No description available.

Mammalian ovulation is a complex, hormone-dependent developmental program in which several events must take place in an ordered progression to ensure that the oocyte is competent for fertilization. This process requires the coordinated expression of many genes which must be turned on and off in the right place at the right time for proper development of the follicle. While the hormone signals from the brain that initiate ovulation are known, the master control genes which regulate this process are not well known. Homeobox proteins are potential candidates to perform as master regulators. Homeobox proteins are DNA-binding proteins that regulate the transcription of downstream genes and thereby control biological events. We recently identified a new homeobox gene cluster on the mouse X chromosome that are only expressed in reproductive tissues. These reproductive homeobox (Rhox) homeobox genes are expressed in the ovary, placenta, testis, and epididymis, and thus are good candidates to regulate both male and female reproductive tissue development and physiology. Rhox gene expression fell into three categories: Class I exhibited peak expression prior to ovulation (0-8 hours after hCG), Class II were predominantly expressed during ovulation (8-16 hours after hCG), and Class III peaked after ovulation. The slightly overlapping windows of peak Rhox gene expression suggest that these genes may regulate specific events during the ovulatory cycle. The founding member of the cluster, Rhox5, is highly expressed in granulosa cells of pre-ovulatory follicles. We previously reported that Rhox5-null female mice are viable and fertile, suggesting that RHOX5 is either not essential for ovulation, or that one of the other RHOX factors may compensate functionally in granulosa cells. In order to identify potentially redundant RHOX factors, we examined the expression patterns of all 32 Rhox genes using an eCG primed, hCG induced superovulation model, in wild-type, Rhox5-null, and heterozygous littermate mice. Expression levels of Rhox1, exhibited peak expression prior to being hormonal primed, was reduced in the Rhox5-null animal. However, Rhox8 mRNA and protein were reduced at 2h and 4h post hCG, but recovered once the follicles passed the antral stage of development. Conversely, in progesterone receptor knockout mice (PRKO), Rhox8 exhibited normal stimulation by eCG, but failed to reach its peak mRNA level at 8h post-hCG found in WT mice. This suggests a model in which Rhox8 transcription is dependent upon RHOX5 during early folliculogenesis and progesterone during the periovulatory window when RHOX5 normally wanes. Subsequent promoter analysis in granulosa cells revealed essential homeobox binding and progesterone response elements within Rhox8's 5'-flanking region. Transfection of RHOX5 and PGR expression plasmids stimulated, whereas dominant negative and mutant constructs inhibited, Rhox8 promoter activity. At present, the specific impact of misregulation of Rhox5 and Rhox8 during early folliculogenesis is not known. However, follicle counts from serially sectioned ovaries, extirpated from normal cycling animals, indicated that Rhox5-null mice possess ~50% fewer follicles than heterozygous littermates. Loss of RHOX5 in Sertoli cells results in male subfertility characterized by poor germ cell survival due in part to the misregulation of metabolism promoting genes. One of these genes, Ins2, is also stimulated by RHOX5 and RHOX8 in granulosa cells, suggesting impaired insulin signaling may contribute reduced follicle development in Rhox5-null ovaries.

