L'appertisation permet, au travers un conditionnement dans un récipient hermétique suite à un traitement thermique, d'allonger la durée de vie de nombreux produits alimentaires. Une fois le traitement thermique appliqué, la stérilisation pour les produits peu acides permet de détruire les microorganismes présents, mais dégrade fortement le produit. En plus, ce traitement est associé à un coût de production hautement significatif. De nouveaux procédés doivent donc être développés pour pallier à ces problèmes. Dans ce contexte, l'électro-activation combinée à un traitement thermique modéré pourrait contribuer à réduire les coûts de production tout en assurant une qualité adéquate du produit final. En effet, l'électro-activation combinée à un traitement thermique modéré permet de protéger le produit des microorganismes via l'action antibactérienne des solutions électro-activées. L'effet de ce procédé sur les qualités organoleptiques des petits-pois mis en conserve a été analysé ainsi que les risques toxicologiques exprimés par la migration de certains minéraux spécifiques de l'emballage métallique vers le produit. Le procédé d'appertisation a été comparé au nouveau procédé en utilisant trois solutions électro-activées et deux différents emballages. Les différentes analyses ont été menées chaque mois de stockage pendant trois mois. La couleur, la teneur en vitamine C, la fermeté ainsi que la perte en matière sèche du produit dans la saumure et la teneur en ions métalliques dans celle-ci ont été analysées. Les résultats obtenus n'ont montré aucune différence significative en ce qui concerne la couleur, la teneur en vitamine C, la perte de matière sèche du produit au bout de 3 mois de stockage entre les deux procédés. Par ailleurs, ce projet a permis de montrer que la texture du produit final était plus ferme avec le nouveau procédé utilisant l'électro-activation. En plus, il a été démontré que l'électro-activation combinée à un traitement thermique modéré a le même impact sur la qualité du produit que l'appertisation conventionnelle. Dans les solutions électro-activées, aucun ion métallique n'était présent à part le fer qui ne présente, cependant, pas de risque pour le consommateur. Finalement, comme les éléments métalliques à haut risque toxicologique comme l'étain ne migrent pas de l'emballage, l'électro-activation combinée à un traitement thermique modéré apparaît comme une alternative potentielle au procédé d'appertisation.

Afin d’améliorer la teneur en glucides non structuraux (GNS) chez la luzerne, deux essais ont été implantés en 2006 et 2008 pour évaluer trois populations (GNS teneur moyenne, élevée ou faible) selon deux moments de fauche, soit en matinée (9h00) et en fin de journée (15h00). Il s’agissait d’évaluer la réponse à la sélection, l’interaction entre les populations et le moment de fauche et de vérifier l’incidence de la sélection sur la valeur nutritive et le rendement. Les résultats obtenus démontrent une différence significative à la hausse pour la population GNS+ attribuable principalement à la différence de concentration en amidon. Aucune interaction population par moment de fauche n’a été observée. L’augmentation de la digestibilité est en partie due à l’augmentation des GNS. Aucune différence de rendement n’a été observée. Le moment de fauche a été plus important que la sélection sur les teneurs en GNS peu importe les coupes.

Les aliments considérés comme étant naturels, notamment les produits d'origine végétale, sont souvent perçus comme étant de qualité nutritionnelle supérieure auprès des consommateurs. Le projet de maîtrise visait alors à évaluer l'association entre la qualité nutritionnelle et le degré de naturalité dans une variété d'aliments protéinés d'origine animale et végétale vendus au Québec. Les données de cinq catégories d'aliments communément consommés et étudiés par l'Observatoire de la qualité de l'offre alimentaire entre 2018 et 2022 ont été utilisées, soit les viandes transformées tranchées (n = 477), les saucisses (n = 266), les produits de fromage (n = 94), les yogourts et desserts laitiers (n = 344) et les substituts d'origine végétale de ces catégories (n = 92). La qualité nutritionnelle de ces 1275 aliments a été évaluée par le Nutri-Score et le symbole nutritionnel de Santé Canada, tandis que le degré de naturalité a été mesuré avec le Food Naturalness Index (FNI). Les substituts d'origine végétale ainsi que les yogourts et desserts laitiers avaient des Nutri-Score plus faibles, représentant ainsi une qualité nutritionnelle supérieure aux catégories contenant des viandes transformées. Ces dernières avaient aussi plus de produits qui devraient afficher le symbole nutritionnel de Santé Canada indiquant une teneur élevée en au moins un nutriment d'intérêt en santé publique (gras saturés, sucres et/ou sodium). Les produits de fromage avaient un score FNI supérieur aux autres catégories d'aliments, ce qui correspond à un degré de naturalité plus élevé. L'association entre la qualité nutritionnelle et le degré de naturalité variait significativement selon la catégorie d'aliments et l'outil de profilage nutritionnel utilisé. Cette étude soutient que la qualité nutritionnelle et la naturalité fournissent des informations complémentaires sur les catégories d'aliments étudiées, soulignant ainsi que les aliments plus naturels sont parfois, mais pas toujours, de qualité nutritionnelle supérieure. / Foods considered as natural, particularly those of plant origin, are often perceived as superior in terms of nutritional quality among consumers. Thus, this research project aimed to evaluate the association between nutritional quality and food naturalness in a variety of animal-based and plant-based food products sold in Quebec. Data from five food categories studied by the Food Quality Observatory between 2018 and 2022 was used, namely sliced processed meats (n=477), sausages (n=266), processed cheese products (n=94), yogurts and dairy desserts (n=344) and plant-based alternatives from those four categories (n=92). The nutritional quality of these 1275 products was assessed by the Nutri-Score and Health Canada's front- of-package nutrition symbol, while the degree of naturalness was measured using the Food Naturalness Index (FNI). Plant-based alternatives, as well as yogurts and dairy desserts had lower Nutri-Score, indicating higher nutritional quality than categories containing processed meats. Categories with processed meats also had more products that would display the nutrition symbol from Health Canada indicating high levels of at least one nutrient of public health concern (saturated fat, sugar and/or sodium). Processed cheese products had a higher FNI score than other food categories, which corresponds to a higher degree of naturalness. The association between nutritional quality and food naturalness varied significantly depending on the food category and the nutrient profiling (NP) model used. This research highlights the idea that nutritional quality and food naturalness provide complementary information about the food categories studied, thus highlighting that more natural foods are sometimes, but not always, of superior nutritional quality.

Submitted by Leonardo Cavalcante (leo.ocavalcante@gmail.com) on 2018-04-23T23:19:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1967881 bytes, checksum: 7ca8d86d26370955fcc5937ad9344abc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T23:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 1967881 bytes, checksum: 7ca8d86d26370955fcc5937ad9344abc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Sesbania virgata is a shrub belonging to a family Leguminosae whose fruit presents seeds with high protein content. Considering the potential of use of this species as a biotechnological tool, the objective this paper was to characterize the seeds of S. virgata (Cav.) Pers., as well as evaluate extracts and fractions for a presence of some biological activities of medical and pharmacological interest. For this, S. virgata seeds were collected in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba, and had their morpho-physical-chemical characteristics determined. Afterwards, the seeds were delipidated, processed and solubilized in extractive solutions, obtaining 30 extracts and 10 protein fractions, allowing a characterization of the antinutritional factors; protein and amino acid profile; and biological activities. The nutritional characteristics of the seed flour emphasize its high protein content. The optimization of the production of extracts and fractions allowed obtaining the total crude extract (EBT), purification of the protein fraction with lectin activity (FPAL) and the determination of several antinutritional factors. The protein analyzes revealed 60.79% of total protein for the fine flour (FF), 49.34% for EBT and 55.84% for FPAL. With molecular weights between 31-225 kDa, FF, EBT and FPAL presented antioxidant activity. However, they did not present antibacterial activity against the strains investigated, but promoted the inhibition of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum. In addition to the high protein content and biological activities, it is important to incorporate new analyzes into the products so that, in the future, they will be viable in the food or pharmaceutical industry, by creating of topical drugs to control fungal contamination or reduction of the damage caused to human health by free radicals and other oxidants. / Sesbania virgata é um arbusto pertencente a família Leguminosae, cujo fruto apresenta sementes com elevados teores proteicos. Considerando o potencial de uso dessa espécie como ferramenta biotecnológica, objetivou-se caracterizar nutricional, antinutricional e bioquimicamente as sementes de Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers., bem como avaliar extratos e frações proteicas quanto a presença de algumas atividades biológicas de interesse médico e farmacológico. Para tal, sementes de Sesbania virgata foram coletadas na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba, e tiveram suas características morfo-físico-químicas determinadas. Posteriormente, as sementes foram delipidadas, processadas e solubilizadas em soluções extratoras, obtendo-se 30 extratos e 10 frações proteicas, permitindo a caracterização dos fatores antinutricionais, do perfil proteico e aminoacídico, e atividades biológicas. As características nutricionais da farinha enfatizaram seu elevado teor protéico. A otimização da produção dos extratos e frações permitiu a obtenção do extrato bruto total (EBT), a purificação da fração proteica com atividade lectínica (FPAL) e a determinação de fatores antinutricionais diversos. As análises proteicas revelaram 60,79% de proteína total para a farinha fina (FF), 49,34% para EBT e 55,84% para FPAL. Com massas moleculares entre 31-225 kDa, FF, EBT e FPAL apresentaram atividade antioxidante. Contudo, não apresentaram atividade antibacteriana contra as cepas investigadas, mas promoveram a inibição de Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, Aspergillus flavus e Penicillium citrinum. Ressalta-se, além do elevado teor proteico e atividades biológicas apresentados, a importância em incorporar novas análises aos produtos para que, futuramente, apresentem viabilidade de implementação na alimentação ou na indústria farmacêutica, mediante criação de fármacos tópicos para controle da contaminação fúngica ou redução dos danos causados à saúde humana pelos radicais livres e outros oxidantes.

Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ruminants have a compound stomach system that enables them to utilize forages more efficiently than monogastric animals. However, forages alone do not contain sufficient nutrients to meet the requirements of high producing dairy cows. Forages are high in fibre and their nutrient availability depends on the degree of cell wall degradability. Improvements in forage fermentation would increase energy intake and subsequently milk production and performance by dairy cows. It is therefore important to find ways to improve forage degradation and utilization in the rumen. The use of different non-fibre carbohydrate (NFC) sources has different effects on animal performance. Supplementing forage based diets with energy sources containing sugar, starch or pectin results in variation in performance measurements such as milk yield, milk composition and dry matter intake (DMI). This thesis reports on two studies in which the effect of energy supplementation on forage fermentation and digestion parameters was investigated. In the first study an in vitro gas production protocol was used to determine the effect of sugar (molasses), starch (maize meal) and pectin (citrus pulp) on total gas production and rate of gas production of different forages. The forage substrates included wheat straw (WS), oat hay, (OH) lucerne hay (LUC), ryegrass (RYE) and kikuyu grass (KIK). The three energy sources, as well as a control (no energy source) were incubated in vitro with each of the above mentioned forages. Rumen fluid was collected from two lactating Holstein cows receiving a diet consisting of oat hay, lucerne, wheat straw and a concentrate mix. Forages alone (0.25 g DM) and/or together (0.125 g DM) with either molasses (0.1412 g DM), citrus pulp (0.1425 g DM) or maize meal (0.125 g DM) were weighed into glass vials and incubated for 72 hours. The weights of the energy sources were calculated on an energy equivalent basis. Blank vials, that contained no substrates, were included to correct for gas production from rumen fluid alone. The substrates were incubated in 40 ml buffered medium, 2 ml of reducing solution and 10 ml rumen fluid. Gas pressure was recorded automatically every five minutes using a pressure transducer system and the method based on the Reading Pressure Technique (Mauricio et al., 1999). Gas pressure was converted to gas volume using a predetermined regression equation. In the first gas production trial, the gas production included gas produced by the energy sources, while in the second gas production trial, the energy source gas production was deducted from the total gas production to determine the effect of energy source on gas production of respective forage substrates per se. Data were fitted to two non-linear models adapted from Ørskov and McDonald (1979). Significant forage x energy interactions were observed for the non-linear parameter gas production (b) in Model 1 and for b and lag phase (L) in Model 2 in both trials. In the first gas production trial, the higher fermentability of the energy sources supplemented to forage substrates, increased b (Model 1 & 2) of the LUC and WS. The gas production rate was affected in different ways for different forages, with the most noticeable effect on WS when it was supplemented with energy sources. All the energy sources increased c of WS irrespective of the model used. Energy sources had no effect on the L of LUC, OH or RYE, but decreased the L of WS and KIK. In the second trial, maize meal had no effect on b for any of the forages (Model 1 & 2), while molasses (Model 1 & 2) decreased b for all forage substrates, and citrus pulp (Model 1 & 2) decreased b of OH and RYE, to lower values than those of the control treatments. Gas production rate was not affected by molasses for any of the forage substrates, while citrus pulp (Model 1 & 2) increased c of OH and maize meal increased c of OH and KIK. Lag phase was only affected by energy sources in WS and KIK, where all the energy sources had lower L values than the control treatment. It was concluded that forage fermentability is affected differently by different energy sources. These observations may have important implications, in practice, on rumen health and milk production, and the data obtained can potentially be used as guidelines in feed formulations. In the second study, in vitro digestibility trials were undertaken to determine the effect of sugar (molasses and sucrose), starch (maize meal and maize starch) and pectin (citrus pulp and citrus pectin) on neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and dry matter (DM) degradability of forages. Forage substrates used included wheat straw, oat hay, lucerne hay, ryegrass and kikuyu grass. Rumen fluid was collected from two lactating Holstein cows receiving a diet consisting of oat hay, wheat straw and a concentrate mix. In vitro degradability was done with an ANKOM Daisy II incubator