperatures ranging from 20-25ºC should contain a minimum of 28 g DP MJ DE-1 to promote optimal weight gain and protein deposition. The effect of varying the absolute content of DP and DE on the weight gain and performance of snapper (100-300 g) fed diets formulated with an optimal ratio of DP:DE was investigated. In addition, non-protein sources of DE were varied by adjusting the ratio of fish oil to gelatinised wheat starch in order to determine if different ratios of these ingredients affected performance. High-energy diets (22-23 MJ DE kg-1) suppressed feed intake, but provided DP intake was not limited by feed intake, maximum weight gain was approached. Lower-energy, lower-protien diets (15-18 MJ DE & 315-390 DP) encouraged higher feed intake but DP intake was restricted, which reduced growth potential. Snapper performed best on high-energy, high-protein diets (490 DP & 21 MJ DE), provided a significant proportion of DE was supplied as DP. Fish oil and pregelatinised wheat starch could be interchanged according to their DE values without unduly affecting fish performance in diets providing 390-490 g DP kg-1. Two utilisation studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of snapper fed diets containing increasing levels of poultry offal meal, meat meal and soybean meal. All diets were formulated with similar DP and DE contents. Snapper readily accepted feeds containing high levels of poultry meal (360 g kg-1), meat meal (345 g kg-1) or soybean meal (420 g kg-1), before weight gain and performance was negatively affected. In combination, these feed ingredients were able to replace all but 160 g fishmeal kg-1 in commercially extruded test feeds for this species. The research described in this thesis has extended knowledge of the nutritional requirements of Australian snapper by providing important information on the digestibility of Australian feed ingredients. These coefficients have been integral in formulating both experimental and semi-commercial test diets for snapper and will increase both the accuracy and flexibility of commercial diet formulations for this species. High performance feeds for snapper will contain high levels of DP, but must provide a significant proportion of DE in the form of protein. These constraints can be satisfied by using alternative, well-digested protein and energy sources that have the potential to replace all but 160 g kg-1 fishmeal.

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))--Mahidol University, 2008. / LICL has E-Thesis 0039 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (M.N.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Nursing, 2002. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves143-152.

In recent years there has been pressure exerted on the feed industry in Southern Africa to produce enough animal feed to meet the region’s nutritional requirements. The increase in the cost of animal feed eventually affects the affordability and availability of high quality food to low income communities. However, the overall national production of protein feed can easily be surpassed by the amount of protein that could be extracted from sludge. For example, the amount of protein wasted through sludge in one province alone (Gauteng, South Africa) amounts to 106,763 metric tonnes/yr, and slightly lower than the national protein requirement of approximately 145,000 tonnes/yr. Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) from wastewater treatment plants treating domestic wastewater is shown to contain protein in a ratio of 2:1 against fishmeal. However, some of this protein content could be lost during processing. In this study, the protein content in sludge and fishmeal was evaluated in laboratory analyses conducted as a preliminary step towards designing a protein supplement substitute. A pilot test was conducted with 5 batches (10 chicken per batch), with fishmeal to sludge substitutions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Metal content in the sludge was lowered by a rudimentary leaching process and its impact on the protein content was also evaluated. The initial mass gain rate, mortality rate, initial and operational costs analyses showed that protein from Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) could successfully replace the commercial feed supplements with a significant cost saving without adversely affecting the health of the animals. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