A study of the nutritional requirements of adult house flies has shown that liquid diets of natural and purified products are capable of supporting continued oogenesis. Chemically defined liquid diets containing nine 1-amino acids fed to newly emerged female flies were necessary for ovarian maturation and oviposition. Water, salts and carbohydrate were the other basic dietary requirements for this process and for survival. The addition of cholesterol to this synthetic diet also influenced fecundity. For the maturation and oviposition of more than one ovarian cycle the synthetic diet had to be supplemented with the amino acid 1-methionine, certain B-vitamins and nucleic acid bases. Flies fed diets deficient in these supplements showed a lower fecundity and survival. A dry synthetic diet was developed which supported egg production. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever os perfis hormonais do ciclo ovariano de cinco exemplares adultos de C. penicillata, mantidas no Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros em Sorocaba, SP. As amostras de fezes foram colhidas diariamente, sempre pela manhã, durante três meses e mantidas congeladas até o processamento laboratorial. Após a extração com solventes orgânicos, as mensurações foram efetuadas com o uso da técnica de radioimunoensaio (RIE). Para as mensurações dos metabólitos hormonais foram utilizados conjuntos comerciais validados para o uso em matriz fecal de C.penicilatta. Os resultados mostraram que duas fêmeas estavam ciclando e três estavam gestantes. Para as fêmeas que apresentaram ciclicidade ovariana o ciclo teve duração média de 23.5 ±9, 9 dias, sendo que as durações das fases lúteas e foliculares foram de 13,25 dias ± 9,46 dias e de 10,25 ±7,2 dias, respectivamente. Entre as outras três fêmeas, duas tiveram suas gestações confirmadas, parindo filhotes e uma teve suspeita de ter sofrido abortamento .Para as que tiveram suas gestações confirmadas, a média das concentrações dos metabólitos fecais de progesterona foi de 4527,19 ± 3667,8 ng/g para o terço medio enquanto a média do terço final foi de 2974±2471,9 ng/g. As médias obtidas para as concentrações de metabólitos de estrógenos nos terços medio e final foram respectivamente de 1401,41± 1034,4 ng/g e 1546,67± 1227,2 ng/g. Para a fêmea que teve suspeita de abortamento foram confeccionados gráficos dos valôres obtidos das concentrações de ambos os metabólitos hormonais para o período anterior e posterior a data presumida do evento e comparadas as suas médias . A média da concentração dos metabólitos fecais de progesterona antes do suposto abortamento foi de 1466,22± 784,36 ng/g e para o período posterior ao suposto evento foi de 813 ± 614,66 ng/g Para as médias das concentrações de metabólitos fecais de estrógenos, os resultados obtidos foram de 745,65± 747,39 ng/g antes e 212,42 ±331,84 ng/g depois do suposto evento. As analises das concentrações de metabóltios fecais dos hormonios esteroides, mostrou-se uma ferramenta efficiente e adequada para estudos sobre a ciclicidade ovariana e gestação do C. penicillata. / This study had as objective to describe the hormonal profiles of the ovarian cycle of five adult females of C.penicillata, from the Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros in Sorocaba, SP. The fecal samples were collected on a daily basis, always in the morning, during three months and then frozen until their processing. After extraction with organic solvents, the measurements were conducted with radioimmunoassay (RIA) .For the measurements of the hormonal metabolites comercial kits were used and validated for C.penicillata. The results showed two females with ovarian cyclicity and three females that were pregnant. For the females that presented ovarian cyclicity the duration of the ovarian cycle had an average of 23.5 ± 9.9 days , where the duration of the luteal and follicular phases were of 13.25 ±9.46 days and 10.25±7.2 days, respectively. Of the other three females, two had their pregnancys confirmed by the birth of their young and one was suspected to have suffered abortion. For the females that had their pregnancys confirmed , the mean of the fecal progesterone metabolites concentration was of 4527.19 ± 3667.8 ng/g for the second trimester, as where for the third trimester it was of 2974 ±2471.9 ng/g. The means for the estrogen fecal metabolites concentrations for the second and third trimester were of 1401.41 ± 1034.4 ng/g and 1546.67 ± 1227.2 ng/g. For the female that was suspected to have had an abortion graphs were used with values obtained from both fecal metabolites concentrations from before and after the presumed date of the event and the means were compared. The mean of progesterone fecal metabolites concentrations before the abortion was of 1466.22 ± 784.36 ng/g and for the period after the abortion it was of 813 ± 614.66 ng/g. For the estrogen fecal metabolites concentration mean, the results obtained were of 745.65 ± 747.39 ng/g for the before period and 212.42 ±331.84 for the after period. The analysis of the fecal metabolites steroids hormone concentration, showed to be an efficient tool for the studies of the ovarian cycle and gestation period in the C.penicillata.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever os perfis hormonais do ciclo ovariano de cinco exemplares adultos de C. penicillata, mantidas no Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros em Sorocaba, SP. As amostras de fezes foram colhidas diariamente, sempre pela manhã, durante três meses e mantidas congeladas até o processamento laboratorial. Após a extração com solventes orgânicos, as mensurações foram efetuadas com o uso da técnica de radioimunoensaio (RIE). Para as mensurações dos metabólitos hormonais foram utilizados conjuntos comerciais validados para o uso em matriz fecal de C.penicilatta. Os resultados mostraram que duas fêmeas estavam ciclando e três estavam gestantes. Para as fêmeas que apresentaram ciclicidade ovariana o ciclo teve duração média de 23.5 ±9, 9 dias, sendo que as durações das fases lúteas e foliculares foram de 13,25 dias ± 9,46 dias e de 10,25 ±7,2 dias, respectivamente. Entre as outras três fêmeas, duas tiveram suas gestações confirmadas, parindo filhotes e uma teve suspeita de ter sofrido abortamento .Para as que tiveram suas gestações confirmadas, a média das concentrações dos metabólitos fecais de progesterona foi de 4527,19 ± 3667,8 ng/g para o terço medio enquanto a média do terço final foi de 2974±2471,9 ng/g. As médias obtidas para as concentrações de metabólitos de estrógenos nos terços medio e final foram respectivamente de 1401,41± 1034,4 ng/g e 1546,67± 1227,2 ng/g. Para a fêmea que teve suspeita de abortamento foram confeccionados gráficos dos valôres obtidos das concentrações de ambos os metabólitos hormonais para o período anterior e posterior a data presumida do evento e comparadas as suas médias . A média da concentração dos metabólitos fecais de progesterona antes do suposto abortamento foi de 1466,22± 784,36 ng/g e para o período posterior ao suposto evento foi de 813 ± 614,66 ng/g Para as médias das concentrações de metabólitos fecais de estrógenos, os resultados obtidos foram de 745,65± 747,39 ng/g antes e 212,42 ±331,84 ng/g depois do suposto evento. As analises das concentrações de metabóltios fecais dos hormonios esteroides, mostrou-se uma ferramenta efficiente e adequada para estudos sobre a ciclicidade ovariana e gestação do C. penicillata. / This study had as objective to describe the hormonal profiles of the ovarian cycle of five adult females of C.penicillata, from the Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros in Sorocaba, SP. The fecal samples were collected on a daily basis, always in the morning, during three months and then frozen until their processing. After extraction with organic solvents, the measurements were conducted with radioimmunoassay (RIA) .For the measurements of the hormonal metabolites comercial kits were used and validated for C.penicillata. The results showed two females with ovarian cyclicity and three females that were pregnant. For the females that presented ovarian cyclicity the duration of the ovarian cycle had an average of 23.5 ± 9.9 days , where the duration of the luteal and follicular phases were of 13.25 ±9.46 days and 10.25±7.2 days, respectively. Of the other three females, two had their pregnancys confirmed by the birth of their young and one was suspected to have suffered abortion. For the females that had their pregnancys confirmed , the mean of the fecal progesterone metabolites concentration was of 4527.19 ± 3667.8 ng/g for the second trimester, as where for the third trimester it was of 2974 ±2471.9 ng/g. The means for the estrogen fecal metabolites concentrations for the second and third trimester were of 1401.41 ± 1034.4 ng/g and 1546.67 ± 1227.2 ng/g. For the female that was suspected to have had an abortion graphs were used with values obtained from both fecal metabolites concentrations from before and after the presumed date of the event and the means were compared. The mean of progesterone fecal metabolites concentrations before the abortion was of 1466.22 ± 784.36 ng/g and for the period after the abortion it was of 813 ± 614.66 ng/g. For the estrogen fecal metabolites concentration mean, the results obtained were of 745.65 ± 747.39 ng/g for the before period and 212.42 ±331.84 for the after period. The analysis of the fecal metabolites steroids hormone concentration, showed to be an efficient tool for the studies of the ovarian cycle and gestation period in the C.penicillata.