and forage substrates were incubated with or without the respective energy sources for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The substrates were incubated in 1076 ml buffered medium, 54 ml of reducing solution and 270 ml rumen fluid. The residues were washed, dried and analyzed for NDF. In the study with the applied energy sources (molasses, maize meal and citrus pulp) there were a forage x energy source interactions. Supplementation with the applied energy sources all improved dry matter degradability (DMD) of forages (24 and 72 hours), when compared to the control treatment, except for RYE supplemented with maize meal and citrus pulp at 24 hours. Molasses seemed to have had the biggest effect on DMD in all forage substrates. Supplementation with maize meal had no effect on neutral detergent fibre degradability (NDFD) of any forage substrate, except for an improvement in NDFD of LUC at 72 hours. Molasses improved NDFD of LUC at 24h, but had no effect on the other forage substrates. Citrus pulp improved NDFD of OH (72 hours), as well as LUC and WS (24 and 72 hours). It is postulated that the NDF of the energy sources was more digestible than that of the respective forages, and that the improved NDFD values could be ascribed to the contribution of the energy source NDFD. Overall, pasture grasses had a higher NDFD than the hays and straw, and appear to be more readily fermentable by rumen microbes than the low quality hays and straw explaining the higher NDFD. In the study involving the purified energy sources (sucrose, maize starch and citrus pectin), forage x energy source interactions were observed. In general, supplementation with these energy sources improved DMD at 24 and 72 hours except for RYE and KIK (72 hours). Pasture grasses (RYE and KIK) had a higher NDFD than LUC, OH and WS. At 72 hours, NDFD was 37.1% for LUC, 42.5% for OH and 40.3% for WS, compared to 70.5% for KIK and 64.9% for RYE. A possible explanation is that KIK and RYE samples came from freshly cut material, harvested after a 28d re-growth period. In general, sucrose (24 and 72 hours) and citrus pectin (72 hours) had no effect on NDFD of forage substrates. However, supplementing oat hay (24 hours) with starch and citrus pectin, and wheat straw (24 and 72 hours) with starch lowered NDFD, when compared to the control treatment. It is hypothesized that microbes fermented the easily fermentable energy sources first, before attacking forage NDF. The study suggested that forage NDFD values are not fixed, and may be altered by type of energy supplementation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die meervoudige maagsisteem van herkouers stel hulle in staat om ruvoer meer effektief te benut as enkelmaagdiere. Ruvoere alleen bevat egter nie genoeg voedingstowwe om die behoeftes van hoogproduserende melkbeeste te bevredig nie. Ruvoere is ryk aan vesel en hul voedingstofbeskikbaarheid word bepaal deur die graad van selwand degradeerbaarheid. ‘n Verhoging in ruvoerfermentasie sal energieinname verhoog en gevolglik ook melkproduksie en prestasie. Dit is dus belangrik om maniere te vind om ruvoerdegradeerbaarheid en -verbruik in die rumen te verbeter. Die gebruik van verskillende nie-vesel koolhidraat (NFC) bronne het verskillende uitwerkings op die prestasie van diere. Energie-aanvullings soos suiker, stysel en pektien tot ruvoer-gebasseerde diëte, beïnvloed prestasiemaatstawwe soos melkproduksie, melksamestelling en droëmateriaalinname (DMI) op verskillende maniere. Hierdie tesis lewer verslag oor twee studies waar die invloed van energie-aanvullings op ruvoerfermentasie en verteringsmaatstawwe ondersoek is. In die eerste studie is ‘n in vitro gasproduksieprotokol gebruik om die invloed van suiker (melasse), stysel (mieliemeel) en pektien (sitruspulp) op totale gasproduksie (b) en tempo van gasproduksie (c) van verskillende ruvoersubstrate te bepaal. Ruvoersubstrate wat gebruik is, was koringstrooi (WS), hawerhooi (OH), lusernhooi (LUC), raaigras (RYE) en kikuyugras (KIK). Die drie energiebronne, sowel as ‘n kontrole (geen energiebron), is in vitro geïnkubeer saam met elk van die genoemde ruvoere. Rumenvloeistof is verkry van twee lakterende Holsteinkoeie, wat ‘n dieet ontvang het bestaande uit hawerhooi, koringstrooi en ‘n kragvoermengsel. Ruvoere is alleen en/of in kombinasie met melasse (0.1412 g DM), sitruspulp (0.1425 g DM) of mieliemeel (0.125 g DM) in glasbottels afgeweeg en vir 72 uur geïnkubeer. Die massas van die energiebronne is op ‘n energie-ekwivalente basis bereken. Leë bottels wat geen substraat bevat het nie, is ingesluit om te korrigeer vir gasproduksie afkomstig vanaf rumenvloeistof alleen. Substrate is in 40 ml van ‘n buffermedium, 2 ml reduserende oplossing en 10ml rumenvloeistof geïnkubeer. Gasdruk is elke vyf minute outomaties aangeteken deur gebruik te maak van ‘n drukmetersisteem en die metode is gebasseer op die Reading gasdruktegniek. Gasdruk is omgeskakel na gasvolume