Thèse (M. Sc.)--Université Laval, 2004. / Bibliogr.: f. 101-111. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Frankfurt. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-135).

Mémoire (M.P.M.O.)-- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 1993. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

L’inflation est un facteur important à considérer pour les agents participant aux marchés financiers puisqu’elle vient éroder la valeur des actifs qu’ils possèdent. Depuis quelques d’années, l’émission d’obligations à rendement réel permet de corriger cet effet en remboursant les investisseurs pour l’inflation ayant affecté l’économie pendant la période de détention. La coexistence d’obligations à rendement réel et nominal est potentiellement intéressante puisqu’elle permet de mesurer l’inflation anticipée par les investisseurs. En effet, selon la loi de Fisher, l’écart entre le rendement des obligations nominales et celui des obligations réelles (le taux d’inflation neutre) mesure le taux d’inflation prévu par les marchés. Pour les décideurs politiques, les investisseurs et autres agents intervenant sur les marchés, il est important de connaître tout indicateur pouvant aider à prévoir l’inflation. Cependant, le taux d’inflation neutre n’a pas une corrélation parfaite avec l’inflation anticipée. Plusieurs facteurs peuvent potentiellement expliquer cette divergence. Par exemple, plusieurs études semblent établir que l'existence de primes diverses affecte le taux d’inflation neutre (TINM) et pourrait réduire la capacité de ce nouvel indicateur à mesurer avec exactitude les anticipations d’inflation à long terme du marché. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif principal de cette étude est d’expliquer l’évolution et les déterminants du taux d’inflation neutre et en quoi ces déterminants et primes viennent affecter l’équation de Fisher et l’interprétation du TINM comme mesure des anticipations inflationnistes. / Inflation is an important consideration for agents participating in financial markets, because it erodes the value of assets. For several years, the issuance of real return bonds (RRBs) has offered one way to correct this effect, by compensating investors for inflation born during the holding period. The coexistence of real and nominal bond yields is potentially interesting since it might allow to measure the inflation anticipated by investors. Indeed, under Fisher’s law, using the difference between real (indexed) and nominal bond yields (the BEIR) can be used to measure inflation expectations. For policy makers, investors and other agents involved in the markets, it is important to analyze any indicator that can help predict inflation. However, the BEIR may not exhibit a perfect correlation with expected inflation. Several factors may partly explain the discrepancy. For example, several studies show that various premiums affecting the BEIR might reduce the ability of this new indicator to measure correctly the market’s long-term inflation expectations. The main objective of this study is to explain the behaviour of the BEIR and how this behaviour, as well as the existence of these premiums, impact Fisher’s equation and the BEIR’s ability to correctly measure inflation expectations.

Though sovereign debts are often viewed as risk-free assets, some extreme events may lead to the repudiation of these debts. A large literature has been devoted to the motivations of repayment and to the causes of default. The impact of wars, which may lead to the repudiation of sovereign debt, on sovereign bond prices has also been analyzed. However, the impact of other types of seldom occurring but dramatic events, which may lead to the repudiation of debts, on bond prices has been overlooked. My current research aims to analyze three of them: the repudiation of debts because of their alleged "odiousness", the introduction of common debt after a state's unification and the debt partition following the break-up of a country. Since the events under consideration don't happen frequently, the dissertation will rely on four historical examples: Cuba, Russia, Italy and Belgium. The time period considered is the 19th century. Based on a historical analysis and the set-up of an original database, this project determines the effects of these events on sovereign debt valorization, using an econometric approach.<p><p>The first part of the research estimates the risk premium required by investors to hold debts which could be denounced as odious. Bondholders could require a premium to compensate for the higher default risk due to the odious character of the debts. The paper quantifies the risk premium required by investors to hold debts which could be denounced as odious and it analyses the relation between the value of the government bond and extreme "odious debt" events. In order to identify if such a premium exists, I focus on a Cuban case study. Based on an original database of Cuban bonds, the paper reveals the existence of a risk premium of at least 200 basis points which penalises bonds issued by dictatorial regimes. The bond market "odious" shocks are provided by a Structural VAR analysis. In a second case study, my research analyses the Tsarist bonds of 1906 and the premium to hold despotic regime debt. The paper shows that the market required a premium despite the attempts made by the Russian government to present the loan as clean.<p><p>The second and third parts of my research look at the effects of state succession on the sovereign bonds market. They analyze respectively the two subsets of state succession: state unification and "country break-up". The second part of the dissertation provides an empirical study of sovereign debt integration and analyses the evolution of sovereign bond prices when several countries merge to become a "unified country" or when the probability of such an event exists. Based on an original database made of pre-unification and post-unification Italian bonds, the paper shows the impact of Italy's unification on the bonds. The analysis puts forward that prior to the unification in 1862, the bonds issued by the future parts of the kingdom reacted in an idiosyncratic way. Around the sovereign debt integration, the paper highlights a large risk increase for low-yield bonds. Using a break point analysis and a Dynamic Factor Model, the paper proves that until the late 1860's the financial market did not believe in Italy's Unification. The third part of my research analyzes the financial impact on state bonds of a country which faces a risk to break up. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the evolution of sovereign debt prices when a state breaks up, or when it faces such an event. Based on an original database of Dutch and Belgian bonds, this research shows the impact of Belgian independence in 1830 on the Belgium bonds. This article analyses two risk premiums which may affect the sovereign debt of a state: the first one is linked to the country break-up (or the probability that one may occur) and the second one is due to the instability experienced by the new country. This analysis puts forward a "country break-up" risk premium of 142 basis points. The role of the debt underwriter has also been highlighted in the case of Belgian independence. Financial markets required no "new country" risk premium for Belgian bonds which were underwritten by Rothschild, but the risk premium remained for the Belgian authorities. This was likely due to the role of Rothschild as underwriter whose reputation persuaded the market that the risk is low, but who charged a premium to the Belgian government for their services.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This work develops some simple models to study risky corporate debt using first passage-time approach. Analytical valuation expression derived from different models as functions of firm’s values and the short-term interest rate with time-dependent parameters governing the dynamics of the firm values and interest rate. We develop some numerical approximation of the analytical valuation, which is given implicitly through Voltera integral equation related to the density of the first-passage- time that a firm reaches some specified default barrier. For some appropriate default barrier arising from financial considerations we obtain a closed-form solution, which is more flexible for numerical calculation. / Doctorat en sciences de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished