<p>Patients with peritonitis or malignant obstructive jaundice (HPB⁺) have an increased morbidity and mortality due to sepsis. An altered cell-mediated immunity in the intestinal mucosa might promote gut barrier failure, increased endotoxin and cytokine release and bacterial translocation (BT) in these conditions. A clinically relevant rat model of polymicrobial peritonitis induced sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used. Septic animals demonstrated a superficial injury in the small intestinal mucosa, and a significant reduction in T lymphocytes in the villi, as well as increased number of macrophages in the villi and in the MLNs as compared to sham. CLP caused increased concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 in ascitic fluid. CLP + the immunomodulator Linomide decreased the TNF-α level, reduced mucosal damage and attenuated the changes in T lymphocytes and macrophages observed following CLP. CLP + selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor (SC-236) or nonselective COX inhibitor (indometacin) decreased the amount of macrophages in the mucosa and the MLNs compared to untreated CLP. CLP + indometacin decreased T lymphocytes in the villi and MLNs. SC-236 + CLP reduced mucosal injury and cytokine release as compared to indometacin. An increased rate of apoptosis in both the mucosa and MLNs was seen following CLP; COX inhibitors enhanced this phenomenon in the MLNs.</p><p>BT occurred infrequently in patients with acute peritonitis and in HPB⁺ there was no evidence of BT. Peritonitis and HPB⁺causes significant inflammatory cellular reactions as increased endotoxin and cytokine plasma levels and an altered immune cell distribution in MLNs, in HPB⁺a high rate of apoptosis in MLNs was observed. </p><p>An altered pattern of immunocompetent cells within the mucosa and in MLNs was found in experimental and clinical peritonitis as in HPB⁺.Lymphocyte depletion may be a result of increased apoptosis, which could reduce the ability of septic or jaundice patients to eradicate infection.</p>

Patients with peritonitis or malignant obstructive jaundice (HPB+) have an increased morbidity and mortality due to sepsis. An altered cell-mediated immunity in the intestinal mucosa might promote gut barrier failure, increased endotoxin and cytokine release and bacterial translocation (BT) in these conditions. A clinically relevant rat model of polymicrobial peritonitis induced sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used. Septic animals demonstrated a superficial injury in the small intestinal mucosa, and a significant reduction in T lymphocytes in the villi, as well as increased number of macrophages in the villi and in the MLNs as compared to sham. CLP caused increased concentration of TNF-α and IL-6 in ascitic fluid. CLP + the immunomodulator Linomide decreased the TNF-α level, reduced mucosal damage and attenuated the changes in T lymphocytes and macrophages observed following CLP. CLP + selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor (SC-236) or nonselective COX inhibitor (indometacin) decreased the amount of macrophages in the mucosa and the MLNs compared to untreated CLP. CLP + indometacin decreased T lymphocytes in the villi and MLNs. SC-236 + CLP reduced mucosal injury and cytokine release as compared to indometacin. An increased rate of apoptosis in both the mucosa and MLNs was seen following CLP; COX inhibitors enhanced this phenomenon in the MLNs. BT occurred infrequently in patients with acute peritonitis and in HPB+ there was no evidence of BT. Peritonitis and HPB+ causes significant inflammatory cellular reactions as increased endotoxin and cytokine plasma levels and an altered immune cell distribution in MLNs, in HPB+ a high rate of apoptosis in MLNs was observed. An altered pattern of immunocompetent cells within the mucosa and in MLNs was found in experimental and clinical peritonitis as in HPB+. Lymphocyte depletion may be a result of increased apoptosis, which could reduce the ability of septic or jaundice patients to eradicate infection.