deur gebruik te maak van ‘n voorafbepaalde regressievergelyking. In die eerste proef het totale gasproduksie die gas wat deur die onderskeie energiebronne geproduseer is, ingesluit. In die tweede proef is gasproduksie afkomstig van die energiebronne afgetrek van totale gasproduksie, om sodoende die invloed van die energiebronne per se op die gasproduksie van die onderskeie ruvoersubstrate, te bepaal. Data is met behulp van twee nie-liniëre modelle gepas. Betekenisvolle ruvoer x energie-interaksies is in albei proewe waargeneem vir die nie-liniëre parameter b (gasproduksie) in Model 1, en vir b en L (sloerfase) in Model 2. In die eerste proef het die energiebronne se hoë fermentasie gelei to ‘n verhoging in b (Model 1 & 2) van LUC en WS. Energie-aanvullings het die c-waarde van die onderskeie ruvoere verskillend beïnvloed, met WS wat die mees opvallende effek gehad het. Al die energiebronne het die c-waarde van WS verhoog, ongeag watter model gebruik is. Energiebronne het geen invloed op die L-waarde van LUC, OH of RYE gehad nie, maar het wel die L-waarde van WS en KIK verlaag. In die tweede proef het mieliemeel geen invloed op die b-waarde van enige van die ruvoere gehad nie (Model 1 & 2), terwyl melasse (Model 1 & 2) die b-waarde van alle ruvoere verlaag het, en sitruspulp (Model 1 & 2) OH en RYE se b waardes verlaag het tot laer as die kontroles. Melasse het geen invloed op die c-waarde van die onderskeie ruvoersubstrate gehad nie, terwyl sitruspulp (Model 1 & 2) die c-waarde van OH, en mieliemeel die c-waarde van OH en KIK, verhoog het. Energiebronne het slegs ‘n invloed op die sloerfase in WS en KIK gehad, waar dit L verlaag het tot laer waardes as dié van die kontroles. Daar is gevind dat ruvoer-fermenteerbaarheid verskillend beïnvloed word deur verskillende energiebronne. Bogenoemde resultate kan in die praktyk betekenisvolle invloede hê op rumengesondheid en melkproduksie en die data wat verkry is, kan potensieël gebruik word as riglyne in voerformulerings. In die tweede studie is in vitro verteerbaarheidsproewe gedoen om die effek van suiker (molasse en sukrose), stysel (mieliemeel en mieliestysel) en pektien (sitruspulp en sitrus-pektien) op neutraalonoplosbare vesel (NDF) en droë materiaal (DM) degradeerbaarheid van ruvoere, te bepaal. Ruvoersubstrate wat gebruik is, was WS, OH, LUC, RYE en KIK. Rumen vloeistof is verkry van twee lakterende Holstein koeie, wat ‘n dieet ontvang het bestaande uit hawerhooi, koringstrooi en ‘n konsentraat mengsel. Die in vitro degradeerbaarheidsproef is gedoen met ‘n ANKOM Daisy II inkubator. Ruvoersubstrate is geïnkubeer met of sonder die onderskeie energiebronne vir 24, 48 en 72 uur. Die substrate is geïnkubeer in 1076 ml buffer medium, 54 ml reduserende oplossing en 270 ml rumen vloeistof. Residue is gewas, gedroog en geanaliseer vir NDF. In die proef met toegepaste energiebronne (molasse, mieliemeel en sitruspulp), was daar ruvoer x energiebron interaksies. Toegepaste energiebron aanvullings het almal DMD van ruvoersubstrate (24 en 72 uur) verbeter, uitsluitend vir RYE wat aangevul is met mieliemeel (24 uur) en sitruspulp (24 uur). Van al die ruvoersubstrate het molasse die grootste effek gehad op DMD. Mieliemeel aanvullings het geen effek gehad op neutraal-onoplosbare vesel degradeerbaarheid (NDFD) van ruvoersubstrate nie, behalwe vir ‘n verbetering in NDFD van LUC by 72 uur. Molasse het NDFD van lucern by 24 uur verbeter, maar geen effek gehad op ander ruvoersubstrate nie. Sitruspulp het NDFD van OH (72 uur), asook LUC en WS (24 & 72 uur) verbeter. Daar word beweer dat die NDF van energiebronne meer verteerbaar is as die van ruvoersubstrate, en dat die verbetering in NDFD waardes toegeskryf kan word aan die bydraes van energiebronne se NDFD. Weidingsgrasse (RYE & KIK) het oor die algemeen ‘n hoër NDFD as hooie en strooi gehad. Rumen mikrobes blyk ook om dié grasse vinniger te verteer as lae kwaliteit hooie en strooi, wat gevolglik die hoër NDFD verduidelik. In die proef met suiwer energiebronne (sukrose, mieliestysel en sitrus-pektien) is ruvoer x energiebron interaksies waargeneem. Energiebronaanvullings het DMD by 24 en 72 uur verbeter, buiten vir RYE en KIK (72 uur). Weidingsgrasse het hoër NDFD as LUC, OH en WS. By 72 uur was die NDFD van LUC 37.1%, OH 42.5%, WS 40.3%, in vergelyking met 70.5% vir KIK en 64.9% vir RYE. ‘n Moontlike verklaring vir die hoër NDFD van KIK en RYE, is omdat dit vars gesnyde material is, geoes na slegs 28 dae hergroei. Oor die algemeen het sukrose (24 & 72 uur) en sitrus-pektien (72 uur) geen effek gehad op NDFD van ruvoersubstrate nie, terwyl stysel en pektien aanvullings tot OH (24 uur), en stysel aanvullings tot WS (24 & 72 uur) NDFD verlaag het. Daar word hipotetieseer dat mikrobes eers die vinnig fermenteerbare energiebronne fermenteer, voordat hulle ruvoer NDF aanval. Hierdie studie beweer dat ruvoer NDFD waardes nie vas is nie, en dat dié waardes beïnvloed mag word deur energiebron aanvullings.