Wild Canis species possess a unique suite of reproductive traits including social monogamy, copulatory lock/tie, and biparental care. Females are seasonally monestrous and experience an obligatory pseudopregnancy after spontaneous ovulation. While these characteristics have been ascribed to coyotes, an integrated profile of behavior and physiology has not yet been described. In this study, temporal correlations between steroid hormone levels and socio-sexual mating behaviors were documented, as were changes in vaginal epithelium. Pseudopregnancy was compared to pregnancy by contrasting hormone (progesterone, estradiol, prolactin and relaxin) profiles of unmated females to patterns obtained in alternate years when they bred. Meanwhile, social interactions between pseudopregnant females and their mates appeared similar to pregnant coyotes, suggesting a proximate role of pseudopregnancy in pair-bond enforcement. Finally, out-of-season stimulation of ovarian hormones and estrous behaviors suggested that reproductive seasonality of the coyote may possess some degree of plasticity, providing an adaptive response mechanism to environmental change.

No description available.

A possibilidade de obtenção de informações relevantes através domonitoramento hormonal não-invasivo foram fatores determinantes para o delineamento deste projeto, que possibilitou um estudo detalhado dos aspectos comportamentais, reprodutivos e endócrinos do sagüi-detufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata), mantido em cativeiro. Utilizamos6 casais desagüi-de-tufopreto (Callithrix penicillata) mantidos cativos e em pares no Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres - CRAS, São Paulo. Todos os animais tiveram seus comportamentos sócio-sexuais registrados pelo método de amostragem focal por intervalo de tempo com registros a cada 30 segundos em sessões de 30 minutos, totalizando 60 horas para cada animal. Foram coletadas amostras fecais matinais, seis vezes por semana durante 6 meses, a fim de serem extraídos e dosados os metabólitos fecais de estradiol, progesterona e testosterona pelo método de enzimaimunoensaio (EIE). O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e analisar os comportamentos sócio-sexuais e suas respectivas associações com as concentrações de metabólitos fecais de esteróides sexuais em machos e fêmeas de sagui-detufo- preto (Callithrix penicillata), nas diferentes fases do ciclo ovariano.Os resultados mostraram a duração do ciclo ovariano de 24,3 ± 4,1 dias e as maiores concentrações de metabólitos fecais de estradiol e testosterona das fêmeas na fase lútea. A ocorrência dos comportamentos sócio-sexuais se mostrou mais frequente na fase peri-ovulatória do que nas fases folicular e lútea. Não houve diferença significativa destes comportamentos entre as fases folicular e lútea. Os metabólitos fecais de testosterona dos machos não apresentou diferença significativa entre as fases do ciclo ovariano das fêmeas. / The possibility of attaining relevant information through a non-invasive hormonal monitoring allow the detailed study of behavioral, reproductive and endocrine profile of captive black tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata). Six couples of captive black tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) were housed at the Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres - CRAS, São Paulo. Socio-sexual behaviors of all animals were registered using the method of focal interval sampling with observations performed each 30 seconds in 30 minutes sessions, in a total of 60 hours per animal. Fecal samples were collected during the morning, six times a week, for 6 months, in order to extract and measure fecal metabolites of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone by enzyme immunoassay (EIE). The objective of the present study was to describe and analyze the socio-sexual behaviors and correlate them with the fecal concentrations of sexual steroids metabolites in paired male and female black tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in different moments of the ovarian cycle. Results demonstrated that helengthofovariancycleis24. ± 4.1 days. Also, higher concentrations of fecal metabolites of estradiol and testosterone in females are observed during the luteal phase.The occurrence of socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent during the periovulatory phase when compared to the follicular and luteal phases. No differences were found when comparing the follicular and luteal phases. In the males, fecal metabolites of testosterone were similar throughout the ovarian cycles of the respective females.