The dissertation thesis deals with the problems of the use of plasma technologies in agriculture for the purpose of improving the quality of feedstuffs for agricultural animals. The attention is focused above all on the use of low-temperature gliding arc plasma discharge generated by the atmospheric pressure for the elimination of model fungal pathogens (T. virens) and for the testing of the possibility of the use of plasma for the decreasing of mycotoxin load (DON and D3G). The professional orientation of the dissertation thesis is strongly interdisciplinary with the overlap to the area of the physics of plasma, microbiology, zootechnics and the proposal and construction of technical facilities. With that corresponds also the division of thesis into individual chapters. In the research part, there is a summary of actual pieces of knowledge from the area of fungal microorganisms and mycotoxins produced by these with the view on their presence in feedstuffs. There follows a research of pieces of knowledge of low-temperature plasma and its applications in the food industry and feeding. In the chapter Material and Methodology, the applicated methods of work, employed instruments and biological material are described. The resulting part is, for its clear arrangement, divided into five subchapters ? stating of selected parameters of plasma device, influence of plasma on nutritional parameters, influence of plasma on the model fungus Trichoderma virens and possibilities of the use of plasma discharge for the decreasing of concentration of mycotoxins in feedstuffs. The final part is dedicated to the description of system which enables the treatment of samples in continuous regime. The treatment of mycelial discs by plasma discharge lead to the decrease of germination capacity of spores of fungi, while there was experimentally proven the synergic effect of the influence of individual mechanisms by which the plasma interacts with the surface of biological material. At the same time, there was not observed a more significant change in the composition of feedstuffs, more significant is only the change of humidity of sample. In the laboratory conditions, the decreasing of concentration of mycotoxins spread on laboratory glass was proven. At the samples of feedstuffs contaminated by natural way, it was not successful to reliably provedecreasing of concentration of mycotoxins in a sample as a result of plasma activity.

Tempeh belongs to the fermented probiotic soybean products. Tempeh is a valuable nutritional foodstuff due to its rich source of protein, content of unsaturated fatty acids essential for human and high amount of antioxidants. The theoretical part describes nutritional composition of tempeh and soybeans. In the thesis are discussed positive and negative effects of soy on human health. In the thesis were followed up changes in the nutritional components caused by the fermentation process and the action of microorganisms. The experimental part deals with the identification of microorganisms, which are contained in three types of tempeh. Microorganisms were detected using method polymerase chain reaction. DNA was isolated from the products by use phenol extraction, using magnetic microparticles F-kol 77ox and magnetic nanoparticles F79/L3 PLL. As part of the nutritional analysis changes in individual nutrients and other substances in soybeans after tempeh fermentation have been studied. In the chosen products total content of essential nutrients – carbohydrates, lipids and proteins were analyzed. Amount of antioxidants such as phenolics and flavonoids were analysed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Determination of vitamin E content which was analysed by HPLC and determination presence of fatty acids which was determined by GC was incorporated to this thesis.