<p>U ovom radu je obrađen postupak spontane fermentacije tradicionalnog proizvoda, fermentisanog kupusa u glavicama. U prvom delu urađena je karakterizacija domaće tradicionalne populacije Futo&scaron;ki u odnosu na uvozni hibrid Bravo. Na osnovu PCA analize i analize standardnih ocena SS fizičkih, hemijskih i senzorskih paramentara odabrani su uzorci povoljni za proces fermentacije. Proces fermentacje je obavljen na temperaturama 16-18^oC, 18-20^oC i 20-20^oC, i sa razliĉitim koncentracijama soli od 1, 1,5 i 2 %. Analizirani su fizički, hemijski, mikrobiolo&scaron;ki parametri i senzorske osobine kupusa tokom fermentacije. Metodom odzivne povr&scaron;ine sa analizom varijanse (ANOVA) modela odziva za svaki od analiziranih karakteristika i obja&scaron;njeno je koji od parametara procesa temperatura, koncentracija soli i vreme trajanja procesa ima statistiĉki značajan uticaj na formiranje matematiĉkih modela odziva, prikazanih u obliku polinoma drugog reda (SOP). Zaključeno je da Futo&scaron;ki kupus postiţe brţe zavr&scaron;nu taĉku fermentacije u odnosu na hibrid Bravo. Drugi kori&scaron;ćeni tehnolo&scaron;ki postupak u ovom radu je osmotska dehidratacija. Kupus je dehidriran u tri osmotska rastvora (vodeni rastvor natrijum hlorida i saharoze, kombinacija vodenog rastvora natrijum hlorida i saharoze i melase i melasa &scaron;ećerne repe) različitih koncentracija, na tri temperature (20&deg;C, 35&deg;C i 50&deg;C) i pri tri vremena trajanja procesa (1, 3 i 5h). Mereni i računati odzivi procesa osmotske dehidratacije bili su: sadržaj suve materije, gubitak vode, prirast suve materije i indeks efiksanosti procesa. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da povećanje tehnolo&scaron;kih parametara temperature i vremena procesa, kao i koncentracije osmotskih rastvora dovode do intenziviranja prenosa mase u procesu i povećanja vrednosti odzivnih parametara procesa. Takođe, zaključeno je da tokom osmotske dehidratacije u melasi &scaron;ećerne repe dolazi do obogaćivanja kupusa nutritivnim komponentama, naročito kalijumom. Treći segment ovog rada je analiza održivosti osmotski dehidriranog kupusa pakovanog u modiifikovanoj atmosferi dve različite sme&scaron;e gasova N₂ i CO₂. Analizom hemijskih, mikrobiolo&scaron;kih i senzorskih svojstava zaključeno je da ovaj osmotski dehidriran kupus pakovan na navedeni način ima održivost od 90 dana.</p> / <p>This paper describes the process of spontaneous fermentation of traditional product, fermented whole cabbage. In the first part characterization of the local traditional type Futo&scaron;ki cabbage in relation to imported hybrid Bravo was done. Based on the PCA analysis and analysis of the standard score SS physical, chemical and sensory parameters favorable samples for the process of fermentation were selected. The process of fermentation was carried out at three temperatures: 16-18^oC, 18-20^oC and 20-20^oC, and with various concentrations of salt: 1, 1.5 and 2%. The physical, chemical and microbiological parameters, as well as sensory properties of cabbage during fermentation were analyzed. Response surface method with analysis of variance (ANOVA) model response for each of the analyzed characteristics was used and it was explained which of the process parameters (temperature, salt concentration and the duration of the process) had a statistically significant effect on the formation of mathematical models of response, presented in the form of a second order polynomial (SOP). It was concluded that Futo&scaron;ki cabbage faster achieved end point of fermentation as compared to a hybrid Bravo. Another technological method used in this investigation was the osmotic dehydration. Cabbage was dehydrated with three osmotic solutions (an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and sucrose; the combination of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and sucrose with molasses; sugar beet molasses) of different concentrations, at three temperatures (20&deg;C, 35&deg;C and 50&deg;C) and at three times of the process duration (1, 3, and 5h). The measured and calculated responses of osmotic dehydration process were: dry matter content, water loss, solid gain and the index of efficiency of the process. Test results shown that increase of the technological parameters of temperature and time of process, as well as the concentration of osmotic solutions lead to the intensification of mass transfer in the process and increase values of response parameters of the process. Also, it was concluded that during osmotic dehydration in sugar beet molasses cabbage was enriched with nutritional components, especially potassium. The third segment of this investigation was to analyze the viability of osmotically dehydrated cabbage packaged in modified atmosphere, with two different mixtures of N₂ and CO₂. Analyzing chemical, microbiological and sensory properties it was concluded that the osmotically dehydrated cabbage packaged in this manner has the sustainability of 90 days.</p>