Introdução: A maioria dos pacientes acometidos pela neoplasia que envolve a confluência biliopancreática é diagnosticada em fase avançada. A Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica (CPRE) é o método de escolha para a drenagem da via biliar obstruída. Todavia, existe um índice de insucesso em torno de 10%. Nesses casos, técnicas alternativas serão aplicadas, como drenagem percutânea trans-hepática e drenagens cirúrgicas. Objetivo: Avaliar o sucesso técnico, clínico, qualidade de vida e sobrevida da drenagem biliar pela cirurgia convencional e técnica endoscópica ecoguiada em pacientes portadores de neoplasia maligna da confluência biliopancreática. Método: No período de abril de 2010 a setembro de 2013, foram estudados 32 pacientes portadores de neoplasia maligna da confluência biliopancreática. Todos os que foram incluídos nesse estudo apresentaram falha na drenagem biliar por CPRE. Três deles foram excluídos por insucesso técnico (falha na confecção da anastomose hepaticojejunal e da formação da fístula coledocoduodenal ecoguiada). O Grupo I foi formado por 15 pacientes submetidos à Hepaticojejunostomia (HJT) em \"Y\" de Roux e derivação gastrojejunal. O Grupo II foi formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à coledocoduodenostomia ecoguiada (CDT). O sucesso clínico foi avaliado pela queda da bilirrubina sérica total em mais de 50% nos sete primeiros dias após o procedimento. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo questionário SF-36 e a sobrevida pela curva de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: O sucesso técnico foi de 93,75% (15/16) no Grupo I e de 87,5% (14/16) no Grupo II (p = 0,598). O sucesso clínico ocorreu em 14 (93,33%) pacientes pertencentes ao Grupo I e em 10 (71,43%) do Grupo II. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,169). O comportamento médio dos escores de qualidade de vida foi estatisticamente igual entre as técnicas ao longo do seguimento (p > 0,05 Técnica * Momento). Houve alteração média estatisticamente significativa ao longo do seguimento nos escores de capacidade funcional, saúde física, dor, aspectos sociais, aspectos emocionais e saúde mental em ambas as técnicas (p < 0,05). O escore de saúde mental foi, em média, estatisticamente maior nos do Grupo II (CDT) em todos os momentos (p = 0,035). O tempo médio de sobrevida daqueles pertencentes ao Grupo I foi de 82,27 dias e os do Grupo II, de 82,36 dias. Sessenta por cento dos pertencentes ao Grupo I faleceram até 90 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. Por outro lado, 42,9% dos submetidos à CDT faleceram no mesmo período. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no tempo de sobrevida entre os Grupos (p = 0,389). Conclusão: Os dados relacionados aos sucessos técnico, clínico, qualidade de vida e sobrevida foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, não se verificando diferença estatisticamente significativa / Introduction: Most patients with neoplasm in the biliopancreatic junction are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the method of choice for drainage of obstructed biliary tract. However, there is a failure rate of about 10%. In such cases, alternative techniques, such as, percutaneous transhepatic drainage and surgical drainage are applied. Aim: To evaluate the technical and clinical success, quality of life and patient survival of biliary drainage by conventional surgery and endosonography-guided technique in patients with malignant neoplasm of the biliopancreatic junction. Methodology: From April 2010 to September 2013, 32 patients with malignant neoplasm of the biliopancreatic junction were studied. All patients included in this study had failed biliary drainage by ERCP. Three patients were excluded due to technical failure (failure in the construction of hepatico-jejuno anastomosis and formation of endosonography-guided choledochoduodenal fistula). Group I comprised of 15 patients who underwent Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJT) and gastrojejunal bypass. Group II consisted of 14 patients who underwent endosonography-guided choledochoduodenostomy (CDT). Clinical success was assessed by the decrease of more than 50% in total serum bilirubin in the first seven days after the procedure. Quality of life was assessed by SF-36 questionnaire and survival by Kaplan-Meier curve. Results: Technical success rate was 93.75% (15/16) in group I and 87.5% (14/16) in group II (p = 0.598). Clinical success occurred in 14 (93.33%) patients in group I and 10 (71.43%) patients in group II. There was no significant statistically difference (p = 0.169). The average quality of life score were statistically equal between the techniques during follow-up (p > 0.05 * Technical Moment). There were statistically significant mean changes during follow-up of functional capacity score, physical health, pain, social functioning, emotional and mental health aspects in both techniques (p < 0.05). The mental health score was, on average, statistically higher in group II (CDT) at all times (p = 0.035). The median survival time of patients in group I was 82.27 days and Group II patients was 82.36 days. Sixty percent of patients in group I died within 90 days after the surgical procedure. On the other hand, 42.9% of the patients who underwent CDT died in the same period. There was no statistically significant difference in survival time between the groups (p = 0.389). Conclusion: Data relating to technical and clinical success, quality of life and survival were similar in both groups and there were no statistically significant differences