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-09-26T18:45:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Cliciane de Fátima Penteado.pdf: 1840845 bytes, checksum: 18dc4724410a4385a2e03dc8971cb26e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T18:45:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Cliciane de Fátima Penteado.pdf: 1840845 bytes, checksum: 18dc4724410a4385a2e03dc8971cb26e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-13 / As mulheres vêm se destacando cada vez mais no âmbito esportivo, sendo a corrida de rua, entre os esportes, o mais procurado. Por conseguinte, conhecer as influências do ciclo menstrual na resposta fisiológica das mulheres corredoras, com foco não somente para atletas profissionais, tem despertado atenção da comunidade científica. Dentro desta temática, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a influência do ciclo menstrual e o uso de contraceptivos orais no desempenho aeróbio de praticantes de exercícios de “endurance” (corrida de rua). Este estudo se caracteriza por ser transversal e observacional, realizado com 22 mulheres com idade média de 31,00 ± 5,1 anos, com IMC médio de 22,66 ± 2,5 e percentual de gordura de 22,38 ± 3,4 %, divididas em 3 grupos: grupo 1 - controle (n=9) não corredoras e que não utilizavam contraceptivos, grupo 2 corredoras que não utilizavam contraceptivos (n=6) e grupo 3 corredoras que utilizavam contraceptivos (n=7). Após assinatura de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, as voluntárias foram submetidas a uma anamnese prévia e avaliação física. Durante oito semanas realizaram testes de VO2 máx., através da corrida de 12 minutos de Cooper, bem como responderam questionários de saúde (RESTQ-sport, WURSS-21), além de responderem ao referente à Escala de Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço. Nas quatro últimas semanas do período experimental foram coletadas amostras de sangue das voluntárias para determinar os níveis hormonais (Estradiol e Progesterona) e níveis de ferro e ferretina séricos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram níveis bem mais baixos de estradiol e progesterona no grupo 3, grupo de corredoras que faziam o uso de contraceptivos orais, assim como foi observado melhor VO2 máx., maior distância percorrida no teste de Cooper, além de apresentarem concnetrações de ferro mais elevadas comparado aos outros dois grupos (grupo1 e grupo2). No grupo 2, grupo de corredoras que não faziam uso de contraceptivos orais, as concentrações de ferro foram ainda menores que o grupo controle (grupo 1). Os grupos 2 e 1, respectivamente, grupo de corredoras que não faziam uso de contraceptivos orais e o grupo controle, apresentaram diferença significativa na distância percorrida entre as fases do ciclo menstrual, sendo menor na fase lútea, contudo apenas o grupo controle (grupo 1) obteve redução no VO2 máx. Não foi observada nenhuma correlação entre as variáveis da qualidade de vida e do sistema imune com o ciclo menstrual, assim como, com o desempenho, já a percepção de esforço foi maior na fase lútea para todos os grupos estudados. Portanto, conclui-se que o ciclo menstrual apresenta influência no desempenho aeróbio, na percepção de esforço, nos níveis férricos de corredoras e não corredoras com ciclo menstrual regular, e o uso de contraceptivos orais contínuos evitam tais influências, favorecendo melhor desempenho das atletas de endurance. / Women have stood out increasingly in the sports scene, being the street running, among other sports, the most sought after one. Therefore, getting to know the influences of the menstrual cycles in the physiological response of the female runners, focusing not just on the professional athletes, has caught attention of the scientific community. In this theme, the aim of this work has been to evaluate the influence of the menstrual cycle as well as the use of oral contraceptives in the aerobic performance of endurance exercises (street running) users. This study is characterized by being transversal and observational, carried out with 22 women in the average age of 31,00 ± 5,1, with average BMI of 22,66 ± 2,5 and body fat of 22,38 ± 3,4 %, split in 3 groups: group 1 - control (n=9) non-runners that didn’t use to have contraceptives, group 2 - runners that didn’t used to have contraceptives (n=6) and group 3 – runners that used to have contraceptives (n=7). After the signing of the free and informed consent, the volunteers were submitted to a prior anamnesis and physical exam. After 8 weeks, they were conducted to tests of VO2 máx. through a 12 min Cooper, as well as answered heath questionnaires (RESTQ-sport, WURSS-21), besides answering to the one concerning the Subjective Effort Perception Scale. On the 4 last weeks of experimental phase, samples of blood from the volunteers were collected in order to determine the hormonal levels (Estradiol and Progesterone) and levels of iron and ferritin. The results obtained showed lower levels of estradiol and progesterone in the G3, group of runner that used to have oral contraceptives, just as was observed a better VO2 max., longer distance covered in the Cooper test, besides showing higher iron concentrations compared to the 2 other groups (Group1 and Group 2). In group 2, group of runners that didn’t used to have oral contraceptives. The iron concentrations were even lower than the one in the luteal phase. However, just the control group (Group 1) had reduction in VO2 max. Any correlation between the quality of life variables and the immune system with the period cycle hasn’t been observed, such as the performance. The effort perception was higher in the luteal phase for all groups studied. Thus, it is concluded that the menstrual period shows influence in aerobic performance, in effort perception, in ferric levels of the runners and non-runners with regular menstrual cycle and the use of continuous oral contraceptives avoid such influences, promoting better performance of the endurance athletes.