Les mécanismes de perception du phosphate chez les plantes ainsi que la mise en place des réponses à une carence demeurent relativement méconnus. On explique le nombre restreint d'éléments identifiés jusqu'ici par la complexité des mécanismes mis en jeu, impliquant probablement une redondance fonctionnelle. Ce travail de thèse avait pour but de contourner cet obstacle pour tenter d'apporter de nouveaux éléments de compréhension de la réponse à la carence en phosphate chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana. Une approche de génétique chimique a donc été utilisée pour isoler une famille de molécules (les Phosphatins) inhibant de nombreuses réponses induites par la carence phosphatée. Elles agissent aussi bien au niveau de la réponse morphologique que métabolique. Ceci révèle l'existence de blocages génétiques limitants la croissance des plantes en condition de carence en phosphate. Cette étude suggère aussi l'existence de « cross talks » potentiels ou de mécanismes redondants ignorés jusqu'ici entre les réponses morphologiques et biochimiques. / The plant mechanism of phosphate perception and responses pathways to a starvation are still poorly understood. We explain that only few elements have been identified so far by the complexity of the mechanisms involved, probably coupled with functional redundancy. The aim of this work was to bypass this obstacle in order to deep our knowledge on the understanding of the phosphate starvation response in the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. A chemical genetic approach was used to isolate a drug family (the Phosphatins) inhibiting several responses induced by a phosphate starvation. They act both on morphological and metabolic response. This reveals the existence of genetic blocking limiting plant growth under conditions of phosphate deficiency. This study also suggests the existence of potential "cross talks" or redundant mechanisms hitherto unknown between morphological and biochemical responses.

No description available.

La Phostine (PSN ; PHOSphate STarvation response INductor) est une petite molécule organique de synthèse, identifiée dans une chimiothèque par son effet inducteur de l’expression du gène PHT1;4 codant un transporteur de phosphate chez Arabidopsis thaliana. Au cours de cette thèse, j’ai caractérisé l’effet de la PSN chez Arabidopsis et montré que cette drogue induit plusieurs réponses typiques de la carence en phosphate : expression de gènes régulés localement ou à longue distance, accumulation d’anthocyanes et d’amidon, activité des phosphatases acides, inhibition de la croissance des racines. De plus, la PSN provoque une accumulation de phosphate soluble dans les racines.L’étude d’analogues structuraux de la PSN m’a permis d’identifier un motif commun (#10) nécessaire à son activité biologique. Il apparaît que la PSN et ses analogues actifs sont instables à pH acide, ce qui libère le motif #10. Nous montrons que le motif #10 pénètre dans la plante essentiellement par les racines et qu’il ne circule pas des racines vers les feuilles, et faiblement des feuilles vers les racines. L’accumulation de #10 dans les racines expliquerait l’ensemble des effets observés de la PSN et de ses analogues actifs. Nous avons isolé un mutant d’Arabidopsis dont la croissance racinaire résiste à la PSN. Chez ce mutant, la PSN ne provoque plus l’accumulation d’anthocyanes et d’amidon dans les feuilles, ni celle de phosphate dans les racines. En absence de PSN, et sur un milieu de culture partiellement appauvri en phosphate, les feuilles et les racines de ce mutant accumulent plus de phosphate que celles du type sauvage. Chez les plantes, l’homéostasie du phosphate est soumise à une régulation complexe, la caractérisation approfondie de ce mutant apportera de nouveaux éléments pour sa compréhension. / The Phostin (PSN ; PHOSphate STarvation response INductor) is a small organic synthetic molecule identified in a chemical library by its induction effect on PHT1;4 expression, a gene encoding a phosphate transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana. During my PhD, I characterized the effects of PSN in Arabidopsis and shown that this drug induces several phosphate starvation responses: expression of locally or systemically regulated genes, anthocyanin and starch accumulation, acid phosphatase activity, primary root growth inhibition. Moreover, PSN induces inorganic soluble phosphate accumulation in roots.Thanks to PSN’s structural analogues, we identified a common motif (motif #10) necessary to its biological activity. PSN and its analogues are unstable in acidic conditions, leading to the release of #10 motif. We have shown that #10 motif enters the plant mostly by the roots and do not circulate from roots to shoots, and weakly from shoots to roots. The accumulation of #10 motif in the roots explains all the PSN and analogues observed effects. We characterized an Arabidopsis mutant resistant to PSN for its root growth. In this mutant, PSN does not induce anthocyanin or starch accumulation in leaves, neither phosphate in roots. When growing without PSN, on partially phosphate depleted medium, the mutant presents higher phosphate content than the wild type. Phosphate homeostasis is a very complex process in plant, the deep characterization of this mutant will bring new elements for the comprehension of this pathway.