O aproveitamento atual da vinhaça, subproduto da produção do álcool pelas Destilarias Autônomas e Usinas de Açúcar e Álcool, se faz tanto pelo seu valor nutricional quanto pelo seu potencial na geração de energia elétrica. A vinhaça, que antes era lançada diretamente nos cursos dágua, a partir da década de 70, com o aumento dos preços dos fertilizantes minerais, passou a ser reutilizada como subproduto para a adubação canavieira. Recentemente, com a evolução da política ambiental do Setor, suas práticas agroindústrias passaram a priorizar o uso eficiente de seus subprodutos, seja através da racionalização em suas aplicações ou pelo uso de tecnologias que potencializem os seus benefícios. Esse estudo resumiu-se em analisar a viabilidade técnica, mensurar os aspectos econômicos e caracterizar os aspectos ambientais das tecnologias de condicionamento e aproveitamento da vinhaça mais difundidas no Brasil e, em especial, no Estado de São Paulo: aplicação in natura no solo (fertirrigação in natura), biodigestão e concentração. A análise técnica se baseou na utilização dessas tecnologias pelas Unidades Agroindustriais estudadas e na oferta de mercado por parte de empresas de tecnologia. Para a análise econômica da fertirrigação in-natura, a substituição da adubação mineral e os lucros obtidos foram os parâmetros utilizados. Já na análise da biodigestão e da concentração, o modelo foi construído a partir dos seguintes indicadores econômicos: fluxo de caixa, valor presente líquido, método do custo/benefício, taxa interna de retorno e período de retorno. Como parte final, a análise ambiental foi direcionada para a mitigação dos impactos gerados pela aplicação in natura, em especial as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). A viabilidade técnica foi confirmada para as três tecnologias, seja pela utilização em campo e/ou pela diversificada oferta das tecnologias de biodigestão e concentração pelo mercado especializado. Quanto à viabilidade econômica, a fertirrigação in natura se demonstrou altamente lucrativa para o Brasil, Estado de São Paulo e Centro-Sul do País. Já a biodigestão, que necessitou de tecnologias complementares de geração de energia para a análise de sua viabilidade, apresentou-se viável quando associada aos queimadores e turbinas em todas as condições estudadas. Quando associada aos motogeradores, a sua viabilidade foi atestada em duas ocasiões. Contudo, a inviabilidade apresentada quando os cálculos foram baseados em valores de venda de energia atualizados - média de R$102,41 por MWh produzido - justificou a ausência desses projetos nos últimos leilões de energia. Ao contrário das outras tecnologias, a tecnologia da concentração se demonstrou completamente inviável a partir das condições econômicas utilizadas. Já na questão ambiental, a fertirrigação in natura apresentou diversas vantagens e desvantagens, ficando a sua utilização condicionada a estudos locais. Para a biodigestão e a concentração, essas tecnologias apresentaram diversos ganhos frente à utilização in natura, sendo a primeira responsável pela mitigação dos GEE e a segunda pela maior racionalização na aplicação de vinhaça e por um melhor equacionamento dos altos volumes de água utilizados pelas Usinas e Destilarias. / The current use of vinasse, a byproduct of ethanol production by independent distilleries and Sugar and Alcohol plants, is done both for its nutritional value as for its potential in generating electricity. By mid-century the vinasse was released directly into water streams as final disposal, resulting in serious environmental problems. From the 70\'s, with the rising prices of mineral fertilizers, the reuse of this byproduct fertilizer for sugar cane production became practical. Recently, with the evolution of environmental policy of this sector, agribusiness practices began to prioritize the efficient use of byproducts, either by rationalizing their application or by the use of technologies that enhance its benefits. This study is summarized in analyze the technical feasibility, measure the economic aspects and characterize the environmental aspects of the technologies of conditioning and reuse of vinasse more widespread in Brazil and, in particular, the state of São Paulo: natural application, biodigestion and concentration. Technical analysis was based on the use of these technologies by agro-industrial units studied and market supply by technology companies. For the economic analysis of the natural application, the substitution of mineral fertilizer and profits were the parameters used. For the analysis of biodigestion and concentration, the model was constructed from the following economic indicators: cash flow, net present value method, the cost / benefit ratio, internal rate of return and payback period. As the final part, the environmental analysis was aimed at mitigating the impacts generated by the natural application, in especial, the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The technical feasibility has been confirmed for the three technologies, either for the use in the field, by a wide advantage for the natural application, or the supply of biodigestion and concentration technologies by the specialized market. For the economic feasibility, natural application has been shown highly profitable for Brazil, Sao Paulo State and Center- South of the country. The biodigestion, which required complementary generate energy technologies for your viability analysis, presented feasible when combined with the flares and turbines in all conditions studied. When associated with the motor generator, its feasibility was attested on two occasions. However, its feasibility wasn´t reached when the calculations were based on recent values of power sales - an average of R$ 102.41 per MWh produced - justifying the absence of these projects in recent energy auctions. Unlike other technologies, the technology of concentration is shown completely unfeasible from the economic conditions used. In the environmental issue, the natural application presented several advantages and disadvantages, being its use conditioned to local studies. For biodigestion and concentration, these technologies had several gains when compared with the natural application, being, the first, responsible for the mitigation of GHGs and, the second, responsible for an application more rational of vinasse and for a reduction of the high volumes of water used by plants and distilleries.

Ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta, red ruffed lemur Varecia rubra and black and white ruffed lemur Varecia variegata belongs to the family Lemuridae, living at Madagaskar as endemits. In wildlife is folivorous and frugivorous food strategy at the both genus ? in the process g. Varecia is more frugivorous. Study was divided into two parts ? the first about ration of feeding chosen species of lemurs in several czech zoos and the second about ethology feeding behaviour lemurs in zoo Jihlava. For nutritional assessment were further chosen zoos Lešná, Jihlava, Ústí nad Labem, Ohrada and Chleby. From ration of feeding for chosen species of lemurs was counted average personal ration per day. This average was used to calculate nutritional values of dietary (fats, protein, carbohydrates, fiber, calcium, phosporus and iron) for each kind of menu or particularly day a week. For ethologic observation was made method of straight observation with used behaviour sampling ? scanning of a behaviour. Observation was done from July to December 2011 in whole extent 56 hours. Study solved out that ration of feeding are very different in each zoo like nutritional values of dietary and amount. In each zoo has larger ration of feeding Varecia rubra than Lemur catta. In average this diference beetwen that makes 144,25 g. Observation (zoo Jihlava) showed that Lemur catta spends foraging behaviour 19,75 minutes per day and handling 42,75 minutes per day in average. All in all they spending their feeding behavior only 62,5 minutes (1,04 hours) per day. Further more was discovered diference in length feeding behaviour when in their habitation more tree branches were. Adding branches to there increased length of feeding behaviour about of 22,67 minutes per day.

O aproveitamento atual da vinhaça, subproduto da produção do álcool pelas Destilarias Autônomas e Usinas de Açúcar e Álcool, se faz tanto pelo seu valor nutricional quanto pelo seu potencial na geração de energia elétrica. A vinhaça, que antes era lançada diretamente nos cursos dágua, a partir da década de 70, com o aumento dos preços dos fertilizantes minerais, passou a ser reutilizada como subproduto para a adubação canavieira. Recentemente, com a evolução da política ambiental do Setor, suas práticas agroindústrias passaram a priorizar o uso eficiente de seus subprodutos, seja através da racionalização em suas aplicações ou pelo uso de tecnologias que potencializem os seus benefícios. Esse estudo resumiu-se em analisar a viabilidade técnica, mensurar os aspectos econômicos e caracterizar os aspectos ambientais das tecnologias de condicionamento e aproveitamento da vinhaça mais difundidas no Brasil e, em especial, no Estado de São Paulo: aplicação in natura no solo (fertirrigação in natura), biodigestão e concentração. A análise técnica se baseou na utilização dessas tecnologias pelas Unidades Agroindustriais estudadas e na oferta de mercado por parte de empresas de tecnologia. Para a análise econômica da fertirrigação in-natura, a substituição da adubação mineral e os lucros obtidos foram os parâmetros utilizados. Já na análise da biodigestão e da concentração, o modelo foi construído a partir dos seguintes indicadores econômicos: fluxo de caixa, valor presente líquido, método do custo/benefício, taxa interna de retorno e período de retorno. Como parte final, a análise ambiental foi direcionada para a mitigação dos impactos gerados pela aplicação in natura, em especial as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE). A viabilidade técnica foi confirmada para as três tecnologias, seja pela utilização em campo e/ou pela diversificada oferta das tecnologias de biodigestão e concentração pelo mercado especializado. Quanto à viabilidade econômica, a fertirrigação in natura se demonstrou altamente lucrativa para o Brasil, Estado de São Paulo e Centro-Sul do País. Já a biodigestão, que necessitou de tecnologias complementares de geração de energia para a análise de sua viabilidade, apresentou-se viável quando associada aos queimadores e turbinas em todas as condições estudadas. Quando associada aos motogeradores, a sua viabilidade foi atestada em duas ocasiões. Contudo, a inviabilidade apresentada quando os cálculos foram baseados em valores de venda de energia atualizados - média de R$102,41 por MWh produzido - justificou a ausência desses projetos nos últimos leilões de energia. Ao contrário das