A possibilidade de obtenção de informações relevantes através domonitoramento hormonal não-invasivo foram fatores determinantes para o delineamento deste projeto, que possibilitou um estudo detalhado dos aspectos comportamentais, reprodutivos e endócrinos do sagüi-detufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata), mantido em cativeiro. Utilizamos6 casais desagüi-de-tufopreto (Callithrix penicillata) mantidos cativos e em pares no Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres - CRAS, São Paulo. Todos os animais tiveram seus comportamentos sócio-sexuais registrados pelo método de amostragem focal por intervalo de tempo com registros a cada 30 segundos em sessões de 30 minutos, totalizando 60 horas para cada animal. Foram coletadas amostras fecais matinais, seis vezes por semana durante 6 meses, a fim de serem extraídos e dosados os metabólitos fecais de estradiol, progesterona e testosterona pelo método de enzimaimunoensaio (EIE). O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e analisar os comportamentos sócio-sexuais e suas respectivas associações com as concentrações de metabólitos fecais de esteróides sexuais em machos e fêmeas de sagui-detufo- preto (Callithrix penicillata), nas diferentes fases do ciclo ovariano.Os resultados mostraram a duração do ciclo ovariano de 24,3 ± 4,1 dias e as maiores concentrações de metabólitos fecais de estradiol e testosterona das fêmeas na fase lútea. A ocorrência dos comportamentos sócio-sexuais se mostrou mais frequente na fase peri-ovulatória do que nas fases folicular e lútea. Não houve diferença significativa destes comportamentos entre as fases folicular e lútea. Os metabólitos fecais de testosterona dos machos não apresentou diferença significativa entre as fases do ciclo ovariano das fêmeas. / The possibility of attaining relevant information through a non-invasive hormonal monitoring allow the detailed study of behavioral, reproductive and endocrine profile of captive black tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata). Six couples of captive black tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) were housed at the Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Silvestres - CRAS, São Paulo. Socio-sexual behaviors of all animals were registered using the method of focal interval sampling with observations performed each 30 seconds in 30 minutes sessions, in a total of 60 hours per animal. Fecal samples were collected during the morning, six times a week, for 6 months, in order to extract and measure fecal metabolites of estradiol, progesterone and testosterone by enzyme immunoassay (EIE). The objective of the present study was to describe and analyze the socio-sexual behaviors and correlate them with the fecal concentrations of sexual steroids metabolites in paired male and female black tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in different moments of the ovarian cycle. Results demonstrated that helengthofovariancycleis24. ± 4.1 days. Also, higher concentrations of fecal metabolites of estradiol and testosterone in females are observed during the luteal phase.The occurrence of socio-sexual behaviors were more frequent during the periovulatory phase when compared to the follicular and luteal phases. No differences were found when comparing the follicular and luteal phases. In the males, fecal metabolites of testosterone were similar throughout the ovarian cycles of the respective females.