Dentre as pragas encontradas em pastagens as cigarrinhas ocupam lugar de destaque visto aos grandes prejuízos econômicos causados. No entanto, a falta de estudos que quantifiquem respostas de plantas forrageiras ao ataque do inseto dificulta a compreensão da magnitude dos danos, impossibilitando a definição de estratégias de controle. O objetivo deste experimento foi caracterizar e quantificar respostas de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu sob níveis de infestações de cigarrinhas adultas do gênero Mahanarva sp. (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). O ensaio foi realizado em casa de vegetação na cidade de Piracicaba SP e seus tratamentos corresponderam a quatro níveis de infestações de cigarrinhas (5, 10, 20 e 40 insetos adultos vaso- 1) mais o controle (sem cigarrinhas), distribuídos nas unidades experimentais (vasos) segundo delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O estudo compreendeu período de infestação pelo inseto e de rebrota das plantas, sendo avaliadas as seguintes variáveis-resposta: acúmulo e composição morfológica da forragem, parâmetros bromatológicos (fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), enxofre (S), proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN)), massa de raiz, teor de reservas orgânicas em órgãos de reserva, características morfogênicas e estruturais. A elevação dos níveis de infestação proporcionou redução no acúmulo de forragem com resultados ajustando-se a modelo quadrático de regressão. A proporção de folhas, hastes e material morto também foram afetadas pelos insetos. De maneira geral, a concentração dos parâmetros bromatológicos foi elevada com aumento dos níveis de infestação, PB e S responderam linearmente, e P e Ca ajustaram-se a modelo quadrático de regressão. O número de perfilhos vivos aumentou com a elevação dos níveis de infestação de maneira quadrática. A massa do resíduo e raízes, assim como a concentração de carboidratos não estruturais nesses órgãos de acúmulo, sofreram influência apenas do período de rebrota. A concentração de nitrogênio total foi influenciada pela interação entre níveis de infestação e período de rebrota tanto na fração resíduo como nas raízes. Dentre as características morfogênicas, a taxa de alongamento e de senescência de folhas foram influenciadas com resultados ajuntando-se a modelo quadrático e linear de regressão, respectivamente. Já entre as estruturais o comprimento final da folha e comprimento médio do colmo responderam de maneira linear e quadrática respectivamente. / Among the pests found in pastures spittlebugs have a prominent place due to large economic losses. However, the lack of studies to quantify forage plants responses to insect attack difficult to understand the magnitude of the damage, preventing the definition of control strategies. The objective of this experiment was to characterize and quantify responses of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu under infestation levels of adult spittlebugs of the genus Mahanarva sp. (Hemiptera: Cercopidae). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, at Piracicaba SP and their treatments corresponded to four spittlebugs infestation levels (5, 10, 20 and 40 adults pot-1) plus the control (no spittlebugs), distributed in the experimental units (pots) according to a completely randomized design. The study included period of infestation by insects and regrowth of plants and evaluated the following response variables: forage accumulation and morphological composition, bromatological parameters (phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF)), root mass, organic reserves content in reserve organs, morphogenetic and structural characteristics. Increased infestation levels provided reduction in forage accumulation with results adjusted to the quadratic regression model. The proportion of leaves, stems and dead material were also affected by the insects. In general, the concentration of bromatological parameters was elevated with increasing infestation levels, CP and S responded linearly, and P and Ca were adjusted to a quadratic regression model. The number of live tillers increased with increasing infestation levels in quadratic manner. The residue and roots mass, as well as the nonstructural carbohydrates concentration in accumulation organs, was influenced only during the regrowth period. The total nitrogen concentration was influenced by the interaction between infestation levels and regrowth period both in the residue fraction as in roots. Among morphogenetic characteristics, the elongation and leaf senescence rates were affected with results adjusted to linear and quadratic regression model, respectively. Among the structural, the final leaf length and stem length responded linearly and quadratically respectively.