A study of the nutritional requirements of adult house flies has shown that liquid diets of natural and purified products are capable of supporting continued oogenesis. Chemically defined liquid diets containing nine 1-amino acids fed to newly emerged female flies were necessary for ovarian maturation and oviposition. Water, salts and carbohydrate were the other basic dietary requirements for this process and for survival. The addition of cholesterol to this synthetic diet also influenced fecundity. For the maturation and oviposition of more than one ovarian cycle the synthetic diet had to be supplemented with the amino acid 1-methionine, certain B-vitamins and nucleic acid bases. Flies fed diets deficient in these supplements showed a lower fecundity and survival. A dry synthetic diet was developed which supported egg production. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de jogadores mediante diferentes condições de hidratação durante uma partida de futebol, foram estudados 20 atletas que faziam parte do time de futebol da Organização Militar do Exército Brasileiro. Eles foram divididos aleatoriamente, segundo suas funções táticas, em três grupos, de acordo com í a condição de hidratação, Para que todos os jogadores fossem submetidos às mesmas condições, foram realizadas 3 partidas de futebol com os grupos: grupo CHO (hidratados (150 ml), em intervalos de 15 minutos, com bebida contendo carboidrato (6 %) e sais minerais); grupo Placebo (hidratados (150 ml), em intérvalos de 15 minutos, \'com solução placebo); e grupo Controle (sem\\ingestão de líquidos durante o jogo). Verificou-se: densidade da urina, peso corporal, hematócrito, hemoglobina (antes e após cada partida), Durante o jogo, foram acompanhados o comportamento da freqüência cardíaca, o tempo de corrida e o número de piques desses jogadores. A perda de peso corporal (grupo CHO: 1,72 kg; grupo Placebo: 1,63 kg e grupo Controle: 2,2-5 kg) e o grau de desidratação (grupo CHO: 2,31% grupo Placebo: 2,24% e grupo Controle: 3,14%) foram estatisticamente significante maiores no grupo controle. Em relação ao desempenho durante o jogo, observou-se uma queda entre o primeiro e o segundo tempo maior no grupo Controle (24,85%) em relação aos grupos CHO (11,31 %) e Placebo (11 ,85%).\' As demais variáveis não apresentaram diferença significativa estatisticamente. Como .conclusão geral, os resultados sugerem que os jogadores apresentaram um desempenho em campo melhor quando foi oferecida uma bebida com carboidrato durante o jogo. / The purpose of this study was evaluate players\' performance by different hydration conditions during a soccer game. 20 players of the Military Organization of the Brazilian Army who were part of soccer team\'s corporation were studied. They formed 2 teams and, by chance, according to their positional rules .were divided ,in three groups, depending on the hydration condition. All the. players were submitted to the same conditions, so 3 soccer games were accomplished with those groups: 1) group CHO (ingested (150 ml), , intervals of 15 minutes, a drink with carbohydrate (6%) and salts minerals); 2)group Placebo (ingested (150 ml), in intervals of 15 minutes, with placebo solution) and; 3) group control (they did not ingest any liquid during the game). It was verified: density of the urine, body weight, hematocrit, hemoglobin (before and after each game) and, during the game heart rate; time spent running and the number of sprints. The loss of body weight (group CHO: 1,72 kg; group PL: 1,63 kg and .control group : 2,25 kg) and the dehydration degree (group, CHO: 2,31 %; group PL: 2,24% and , control group: 3,14%) were larger statistically significant in control group. Related to performance during the games it ,was observed that the\' falling between the first and the second time was larger in the control group (24,85%) than in carbohydrate group (11,31 %) and placebo(11,85%). The other variables did . not present any significant statistically difference . As general conclusion our data suggest that players presented a better performance during the match when a drink with carbohydrate Was offered during the game

Chen Yu-ming. / "January 2003." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-197). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Cada vez mais os proprietários de cães e gatos procuram dietas caseiras, porém muitos desconhecem a necessidade de formulação por um profissional capacitado. Assim, podem utilizar receitas de fontes como internet, fornecendo dietas inadequadas e que podem resultar em riscos à saúde do animal. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a composição de minerais de alimentos caseiros e compará-las com as recomendações do National Research Council (NRC, 2006) e da Fédération Européenne de lIndustrie des Aliments pour Animaux Familiers (FEDIAF, 2018), além de avaliar as concentrações de metais pesados nestes mesmos alimentos. Foram avaliados 100 alimentos caseiros para animais adultos saudáveis, 75 para cães e 25 para gatos, produzidos de acordo com receitas obtidas de websites. Análises bromatológicas foram realizadas por métodos convencionais e, análises de minerais e metais pesados foram realizadas por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). Os resultados obtidos foram analisados no programa estatístico SAS pelo emprego de testes paramétricos e não paramétricos (P<0,05). Das 100 dietas avaliadas, nenhuma atingiu os valores recomendados de todos os nutrientes e, mais de 84,0% das dietas apresentaram três ou mais nutrientes abaixo da recomendação. Os nutrientes com maior incidência de valores abaixo da recomendação foram: selênio, cálcio e potássio nos alimentos para cães; e selênio, ferro e zinco nos alimentos para gatos. Quanto às concentrações de metais pesados, os teores de chumbo, cobalto, mercúrio, urânio e vanádio estavam acima dos níveis máximos tolerados (NMT) para cães e gatos. Estes resultados apontam a necessidade de formulação de dietas por profissional treinado para evitar riscos à saúde dos animais por desequilíbrios nutricionais. / Owners of dogs and cats increasingly seek home-prepared diets, however many of them dont acknowledge the need of formulation by a trained professional. Therefore, owners may end up using diets from sources such as internet, providing diets often imbalanced and that may cause health risks for the animal. The aim of this study was to evaluate mineral composition of home-prepared diets and to compare it to recommendations of the National Research Council (NRC, 2006) and Fédération Européenne de lIndustrie des Aliments pour Animaux Familiers (FEDIAF, 2018), and also evaluate concentrations of heavy metals on these diets. For the present study, 100 recipes for healthy adult animals, 75 for dogs and 25 for cats, were prepared according to recipes obtained from websites and were evaluated. Bromatological analyses were performed according to conventional methods and mineral and heavy metal analyses were performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results were analyzed by SAS software with parametric and non-parametric tests (P<0.05). Of the 100 recipes evaluated, none met recommended levels for all nutrients and more than 84.0% of diets presented three or more nutrients below recommendation. Nutrients with higher incidence of levels below recommendation were: selenium, calcium and potassium in recipes for dogs; and selenium, iron and zinc in recipes for cats. As for heavy metal concentrations, levels of lead, cobalt, mercury, uranium and vanadium were above maximum tolerable levels (MTL) for dogs and cats. These results point to the need of diet formulation by a trained professional to avoid health risks to animals caused by nutritional imbalances.

Licenciatavhandling Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2009. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.