outras tecnologias, a tecnologia da concentração se demonstrou completamente inviável a partir das condições econômicas utilizadas. Já na questão ambiental, a fertirrigação in natura apresentou diversas vantagens e desvantagens, ficando a sua utilização condicionada a estudos locais. Para a biodigestão e a concentração, essas tecnologias apresentaram diversos ganhos frente à utilização in natura, sendo a primeira responsável pela mitigação dos GEE e a segunda pela maior racionalização na aplicação de vinhaça e por um melhor equacionamento dos altos volumes de água utilizados pelas Usinas e Destilarias. / The current use of vinasse, a byproduct of ethanol production by independent distilleries and Sugar and Alcohol plants, is done both for its nutritional value as for its potential in generating electricity. By mid-century the vinasse was released directly into water streams as final disposal, resulting in serious environmental problems. From the 70\'s, with the rising prices of mineral fertilizers, the reuse of this byproduct fertilizer for sugar cane production became practical. Recently, with the evolution of environmental policy of this sector, agribusiness practices began to prioritize the efficient use of byproducts, either by rationalizing their application or by the use of technologies that enhance its benefits. This study is summarized in analyze the technical feasibility, measure the economic aspects and characterize the environmental aspects of the technologies of conditioning and reuse of vinasse more widespread in Brazil and, in particular, the state of São Paulo: natural application, biodigestion and concentration. Technical analysis was based on the use of these technologies by agro-industrial units studied and market supply by technology companies. For the economic analysis of the natural application, the substitution of mineral fertilizer and profits were the parameters used. For the analysis of biodigestion and concentration, the model was constructed from the following economic indicators: cash flow, net present value method, the cost / benefit ratio, internal rate of return and payback period. As the final part, the environmental analysis was aimed at mitigating the impacts generated by the natural application, in especial, the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The technical feasibility has been confirmed for the three technologies, either for the use in the field, by a wide advantage for the natural application, or the supply of biodigestion and concentration technologies by the specialized market. For the economic feasibility, natural application has been shown highly profitable for Brazil, Sao Paulo State and Center- South of the country. The biodigestion, which required complementary generate energy technologies for your viability analysis, presented feasible when combined with the flares and turbines in all conditions studied. When associated with the motor generator, its feasibility was attested on two occasions. However, its feasibility wasn´t reached when the calculations were based on recent values of power sales - an average of R$ 102.41 per MWh produced - justifying the absence of these projects in recent energy auctions. Unlike other technologies, the technology of concentration is shown completely unfeasible from the economic conditions used. In the environmental issue, the natural application presented several advantages and disadvantages, being its use conditioned to local studies. For biodigestion and concentration, these technologies had several gains when compared with the natural application, being, the first, responsible for the mitigation of GHGs and, the second, responsible for an application more rational of vinasse and for a reduction of the high volumes of water used by plants and distilleries.

Even though some Dracaena species are used as medicine, their utilization as food is rather unusual. In northern Angola, however, leaves and underground tubers of Dracaena camerooniana Baker are frequently consumed. In particular, the leaves are of increasing economic value in the region. But the anatomy and nutritional aspects of the plant have not been studied so far. Therefore, a detailed anatomic description of the plant was conducted. In a second step the nutritional value of the defined material was analysed, providing a basis for the discussion of a more intensive utilisation of this rainforest shrub.