Introdução: A maioria dos pacientes acometidos pela neoplasia que envolve a confluência biliopancreática é diagnosticada em fase avançada. A Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica (CPRE) é o método de escolha para a drenagem da via biliar obstruída. Todavia, existe um índice de insucesso em torno de 10%. Nesses casos, técnicas alternativas serão aplicadas, como drenagem percutânea trans-hepática e drenagens cirúrgicas. Objetivo: Avaliar o sucesso técnico, clínico, qualidade de vida e sobrevida da drenagem biliar pela cirurgia convencional e técnica endoscópica ecoguiada em pacientes portadores de neoplasia maligna da confluência biliopancreática. Método: No período de abril de 2010 a setembro de 2013, foram estudados 32 pacientes portadores de neoplasia maligna da confluência biliopancreática. Todos os que foram incluídos nesse estudo apresentaram falha na drenagem biliar por CPRE. Três deles foram excluídos por insucesso técnico (falha na confecção da anastomose hepaticojejunal e da formação da fístula coledocoduodenal ecoguiada). O Grupo I foi formado por 15 pacientes submetidos à Hepaticojejunostomia (HJT) em \"Y\" de Roux e derivação gastrojejunal. O Grupo II foi formado por 14 pacientes submetidos à coledocoduodenostomia ecoguiada (CDT). O sucesso clínico foi avaliado pela queda da bilirrubina sérica total em mais de 50% nos sete primeiros dias após o procedimento. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada pelo questionário SF-36 e a sobrevida pela curva de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: O sucesso técnico foi de 93,75% (15/16) no Grupo I e de 87,5% (14/16) no Grupo II (p = 0,598). O sucesso clínico ocorreu em 14 (93,33%) pacientes pertencentes ao Grupo I e em 10 (71,43%) do Grupo II. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p = 0,169). O comportamento médio dos escores de qualidade de vida foi estatisticamente igual entre as técnicas ao longo do seguimento (p > 0,05 Técnica * Momento). Houve alteração média estatisticamente significativa ao longo do seguimento nos escores de capacidade funcional, saúde física, dor, aspectos sociais, aspectos emocionais e saúde mental em ambas as técnicas (p < 0,05). O escore de saúde mental foi, em média, estatisticamente maior nos do Grupo II (CDT) em todos os momentos (p = 0,035). O tempo médio de sobrevida daqueles pertencentes ao Grupo I foi de 82,27 dias e os do Grupo II, de 82,36 dias. Sessenta por cento dos pertencentes ao Grupo I faleceram até 90 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. Por outro lado, 42,9% dos submetidos à CDT faleceram no mesmo período. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no tempo de sobrevida entre os Grupos (p = 0,389). Conclusão: Os dados relacionados aos sucessos técnico, clínico, qualidade de vida e sobrevida foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, não se verificando diferença estatisticamente significativa / Introduction: Most patients with neoplasm in the biliopancreatic junction are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the method of choice for drainage of obstructed biliary tract. However, there is a failure rate of about 10%. In such cases, alternative techniques, such as, percutaneous transhepatic drainage and surgical drainage are applied. Aim: To evaluate the technical and clinical success, quality of life and patient survival of biliary drainage by conventional surgery and endosonography-guided technique in patients with malignant neoplasm of the biliopancreatic junction. Methodology: From April 2010 to September 2013, 32 patients with malignant neoplasm of the biliopancreatic junction were studied. All patients included in this study had failed biliary drainage by ERCP. Three patients were excluded due to technical failure (failure in the construction of hepatico-jejuno anastomosis and formation of endosonography-guided choledochoduodenal fistula). Group I comprised of 15 patients who underwent Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJT) and gastrojejunal bypass. Group II consisted of 14 patients who underwent endosonography-guided choledochoduodenostomy (CDT). Clinical success was assessed by the decrease of more than 50% in total serum bilirubin in the first seven days after the procedure. Quality of life was assessed by SF-36 questionnaire and survival by Kaplan-Meier curve. Results: Technical success rate was 93.75% (15/16) in group I and 87.5% (14/16) in group II (p = 0.598). Clinical success occurred in 14 (93.33%) patients in group I and 10 (71.43%) patients in group II. There was no significant statistically difference (p = 0.169). The average quality of life score were statistically equal between the techniques during follow-up (p > 0.05 * Technical Moment). There were statistically significant mean changes during follow-up of functional capacity score, physical health, pain, social functioning, emotional and mental health aspects in both techniques (p < 0.05). The mental health score was, on average, statistically higher in group II (CDT) at all times (p = 0.035). The median survival time of patients in group I was 82.27 days and Group II patients was 82.36 days. Sixty percent of patients in group I died within 90 days after the surgical procedure. On the other hand, 42.9% of the patients who underwent CDT died in the same period. There was no statistically significant difference in survival time between the groups (p = 0.389). Conclusion: Data relating to technical and clinical success, quality of life and survival were similar in both groups and there were no statistically significant differences